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1.
Schmidsippl剖面位于奥地利北钙质阿尔卑斯构造带内Gosau群典型地区。剖面出露的Bibereck组记录了一个海侵和沉积区海水变深过程。Bibereck组之下是Santonian晚期Hoclamoos组(Santlkalkbank段),主要为砂质、粉砂质灰色生物扰动构造发育的泥灰岩,含少量双壳类碎片。Hochmoos组之上为灰色泥灰岩和泥灰质灰岩。Bibereck组下部显示变深到近滨-远滨过渡带区域;向上,泥灰岩指示细粒泥质远滨沉积,水深大致50~150m;之上出现浮游有孔虫含量超过90%的泥灰质灰岩,代表着半深海沉积环境。生物地层数据显示采样层位整体位于浮游有孔虫asymetrica-elevata带,由Globotruncanita elevata和Dicarinella asymetrica的共同出现来界定。钙质超微化石Calculites obscurus、Lucianorhabdus cayeuxii、Arkhangelskiella cymbi formis的出现指示属于钙质超微化石带CC17b/UC12,相当于Campanian初期。地层深度剖面上,Ca/Al比值和Catot含量显示海水来源的Ca在0~5m地层内几近于零,向上快速增加;(Fe/Al)/碳酸盐显示两个峰值,代表更还原条件,分别位于4m和10m位置;K/Al比值的下降被解释为更潮湿气候条件;剖面上部Ba含量的增加显示向更低原始生产条件的变化;陆源矿物在剖面7m以下保持稳定,之上一直到剖面顶部不断下降。生物地层数据表明在约50万年短暂的时间间隔内水深由几米深浅水环境变深为800~1500m深半深海环境。地球化学数据显示在海侵过程中出现两个海平面变化波动过程。这些数据为与上覆大洋红层进行对比提供了基础。  相似文献   

2.
对南海北部琼东南盆地BD19-2-2井中新世地层中的钙质超微进行了定量和半定量分析,发现井段上部1800~2550m地层化石较丰富,而下部2574~3100m化石丰度及分异度明显降低;根据钙质超微化石标志种的存在,对该井的生物地层进行了划分,在1800~3100m井段地层中识别出9个钙质超微化石带或联合化石带,地层时代为早中新世至晚中新世,同时探讨了钙质超微划分下中新统-中中新统、中中新统-上中新统界线的化石标志。依据钙质超微化石总丰度、分异度及特征性环境指示种丰度的逐渐变化,确认BD19-2-2井从早中新世至晚中新世经历了4个沉积环境演化阶段,海水深度由浅变深,海水变暖。  相似文献   

3.
新近系全球界线层型剖面及点位(GSSP)位于意大利北部阿莱桑德利亚省卡洛西奥村的勒梅-卡洛西奥剖面,点位在距剖面之顶35m处。根据国际地层委员会的决议,作为界线定义的标志事件是:C6Cn.2n地磁极性时间带的底、浮游有孔虫Paragloborotalia kugleri的最低发生面及钙质超微化石Reticulofenstra bisecta的灭绝面(NN1带的底)附近。  相似文献   

4.
松辽盆地作为中国最大的陆相含油气盆地,是否发生过海水侵入一直存在争议,化石能为该科学问题提供直接解释。在松科1井嫩江组一、二段发现了少量的钙质超微化石,初步鉴定出Calculites obscurus,Calculites ovalis,Quadrum sp.,Micula sp.等属种。上述钙质超微化石广泛分布于晚白垩世海相地层中,通过与国际标准海相化石的对比,将嫩江组一段中、下部的时代限定为Turonian晚期—Maastrichtian期。松辽盆地嫩江组一、二段下部的钙质超微化石保存总体一般,有一定的多样性,具有海相钙质超微化石的特征。松科1井钙质超微化石的分布、古生态及其与有孔虫化石的对应关系表明,松辽盆地嫩江组一段中-下部、二段下部沉积期湖泊水域广阔,全球海平面较高,间歇性的海水侵入事件导致西北太平洋中的钙质超微浮游生物和有孔虫等海洋生物被带入松辽盆地。  相似文献   

