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1.
The increasing loading of raw water for the drinking water supply with trace substances results in an increasing exposure of the population to toxicologically suspect substances. At present, the quality of such raw waters is evaluated mainly by cumulative parameters or individual substances with low eco- or humantoxicological relevance. Now, about 5 · 105 environment-relevant organic substances must be taken into account, the number of individual compounds for a loaded receiving water being estimated to be 103. Secondary contaminations are caused by oxidative processes of water treatment. In the trace substance analysis so far only about 40% of the organic substances are isolable by comparatively simple methods. From this derives the demand for developing standardized methods for determining cumulative and group parameters with a high value of information and indication, as e. g. organically bonded chlorine or halogens. 相似文献
2.
Chloride (Clinorg) is generally considered to be a hydrologically and chemically inert substance. Past research suggests that Clinorg participates in a complex biogeochemical cycle involving the formation of organically bound chlorine (Clorg). The present study examines whether Clorg cycling is sufficiently extensive as to influence the geochemical cycling of Clinorg. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in a coniferous forest soil in SE Sweden. The cores were stored in climate chambers for three months, irrigated with artificial rain, and the leachate was collected and analysed. The water balance of the lysimeters could be well described, and we found that 20–50% of the chlorine leached from the lysimeters was organically bound and that the amounts lost did not decrease with time. This strongly suggests that a substantial amount of Clorg forms in topsoil, and that subsequent leaching to deeper layers causes a considerable withdrawal of Clinorg. The concentration of both organic carbon and Clorg in the leachate was considerably higher than concentrations observed in the runoff in the actual catchment, suggesting that organic matter precipitates or is mineralized on its way through the soil. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
Organochlorine compounds in bottom sediments of a delta branch of the Northern Dvina have been studied. Data on the concentration and distribution of organically bound chlorine are given. The specific features of the formation of the levels and profiles of chlorinated phenolic compounds in bottom sediments under the effect of specific primary and secondary sources in the territory of Arkhangelsk Industrial Center are demonstrated. 相似文献
4.
Wido Schmidt 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2004,32(1):48-60
Chlorine dioxide stock solutions for the disinfection of drinking water are made by the application of chlorite/chlorine process in many waterworks. In such cases the stock solution is always characterised by a mixture of chlorine and chlorine dioxide. The disinfection of waters of different origin with a mixture of chlorine dioxide and chlorine showed the formation of odours of different intensity. The reasons are the re‐formation of chlorine dioxide and the formation of odorous disinfection by‐products. Applying the chlorine dioxide for disinfection, its re‐formation caused by the reaction of chlorite with chlorine is the dominant reason of odour formation. When chlorine is used, the formation of odorous by‐products becomes more relevant. In order to quantify the sensitivity of water concerning odour, the odour indicator coefficient OI was defined. The decreased demand of chlorine dioxide by applying chlorine and chlorine dioxide in combination is recognised to be the key in order to avoid the formation of odour after the disinfection of drinking water with chlorine dioxide. 相似文献
5.
《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1988,8(1):88-92
The effect of chlorine concentration, ground water pH, and contact time on chlorine demand and the inactivation of coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli , was studied in the laboratory using a batch reactor under controlled environmental conditions. Ground water for this study was obtained from 200m deep wells in Bangkok, Thailand. The test results demonstrate that the kinetics of chlorine inactivation of coliforms in ground water consist of an initial rapid kill rate followed by a slower rate. Disinfection was more effective in acidic pH (5.5) than basic pH (8.5). Chlorine demand exerted by ground water increased with chlorine dose, contact time, and hydrogen ion concentration. Based on the applied chlorine dose, inactivation of E. coli by chlorine at neutral pH and room temperature was over two orders of magnitude less effective in ground water than in demand-free water. Because of the high chlorine demand exerted by this ground water, chlorine residuals leaving the treatment plant are likely to be unstable. 相似文献
6.
L. Bohm 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1983,11(2):215-222
Several laboratory-scale-tested variants of the treatment of organically loaded surface water samples with hydrated lime are described. Possibilities of the additional application of magnesium, aluminium and iron salts and of the anionic polymer “activated silicic acid” are discussed. The aim has been a considerably reduced application of metallic salts and precipitants at a maximum adsorption of organic pollutants. Another factor influencing crystallization and double hydroxide formation consists in low water temperatures, < 8°C. With the aid of a magnetic treatment disturbing effects were avoided and even increases of the rates of growth and sedimentation were achieved. 相似文献
7.
