共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 906 毫秒
1.
Dawn J. Wright 《The Professional geographer》1999,51(3):426-439
The initial impetus for developing a specialty in ocean geography resulted from the need to resolve applied problems in coastal resources, as opposed to development of oceanographic research methods and concepts. However, the development in the last 10 to 20 years of sophisticated technologies for ocean data collection and management holds tremendous potential for mapping and interpreting the ocean environment in unprecedented detail. With the understanding that ocean research is often very costly, yet deemed extremely important by large funding agencies, geographers now have the opportunity to perform coastal and marine studies that are more quantitative in nature, to formulate and test basic hypotheses about the marine environment, and to collaborate with geographers working in corollary subdisciplines (e.g., remote sensing, GIS, geomorphology, political geography as pertaining to the Law of the Sea, etc.), as well as with classically-trained oceanographers. This article reviews, for the non-specialist, the newest advances in mapping and management technologies for undersea geographic research (particularly on the ocean floor) and discusses the contributions that geographers stand to make to a greater understanding of the oceans. 相似文献
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Sociospatial information is critical to marine and coastal ecosystem management. The Hawaii Coastal Uses Mapping Project used a participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) methodology to gather local knowledge regarding the location and intensity of coastal human activities in Hawaii's priority sites for coral reef management. PGIS provided an efficient and effective means of obtaining information in a data-poor context, particularly at a scale and location where considerable local knowledge is held by community members and resource users. We detail the PGIS methods developed to collect sociospatial data on human uses in the project regions and discuss important considerations regarding the practice of PGIS that emerged from the mapping process, as well as implications for the production and documentation of spatial knowledge. Key themes include: issues of scale and appropriateness in using PGIS as a method for mapping human coastal and marine activities; data validity, authority, and the nature of local knowledge; community trust, engagement, and collaboration; and utility for coral reef management. While several factors limit local agencies' ability to use this spatial information to date, natural resource managers found the participatory mapping process to be highly valuable for stakeholder identification and engagement, and the maps provide a resource to state and federal managers to better understand the human implications of future management scenarios. 相似文献
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L. M. Korytny 《Geography and Natural Resources》2017,38(2):111-121
The main development stages of the basin concept: from landscape hydrology to nature management are considered. It is shown that the river, lake and sea drainage basins are the most widespread natural complexes on and surface, with a high degree of integrity and with clear-cut watershed divides having a powerful integrating factor, the water flow. The substantiation is provided for the concepts of the basis as a geosystem, the runoff-producing complexes and the hydrological functions of landscape as well as for the principles of hydrological, water-resources and water-protection regionalization and zoning. On this basis, a classification of hazardous hydrological processes is developed. The structural patterns of the river network within the framework of structural geography are used for indication of the mean long-term discharge and its mapping, and for a classification of river systems according to their size. It is demonstrated that the integrating properties of the water flow permit the basin to be regarded as an integral system entity not only from the perspective of hydrology but also in terms of geomorphology, biogeocenology, landscape geochemistry as well as in complex physical geography as functionally integral natural complexes thereby creating the natural basis for nature management. On the other hand, many basins are socioeconomic and ethnodemographic entities. Ten principles are formulated for the theoretical justification of the basin concept of nature management where the basin is treated as an integral natural and economic system. It is suggested that such an approach should be used in governance of nature management, especially in international basins, as well as in reforming the system of administrative-territorial division of Russia. 相似文献
4.
I. N. Vladimirov A. P. Sofronov A. A. Sorokovoi D. V. Kobylkin A. A. Frolov 《Geography and Natural Resources》2014,35(2):143-151
Presented are the results from studying and mapping the vegetation in the Upper-Angara depression. We suggest the technique for mapping plant communities involving a combined use of the NDVI and NDWI indices, the SRTM-based digital elevation model, forest management data, and expedition-based research findings. 相似文献
5.
Guiming Zhang A-Xing Zhu 《International journal of geographical information science》2019,33(9):1873-1893
Volunteered geographic information (VGI) contains valuable field observations that represent the spatial distribution of geographic phenomena. As such, it has the potential to provide regularly updated low-cost field samples for predictively mapping the spatial variations of geographic phenomena. The predictive mapping of geographic phenomena often requires representative samples for high mapping accuracy, but samples consisting of VGI observations are often not representative as they concentrate on specific geographic areas (i.e. spatial bias) due to the opportunistic nature of voluntary observation efforts. In this article, we propose a representativeness-directed approach to mitigate spatial bias in VGI for predictive mapping. The proposed approach defines and quantifies sample representativeness by comparing the probability distributions of sample locations and the mapping area in the environmental covariate space. Spatial bias is mitigated by weighting the sample locations to maximize their representativeness. The approach is evaluated using species habit suitability mapping as a case study. The results show that the accuracy of predictive mapping using weighted sample locations is higher than using unweighted sample locations. A positive relationship between sample representativeness and mapping accuracy is also observed, suggesting that sample representativeness is a valid indicator of predictive mapping accuracy. This approach mitigates spatial bias in VGI to improve predictive mapping accuracy. 相似文献
6.