5.
在西藏自治区北部区域地质调查过程中 ,在班戈地层分区的下白垩统郎山组之上发现一套厚约 180 0 m的滨海—浅海相碳酸盐岩、陆源细碎屑岩岩石组合 ,该套组合不属于郎山组定义之内 ,且出露良好、层序稳定、标志清楚、厚度巨大、化石丰富 ,并具有很强的可填图性。因此 ,我们将整合于郎山组之上 ,岩性以杂色微—薄层状钙质泥岩、钙质 (粉 )砂岩与泥质生物灰岩的韵律产出为特征 ,产圆笠虫、腹足类、双壳类等化石的地层命名为康曲组 ;将整合于康曲组之上 ,下部以灰—深灰色中薄层状泥质生物灰岩、圆笠虫泥晶灰岩、钙质泥岩等韵律出现为特征 ,上部以灰色中—厚层状含硅质结核圆笠虫泥晶灰岩、圆笠虫泥晶灰岩夹灰绿色薄层状钙质砂岩为特征 ,富含圆笠虫、腕足类、腹足类、双壳类及海胆等化石的地层定名为余穷组。时代均置于早白垩世晚期  相似文献   

6.
藏南定日遮普惹山剖面主要是Albian 晚期到古近纪海相沉积, Willems 等( 1996 )对岩石地层和沉积微相进行了详细研究,并通过浮游有孔虫研究建立生物地层格架。在与岗巴地区地层对比基础上,该剖面被认为是整个藏南地区白垩纪—古近纪海相地层的标准剖面。2004 年我们与中国、德国同行一道对该剖面上白垩统地层进行再考察,重点对无脊椎动物化石样品进行采集和研究。与西藏大多数白垩纪剖面一样,尽管沉积环境为陆棚环境,该剖面以前却几乎没有菊石和叠瓦蛤类化石的报道,而同样环境下的世界其他地区剖面含有大量的菊石和叠瓦蛤类化石。藏南定日剖面重新调查后发现了少量的菊石和叠瓦蛤类化石。化石数量少一方面是由于灰泥质灰岩和泥灰质灰岩内化石保存状况差,另一方面采样条件也不理想。还有,当时的环境条件可能不利于大多数无脊椎动物类群的生存,这一点或许从大量存在于岗巴群上部的小个体双壳类碎片可以得到证实。尽管获得的化石分散并且保存差,本次研究仍获得了一些有价值的生物地层数据。岗巴群上部发现的化石Calycoceras?,指示其时代为Cenomanian 晚期,随后出现不能鉴定的desmoceratids类的幼体。之上,菊石Forresteria sp.的发现表明岗巴群顶部地层属于Coniacian下部,这被同一地层内发现的其他化石所支?  相似文献   

7.
南海北部大陆架莺琼盆地新生代海平面变化   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
南海北部大陆架莺琼盆地是建立西太平洋新生代海平面变化的关键地区之一。基于有孔虫和钙质超微化石资料所建立的莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地新生代相对分辨率较高的年代地层格架,通过南海海域表层建立的浮游有孔虫含量与水深的定量关系,辅以古生态、成因相及特征沉积构造分析和反射地震剖面的海岸上超分析,编制了海平面变化曲线。识别出包含三个完整二级海平面变化旋回和半周期的海平面上升旋回。海平面变化幅度在0~200 m之间。海水最深的时期在早中新世晚期至中中新世早期以及上新世早期,与Haq曲线较为吻合。  相似文献   

8.
藏南定日地区Cenomanian/Turonian界线附近的生物古海洋事件   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
赵文金  万晓樵 《地质科学》2003,38(2):155-164
藏南定日地区在白垩纪中期发育一套浅灰色深灰色的以钙质页岩、泥灰岩及微晶灰岩为主的浅海陆棚相沉积,岩石中除含较高的粘土矿物及陆源石英矿物颗粒以外,还含有十分丰富的有孔虫化石。依据浮游有孔虫Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica的首次出现将C/T界线置于样品9922及9923之间,该界线位于Whiteinella archaeocretacea化石带之中。通过定量分析,该区有孔虫的丰度、分异度以及浮游与底栖有孔虫比率、具旋脊与不具旋脊有孔虫的比率等指标在剖面纵向上表现出3个明显的演化阶段,即Rotalipora cushmani带上部、W.archaeocretacea带及H.helvetica带下部,有孔虫动物群的变化特征完整地记录了C/T界线附近古海洋事件的全过程。该次事件中,碳稳定同位素δ13C值存在着明显的异常变化——正向偏移,元素地球化学U、Th及K的丰度也表现出明显的异常变化,其丰度值均比标准平均值偏高。所有这些特征均是在全球洋脊迅速扩张这一背景下海平面发生剧烈变化的结果。  相似文献   