Adam J.R. Kent David W. PeateSally Newman Edward M. StolperJulian A. Pearce 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,202(2):361-377
Measurements of chlorine concentrations in matrix glasses from 18 primitive (>6 wt% MgO) and eight evolved lavas from active spreading centers in the Lau Basin back-arc system provide insight into the processes which control chlorine concentrations in subduction-related magmas, and can be used to investigate chlorine enrichment related to fluids derived from the underlying subducted slab. Chlorine contents of the glasses are highly variable (0.008-0.835 wt%) and generally high with respect to uncontaminated mid-ocean ridge basalt. Chlorine contents are highest in fractionated lavas from propagating ridge tips and lowest in more primitive basaltic lavas. Two different styles of enrichment in chlorine (relative to other incompatible elements) are recognized. Glasses from the Central Lau Spreading and Eastern Lau Spreading Center typically have low Ba/Nb ratios indicating minimal input of slab-derived components, and high to very high ratios of chlorine relative to K2O, H2O, and TiO2. This style of chlorine enrichment is highest in the most fractionated samples and is consistent with crustal assimilation of chlorine-rich altered ocean crust material. Data from the literature suggest that contamination by chlorine-rich seawater-derived components also characterizes the Woodlark Basin and North Fiji Basin back-arc systems. The second style of chlorine enrichment reflects input from slab-derived fluid(s) to the mantle wedge from the adjacent Tonga subduction zone. Basaltic glasses from the Valu Fa Ridge and Mangatolu Triple Junction show correlations between ratios of chlorine and K2O, H2O, and TiO2 and indices of slab-derived fluid input such as Ba/Nb, Ba/Th and U/Th, consistent with chlorine in these lavas originating from a saline fluid added to the mantle wedge. Within the Valu Fa Ridge the measured range of chlorine contents equates to a chlorine flux of 224-1120 kg/m/yr to the back-arc crust. Using a simple melting model and additional data from other back-arc and arc sample suites we conclude that chlorine is a major component within the slab fluids that contribute to many arc and back-arc melting systems, and probably plays an important role in regulating trace element transport by slab fluids in the mantle wedge. For the back-arc suites we have examined the estimated Cl/H2O and Cl/K2O ratios in the slab fluid component correlate with proximity to the arc front, suggesting that progressive dehydration of the slab and/or re-equilibration and transport within the mantle wedge may influence the overall degree of chlorine enrichment within the slab fluid component. The degree of chlorine enrichment observed in most back-arc lavas also appears too great to be explained solely by melting of amphibole, phlogopite or apatite within the mantle source and suggests that chlorine must be present in another phase, possibly a chlorine-rich fluid. 相似文献
8.
9.
G. Öberg 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1998,26(3):137-144
Chloride is ubiquitous in soil, but the past years of research have revealed that organic matter also contains chlorine, in amounts similar to that of phosphorus. Hence, one of the major constituents of soil organic matter has previously been overlooked, and still very little is known about the turnover of organic chlorine in soil. In spite of the obvious connection between chloride and organic chlorine, organic chlorine rarely is considered when the biogeochemical cycling of chloride is in focus, and chloride rarely is taken into account when the occurrence and formation of natural organic chlorine compounds are in focus. The aim of the paper is to review ten years of research concerning the biogeochemical cycling of organic chlorine in soil, and to tie the biogeochemical cycling of organic chlorine to that of chloride. 相似文献
10.
Simultaneous observations of stratospheric organic and inorganic chlorine were made in September 1993 out of Fort Sumner, New Mexico, using JPL balloon-borne MkIV interferometer. Between 15 and 20 km, a significant fraction (20-60%) of the inorganic chlorine could not be accounted for by the sum of measured HCl, ClONO2, and HOCl. Laboratory measurements of the reaction of ClO radicals on sulfuric acid solutions have indicated that, along with HCl, small amounts of perchloric acid, HClO4, were formed. Very little is known about the fate of HClO4 in the stratosphere and we use a photochemical box model to determine the impact of this new species on the partitioning of inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere. Assuming that HClO4 is photochemically stable, it is shown that in the enhanced aerosol loading conditions resulting from Mt. Pinatubo's eruption, HClO4 could represent a significant reservoir of chlorine in the lower stratosphere, sequestering up to 0.2 ppbv (or 50%) of the total inorganic chlorine at 16 km. The occurrence of this new species could bring to closure the inorganic chlorine budget deficiency made apparent by recent ER-2 aircraft in situ measurements of HCl. 相似文献
11.