9.
在滇西北中甸县境内,上二叠统长兴组剖面先后测制于铁厂附近和迪古支村。后者长兴组中产生的生物化石主要为(竹蜓)类和有孔虫,共收集了7个属、5个种(其中新种2个),报道如下。 (一)迪古支村剖面位于三坝区浩湾北东约1公里处。上覆地层下三叠统紫红色及灰色钙质泥岩互层,间夹簿层泥灰岩和1层玄武质砂岩,产瓣鳃类Claraia aurita Hauer  相似文献   

10.
华南中二叠统栖霞组沉积了一套特殊的碳酸盐岩地层, 该套地层富含有机质和硅质结核, 是中国南方四套区域性海相烃源岩之一.在野外露头上, 灰岩-泥灰岩韵律层因为其抗风化能力不同而受到广泛关注, 其在整个华南栖霞组分布广泛.其中, 灰岩层富含各种生物碎屑, 主要包括钙藻、有孔虫和腹足, 其次还有腕足, 棘皮类和介形虫, 偶尔见苔藓虫和三叶虫.灰岩层中较好的保存了易碎的钙质藻类, 说明灰岩的胶结作用发生在成岩早期, 没有明显压实作用的痕迹.泥灰岩以粒泥生物碎屑灰岩和黑色钙质泥岩为主, 主要的生物碎屑以腕足和介形虫为主.生物碎屑都非常破碎, 壳体大都平行层面, 颗粒之间发育大量压溶缝, 说明泥灰岩层经历过强烈的成岩压实作用.基于对灰岩-泥灰岩韵律层的生屑类型和成岩现象的分析, 提出差异成岩作用来解释该套地层的形成过程: 泥灰岩层中不稳定的文石在早期成岩过程中溶蚀, 然后迁移到灰岩层中形成方解石胶结灰岩层; 随后机械压实作用和化学压实作用主要发生在泥灰岩层中; 最终灰岩-泥灰岩层由于差异成岩作用导致其抗风化能力不同而形成不同的露头特征.其中文石溶蚀发生在海水埋藏环境, 有机质的分解为其提供了动力来源, 这与栖霞期较高的原始生产力相符合.   相似文献   

11.
The Guri Member is a limestone interval at the base of the calcareous marls of the Mishan Formation. It is the youngest hydrocarbon reservoir of the southeast part of the Zagros sedimentary basin. This Member overlaid siliciclastic rocks of Razak Formation and is overlain by green and gray marls of the Mishan Formation. In order to consider the paleoecology and paleoenvironments of the Lower–Middle Miocene (Guri Member), we have studied biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Guri Member based on foraminifer and microfacies in two stratigraphic sections including Dorahi–Homag and Chahestan. A total of 33 genera and 56 species of benthic and planktonic foraminifera were identified in two studied stratigraphic sections. Benthic and planktonic foraminifera demonstrate Aquitanian to Langhian age (Early–Middle Miocene) for this Member at the study area. Studied interval has deposited in four facies association including supratidal, lagoon, coral reef, and open sea on a carbonate ramp. Carbonate rocks of the Guri Member have precipitated in two and three depositional sequences at Chahestan and Dorahi–Homag sections, respectively. Sedimentation of marine carbonates of the Guri Member on siliciclastic deposits reflects a major transgression of sea level at Lower to Middle Miocene that led to creating a new sea in the Zagros basin at that age. Increasing siliciclastic influx along with a sea level fall finally caused burying of the carbonate ramp. Except for the beginning of sedimentation of carbonate at the base of both stratigraphic sections (depositional sequence 1), most of the system tracts are not matched to global sea level curve that reflect local effects of the basin. Distribution of foraminifera suggests precipitation in tropical to subtropical in mesotrophic to oligotrophic and eutrophic to oligotrophic conditions. Based on large benthic foraminifera (porcelaneous large benthic foraminifera and hyaline larger benthic foraminifera), water temperature average was determined between 25 and 30 °C that was confirmed by analyzing oxygen and carbon stable isotopes. Finally, we have utilized achieved data to reconstruction and modeling of paleoecology, paleoenvironments, and sea level changes in the southeast part of the Zagros basin.  相似文献   

12.
The uppermost Cretaceous (upper Campanian-Maastrichtian) pelagic successions from the Malatya Basin (NW Malatya, eastern Anatolia) were studied by 688 samples, which were collected from five stratigraphic sections in the Hekimhan area. The pelagic deposits conformably overlie rudist bearing shallow-water limestones and are overlain conformably by Maastrichtian dolomites and unconformably by Paleocene-Eocene deposits, respectively.The pelagic successions in the Hekimhan area comprise the Kösehasan Formation at the base and the Zorbehan Formation at the top and reach up to 1100 m in thickness. The Kösehasan Formation rests over the neritic rudist-bearing limestones of the Güzelyurt Formation along a sharp contact and consists mainly of flysch-type sandstone-mudstone alternation with complete and partial Bouma sequences. The carbonate content of abundant planktonic foraminifera and nannoplankton-bearing 980-m-thick succession increases upwards and the formation passes gradually to the clayey limestones and marlstones of the Zorbehan Formation to the top. Occurrences of nannoplankton Lithraphidites quadratus Bramlette and Martini and Micula praemurus (Bukry) in the first beds of the Kösehasan Formation indicate that the age of the Kösehasan Formation and overlying Zorbehan Formation is of late Maasthrichtian. Another late Maastrichtian taxa Cribrosphaerella daniae Perch-Nielsen and Arkhangelskiella maastrichtiana Burnett are observed from the lowermost part of the succession. Maastrichtian planktonic foraminifera such as Contusotruncana walfischensis (Todd) and Globotruncanita pettersi (Gandolfi) were recorded through the successions. Although planktonic foraminifera are diverse and abundant particularly in the Kösehesan Formation, index late Maasthrichtian species were not encountered. Campanian and Santonian-Campanian planktonic foraminifera, e.g. Radotruncana calcarata (Cushman) and Globotruncanita elevata (Brotzen), obtained particularly from the lower part of the succession and calcareous nannofossils such as Broinsonia parca parca Bukry, Reinhardtites anthophorus (Deflanre) and Eiffellithus eximius (Stover) are interpreted as reworked from older strata. Trace fossils are common throughout the succession.Rareness of planktonic foraminifera and nannoplankton in the uppermost part of the succession (Zorbehan Formation) indicates maximum shallowing of the latest Maastrichtian sea in this part of the basin. Rare echinoids, bivalves and ammonites are observed in that part of the sequence.The obtained data indicate that sediment accumulation rate of the pelagic deposits is rather high and about 27.5 cm/ky for this part of the basin. Changes in thickness of the formations along short distances in the five stratigraphic sections analysed in this study should be related to the diachroneity of the depositional and erosional events.  相似文献   

13.
The Oligocene–Miocene Asmari Formation of the Zagros Basin is a thick sequence of shallow water carbonate. In the study area, it is subdivided into 14 microfacies that are distinguished on the basis of their depositional textures, petrographic analysis and fauna. Based on the paleoecology and lithology, four distinct depositional settings can be recognized: tidal flat, lagoon, barrier, and open marine. The Asmari Formation represents sedimentation on a carbonate ramp. In the inner ramp, the most abundant lithofacies are medium grained wackestone–packstone with imperforated foraminifera. The middle ramp is represented by packstone–grainstone to floatstone with a diverse assemblage of larger foraminifera with perforate wall, red algae, bryozoa, and echinoids. The outer ramp is dominated by argillaceous wackestone characterized by planktonic foraminifera and large and flat nummulitidae and lepidocyclinidae. Three third-order depositional sequences are recognized from deepening and shallowing trends in the depositional facies, changes in cycle stacking patterns, and sequence boundary features.  相似文献   