In presence of disinfectants, PAH are remobilized from the coal tar lining of water distribution mains. Reactions of the PAH with chlorine and chlorine dioxide can lead to chlorinated PAH that might show higher mutagenic effects than the parent PAH. The application of the solid-phase microextraction as a sampling preparation method in combination with a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric device is a reliable and useful method to achieve detection limits in the lower nanogramme-per-liter level for PAH and chlorinated PAH. Thus, the reactions of four PAH (anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, and phenanthrene) with chlorine and chlorine dioxide under conditions prevalent in drinking water distribution systems could be investigated. In batch experiments with demineralized and drinking water at pH 7, the concentrations of fluoranthene, fluorene, and phenanthrene remained constant, whereas anthracene reacted quantitatively with both disinfectants. In these reactions, no chlorinated products could be detected, only mono-hydroxyanthracene and anthraquinone were formed. A reaction mechanism for both reaction products is proposed. The results suggest that oxidation is the major pathway of the reaction of PAH with disinfectants in the systems under investigation. 相似文献
12.
针对足尺有粘结预应力混凝土梁板高温后的抗弯承栽力开展了非线性计算分析。结果表明,综合配筋指标、有效预应力对高温后极限弯矩与常温下极限弯矩比值M_u~A/M_u的影响不大,预应力度和预应力筋的保护层厚度对M_u~A/M_u影响显著。高宽比近似相同的有粘结预应力混凝土梁,当第一排钢筋的保护层厚度相同时,受火时间为3 h,高度为700 mm的梁高温后截面承栽力下降幅度最大约为30%,高度为4500 mm的梁高温后截面承栽力下降幅度不到10%,高温后大尺度梁的力学性能优于小尺度梁。给出了考虑预应力筋保护层厚度和预应力度影响的有粘结预应力混凝土板M_u~A/M_u的计算公式,以及综合考虑预应力筋、非预应力筋合力点到梁底距离和预应力筋梁侧保护层厚度影响的有粘结预应力混凝土梁M_u~A/M_u的计算公式。 相似文献
13.
G.S. Murty 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1975,11(1):65-79
Assuming that the interface of two loosely bonded half spaces permits a finite amount of slip, and that a simple linear relation exists between the prevailing shearing stress and the slip, a generalised secular equation for the Stoneley mode is derived and solved numerically. The two limiting cases of smooth interface and bonded interface are shown to be special cases of this general problem.For some range of values of the elastic constants of the half spaces, unattenuated and undispersed interfacial waves can propagate along the interface only when the interface is smooth or bonded. For the same combination of elastic properties of the half spaces, the loosely bonded interface will cause the interfacial wave to be attenuated and dispersed.The usefulness of this model in relation to the problem of attenuation and dispersion of elastic body waves is briefly discussed. 相似文献
14.
Microbial biodegradation of organic substances takes place during drinking water treatment, but also in the distribution net, if the drinking water still contains biodegradable organic substances. This phenomenon is called regrowth. The regrowth potential of a drinking water is high, when for instance ozonation is used as the last step of treatment. It was proved before, that ozonation increases the biodegradability of humic substances, which are the main fraction of organic carbon in drinking water. In this work the objective was to check, if chlorination has a similar effect on humic substances. Using the method developed by Werner of measuring the regrowth potential of a water it could be shown by dilution series with chlorinated and unchlorinated humic substances that the substrate quality of these organics is increased by chlorination. The better substrate quality is seen in the chlorinated solutions, which might contain also low molecular weight organic compounds, but also in the fulvic acid fraction after XAD-enrichment, which removes most of the low molecular weight organic compounds. The chlorination creates in the fulvic acid solutions a shift of molecular size to smaller molecules and higher polar substances, which might be the reasons for the better biodegradability. From these results it can be concluded, that chlorination produces substances, which are more easily biodegradable. But this will not produce regrowth problems as long as there is free chlorine present as a disinfectant. In contrast, when the chlorine demand is very high and no free chlorine is left, this might produce high colony counts in the distribution net. 相似文献
15.
A computationally efficient boundary integral equation technique to calculate the dynamic response of a group of rigid surface foundations bonded to a layered viscoelastic half-space and subjected to external forces and seismic waves is presented. The technique relies on an iterative scheme which minimizes in-core memory requirements and takes advantage of any geometrical symmetry of the foundations. Extensive results for the case of two rigid square foundations placed at different separations and bonded to a viscoelastic half-space are presented. It was found that the choice of discretization of the foundations has a marked effect on the calculated impedance functions for extremely small separations. Illustrative results for a case of several closely-spaced foundations bonded to a layered half-space are also presented. 相似文献
16.