14.
The nodular limestones and red marls of the Ankara region, deposited during the early to middle Jurassic, show similar palaeontological and sedimentological characteristics to those of the red nodular limestones form the Northern Alps (Adnet limestones) and from the Southern Alps (Ammonitico Rosso).
The nodular limestones appear to be hardground breccias drowned into the red marly limestones due to the instability of the bottom. The association of sponge spicules, crinoid fragments, small ostracods, benthic foraminifers, shell debris and common micrite matrix suggests a subtidal environment. The subsequent formation of red marly limestones consists of the partial dissolution of the shells; this suggests that a low sedimentation rate and/or sedimentological breaks took place during the precipitation of the ammonite-bearing marls.
The nodular limestones (hardground breccias) and the Ammonitico Rosso-type facies of the Ankara Jurassic succession were formed in a deeper subtidal environment and/or deeper shelf extending into the basin. The hardground layers drowned into the Ammonitico rosso were likely formed on a local carbonate shelf, that deepened increasingly through the early to middle Jurassic. Development of a local submarine clastic fan within the carbonate succession of the Ankara Jurassic basin indicates an irregular bottom topography induced by the syn-sedimentary faults.  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT In the El Mulato section (NE Mexico), the Upper Cretaceous marly Méndez and the Lower Palaeogene marly Velasco Formations are separated by a clastic unit. Benthic foraminifera from both marly formations indicate lower bathyal depths. The clastic unit, in contrast, contains platform sands, muddy pebbles and neritic (shallow) faunas mixed with microspherules, indicating that it was allochthonously deposited into the deep basin. The diversity and the variability in origin of the components in the clastic unit, and its sedimentological features, support a model of deposition by turbidity currents related to mass-wasting processes triggered by the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary impact. Planktic foraminifera were affected by a catastrophic extinction at the K/T boundary, whereas benthic foraminifera show reorganization of the community structure rather than significant extinction. The benthic faunal turnover may have resulted from the drop in primary productivity after the asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous.  相似文献   

16.
Facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Kometan Formation (Upper Cretaceous) were studied from Kometan village, Kurdistan region of northeastern Iraq. Lithologically, the formation consists of 44 m of white weathering, light grey, thin to medium-bedded highly fractured limestones with chert nodules. Petrographic study of the carbonates shows that both skeletal and non-skeletal grains were present. The skeletal grains include a variety of planktonic foraminifera (including Oligostegina), calcispheres, ostracods, pelecypods, larva ammonite, and echinoderms. Non-skeletal grains include peloids only. Three main microfacies types are distinguished in the studied formation. The results of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of the studied carbonate samples show negative values of δ18O. These indicate that the seawater was warm with low salinity during precipitation of the carbonates in the Kometan Formation in northeastern Iraq. The positive δ13C values of carbonate samples, in the middle part of the formation, reflect the widespread deposition of organic-rich marine sediments during a transgression and deepening of the basin. Petrographic, facies and stable isotopic analyses revealed that the Kometan Formation was deposited in a warm, basinal, pelagic (open marine) environment with low salinity. The Kometan Formation consists of one complete third-order depositional sequence, separated by a sequence boundary (SB) of type 2. The third-order sequence is subdivided into a transgressive systems tract (TST) and highstand systems tract (HST). This reflects episodes of transgression and still stands of the relative sea level. The TSTs are topped by maximum flooding surface (MFS) characterized by deepening-/fining-upward parasequences implying a retrogradational stacking pattern. The HST is marked by shallowing-/coarsening-upward parasequences implying a progradational stacking pattern.  相似文献   

17.
Barremian-Lower Aptian platform carbonates (“Urgonian limestones”) of the northern margin of the Istanbul zone extend from Zonguldak to the Kurucasile area along the Black Sea coast. New stratigraphic data on the “Inpiri” Formation of the Inpiri-Kurucasile area are based on the identification of calcareous algae, foraminifera, and rudists. They show that this lithostratigraphic unit is stratigraphically and lithologically equivalent to the Ökü?medere Formation from Zonguldak. Some of the biostratigraphic markers are reported for the first time in Anatolia. Foraminifera are represented by several forms with a significant biostratigraphic potential used to distinguish the Barremian from the lower Aptian. Lower Aptian beds also yield relatively advanced caprinid rudists.The Ökü?medere Formation is relatively thin, terrigeneous-rich, and rudist-free or rudist-poor in the Kurucasile sector, and thick, terrigeneous-poor, and rudist-rich from Amasra to Zonguldak, with a set of marker beds including either charophytes or Palorbitolina and capped by a coral unit underlying ammonite bearing marls. Terrigeneous-rich carbonates from the eastern sector are interpreted as marginal marine coastal, infralittoral environments and grade distally, northward, to marly basinal sediments. By contrast “Urgonian type” limestones from the Zonguldak-Amasra region possess a wide extent and no transition to coastal or basinal sediments has been observed. A transition from a typical platform westward to a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate ramp eastward was controlled by both the nature of the adjacent exposed area and tectonic factors affecting the overall continental margin that is a northward downwarping. The exposed area was flanked southward by a belt of coastal siliciclastics grading southward and eastward to deep water sediments of the Ulus basin. In mid-Bedoulian time, carbonate platform demise from the western region was drowned below deeper marly sediments whereas the eastern siliscilastic-carbonate ramp was buried below coastal clastics.  相似文献   

18.
Deposition of organic rich black shales and dark gray argillaceous limestones in the Berriasian–Turonian interval has been documented in many parts of the world. Northwest of Zagros, Iran (Lurestan zone), thin bedded black shales and marls, dark gray argillaceous limestones and fissile limestone layers, having bitumen, of the Garau Formation are deposited. For biostratigraphic studies two stratigraphic sections including one surface section (Kuzaran) and one subsurface section (Naft well) were selected, respectively. In this study, 61 foraminiferal species belonging to 17 genera have been identified, and 12 biozones were recognized. Based on fossils distribution and biozones identification, the age of the Garau Formation is Berriasian?–early Cenomanian. In addition, the micropalaeontological study demonstrated a variety of widespread morphological changes in planktonic foraminifera assemblages (e.g., the elongation of the final chambers, appearance of twin chambers in the last whorl). These changes coincide with deposition of argillaceous limestones and marls rich in organic matter, indicating oceanic anoxic events. On this basis, three oceanic anoxic events such as OAE1a, OAE1b and OAE1d were recognized in Naft well section and two (OAE1b and OAE1d) in Kuzaran section.  相似文献   

19.
《Cretaceous Research》1988,9(4):321-336
The type section of the marly Daliyya Formation in Daliyat el Karmil, northern Israel, has been examined for planktonic foraminifera and ostracods. The coexisting assemblages of the upper part of the Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica total range zone (= Marginotruncana sigali interval zone) and of the Cythereis rawashensis kenaanensis assemblage zone indicate that this succession is middle Turonian in age. The depth of deposition varied from neritic (100–200 m) to shallow (≈50 m) with a short littoral episode. The palaeobathymetric oscillations agree rather well with global sea-level changes. Included in this paper are taxonomic remarks on some of the foraminifera and ostracods.  相似文献   

20.
Here, we report that a lithostratigraphic unit that outcrops at Sararu village, 6 km northeast of Qumri village that had previously been assigned to the Baluti Formation is not Triassic in age and therefore can not be a correlative equivalent of the Baluti Formation. The outcropping unit at Sararu comprises intercalation of calcareous mudstones and limestones, and is indeed lithologically similar to the Baluti Formation (Late Triassic). The Baluti Formation (also known as the Baluti Shale) is known from a typical section found at the Gara Anticline and from many deep drilled oil exploration wells. It is generally composed of alternations of the shales, limestones, dolomites, and dolomitic limestones. It is underlain by the Kurra Chine Formation (Upper Triassic) and overlain by the Sarki Formation (Lower Jurassic). In this study, detailed field observations, an assessment of stratigraphic successions, studies of microfossils such as age-specific planktonic foraminifera (e.g., Globotruncana bulloides), and age-specific biomarkers (oleanane index and C28/C29 regular sterane index) reveal that the lithostratigraphic unit at Sararu village can not be a correlative equivalent of the Baluti Formation, and it is more likely from the Upper Cretaceous. There are a number of Upper Cretaceous formations found in this part of Kurdistan, but based on fossil-type and palaeoenvironmental associations, the Hadiena Formation, from the Upper Cretaceous, is considered as the most likely correlative equivalent to the calcareous mudstone and limestone succession found at Sararu village.  相似文献   

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