用生物模拟采样技术模拟研究不同取代氯酚在金鱼(Crassius auratus)体内的富集和降解 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在实验室控制条件的流动体系中,研究了九种典型氯酚类化合物在半渗透膜生物模拟采样器件（SPMD）和金鱼体内的富集动力学过程。基于氯酚污染物在SPMD中的生物浓缩和在鱼体脂肪中生物富集的差别,研究了氯酚污染物在生物体内的降解性和降解作用的结构／效应关系。结果表明氯酚类污染物在SPMD中的浓缩作用和在鱼体中的富集作用非常相似。氯酚化合物的生物降解性随氯取代基数量增加而降低,并与氯取代基的位置有关。 相似文献
17.
A practical model of partially debonded pipeline embedded in a saturated poroelastic medium is proposed, and the dynamic response of this model to harmonic plane waves is theoretical investigated. Biot׳s poroelastic theory is introduced to describe the dynamic equations of the saturated poroelastic medium, and the potentials obtained from Helmholtz decomposition theorem are expressed by wave function expansion method. The debonding areas around the pipeline are assumed to be filled with water. The disturbed solutions of basic field equations in these areas are expressed in terms of a scalar velocity potential. Different boundary conditions of bonded and debonded areas are adopted, and the expanded coefficients are obtained. An example of one partially debonded area is presented and analyzed. It is found that the stresses in the perfectly bonded and debonded areas show great difference, and the jump of dynamic stress at the connection points between these two areas is great in the case of low frequency. The effect of debonded areas on the dynamic stress under different thicknesses of lining is also examined. 相似文献
18.
A method was developed for the determination of organic halogens in water samples with the aim of minimizing matrix effects and simplifying the sample preparation technique commonly used. The method is based on the adsorption of organic halogens in modified hydrophilic divinylbenzene polymer columns and their elution with methanol. The adsorbent used enables rapid adsorption and desorption due to comparatively high operating flow rates and minimized solvent amounts. Furthermore, no additional reconcentration steps are needed. The methanol extract obtained is combusted with a standard EOX (extractable organic halogen) analyzer and the concentration of organically bound halogens is determined by microcoulometric analysis. The matrix effects are considerably reduced compared to the standard procedure (EN 1485) commonly used. A detection limit of 13 μg/L was established. 相似文献
19.
Judith M. Capuzzo Joel C. Goldman John A. Davidson Sarah A. Lawrence 《Marine pollution bulletin》1977,8(7):161-163
The effects of free chlorine and chloramine on stage I lobster larvae and juvenile killifish were investigated in continuous flow bioassay units. In comparing mortality and changes in standard respiration rates during and after exposure to either chlorine form, significant respiratory stress was observed with exposure to sublethal levels. Sublethal responses to free and combined chlorine should be considered when establishing regulations for chlorine residuals in cooling waters. 相似文献
20.
Yi‐Che Hsu Yu‐Hsuan Wang Shuo‐Chuan Wu Chuen‐Mei Wu Ching‐Ping Chu Yu‐Jen Chung Yong‐Tang Huang Kuo‐Liang Wang 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(3):254-261
Feasibility of effluent reclamation for the Futian municipal WWTP in Taichung Taiwan was evaluated using an “SF‐UF‐RO” pilot plant. The optimal parameters of each unit were obtained during the pilot plant test. The pilot plant started the operation in late October 2008 and operated until January 2011. The reverse osmosis (RO) system produces 75 m3 water daily, and the produced water quality was comparable to the city water in Taichung. Chlorine dosed in the sand filtration (SF) inlet and ultrafiltration (UF) backwash had the most significant effect on the stability of system performance. When the chlorine was underdosed, biofilm clogged the bag filter (prefilter of UF) and led to the flow rate decay of the UF. The prefilter needed replacement every 1 or 2 weeks resulting in increased process cost. On the other hand, when the chlorine dosage was increased to mitigate the biofilm growth, the residual chlorine not only reacted with TOC and derived trihalomethanes (THMs) in the RO product water (more than 20 µg/L), but it also damaged the RO membrane. After trial and error, the chlorine concentration was optimized as 0.7 mg/L in SF inlet to prevent growth of biofilm as well as to control the residual chlorine in the RO inlet and THMs in the RO product water. It is suggested that cautiously adjusting chlorine dosage is essential for stably operating such a hybrid membrane system to reclaim the municipal wastewater. 相似文献