Bin Jiang 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(1):159-174
A fractal can be simply understood as a set or pattern in which there are far more small things than large ones, for example, far more small geographic features than large ones on the earth surface, or far more large-scale maps than small-scale maps for a geographic region. This article attempts to argue and provide evidence for the fractal nature of maps and mapping. It is the underlying fractal structure of geographic features, either natural or man-made, that make reality mappable, large-scale maps generalizable, and cities imageable. The fractal nature is also what underlies the beauty of maps. After introducing some key fractal concepts such as recursion, self-similarity, scaling ratio, and scaling exponent, this article demonstrates that fractal thought is rooted in long-standing map-making practices such as series maps subdivision, visual hierarchy, and Töpfer’s radical law. Drawing on previous studies on head/tail breaks, mapping can be considered a head/tail breaks process; that is to divide things around an average, according to their geometric, topological and/or semantic properties, into the head (for those above the average) and the tail (for those below the average), and recursively continue the dividing process for the head for map generalization, statistical mapping, and cognitive mapping. Given the fractal nature of maps and mapping, cartography should be considered a perfect combination of science and art, and scaling must be formulated as a law of cartography or that of geography in general. 相似文献
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DAVID RHIND 《The Geographical journal》2000,166(4):295-305
The vast bulk of topographic mapping - the geographical framework used to underpin many activities of the state and of business - has been created and is maintained to national standards. As a consequence, what is available differs greatly from country to country. Yet there is a range of needs for globally-consistent map information. Such needs have long been recognized: the International Map of the World was an attempt to meet them. A multiplicity of factors has constrained the National Mapping Organizations from meeting this aim. However, new technologies have enhanced our capacity to create a geographical framework almost anywhere in the world. Using such technologies, commercial and other non-commercial bodies (e.g. the US military and its counterparts within NATO) have begun to produce wide-area geographical information. This paper describes the nature of the need for global mapping, the players involved and the drivers and obstacles to progress. It proposes a rapid way to enhance the current situation through public/private sector partnerships based on a combination of skills, information assets and resources. If implemented, this could lead to global coverage of a framework derived from 1:25000 scale mapping within about two years. 相似文献
10.
介绍了湖北龙感湖国家级湿地自然保护区主要保护对象和建设管理现状,分析了保护区在保护和管理方面存在的问题和矛盾,从健全管理机制、加强资源管护与执法、科研监测、强化举措、综合治理等方面入手,提出了保护区可持续发展对策。 相似文献
11.
Conservation-compatible development of rural communities is an important part of nature conservation objectives. Understanding the role of agriculture, which is often practiced in or bordering the protected areas in rural China, is critical for managing conservation networks considering that limited spatial areas are available for enclosed protected areas. Important Agricultural Heritage Systems stand out for their multi-functionality, and some of their values are compatible with nature conservation. This paper examined the concept, management objectives and resource management characteristics of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) by analysing their interactions with national parks in terms of community development. The results reveal that management strategies of dynamic conservation, integrated protection and adaptive management of the IAHS can contribute to those national park management objectives concerning conservation-compatible livelihood. However, the typology of the protected area system, including the traditional agricultural system as a new type, needs further consideration. 相似文献
12.
西安市典型区域城市生境制图与自然保护规划研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
城市自然保护已成为城市生态建设的重要内容。城市自然保护有赖于相关数据采集、评价方法的建立和规划途径的支持。本文结合西安市典型区域,运用RS和G IS技术,探讨了城市生境制图的一般方法与程序,主要工作包括以下方面的:城市生境分类体系的建立;城市生境制图及数据库的建立;城市生境保护价值评价;城市生境链的规划。主要结论:①城市生境制图是一种多学科结合的综合性研究,为城市生态建设提供了新的数据源;②通过生境单元综合评价,有价值的生境单元及空间格局可被识别出来;③基于生境制图及评价的生境链规划为城市自然保护提供了一条极富操作性的途径。 相似文献
13.
The construction of nature reserves in China is reviewed in this paper, mainly including the number, type, administration
and distribution of nature reserves, the progress in research on biodiversity, evaluation, management, sustainable development
of nature reserves in China is summarized briefly, and some development tendencies of research on nature reserves are put
forward. 相似文献
14.
中国自然保护区研究的现状与展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1IntroductionIn order to protect nature resources and natural environment, rescue the species of rare and endangered wildlife, renew vegetation, forestry and wildlife populations that are broken, nature reserves (NR) are set up. 'Nature Reserve' has been defined as a planning area of land and/or sea protected and managed specially through legal means. Nature reserves are representative natural ecosystems, natural distribution areas of rare and endangered wildlife species and natural relics wi… 相似文献
15.
《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2018,39(1):45-61
Decentralization of governance and natural resource management is an ongoing process in many parts of Africa and Asia. Natural resource management requires spatial land resource data for planning. However, currently the financial and human capacity for natural resource mapping, monitoring and modelling remains low in local governments. In this context, this paper explores how new opportunities provided by the increasing availability of free satellite imagery, digital elevation data and open source spatial analysis software, can be applied by local government and NGOs to conduct sophisticated natural resource mapping and modelling in ways that meet their needs and incorporates local knowledge. Reported are cases of a local government using free geospatial data and GIS software to improve evidence‐based natural resource management in the developing world with a focus on raster data applications for satellite image analysis and terrain modelling. It is argued that, through removing barriers to uptake, such applications provide a means of decentralizing landscape analysis skills to improve local natural resource management. This hypothesis is supported through examples of a local government applying these tools in eastern Indonesia, and within this context barriers to wider adoption are explored. 相似文献
16.
Randall J. Schaetzl Helen Enander Michael D. Luehmann David P. Lusch Carolyn Fish Michael Bigsby 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):2-39
Abstract We present a new physiographic map of Michigan, that is also available interactively, online. Only four, small-scale physiographic maps of Michigan had been previously published. Our mapping project made use of a wide variety of spatial data, in a GIS environment, to visualize and delineate the physical landscape in more detail than has been done previously. We also examined many of the unit boundaries in the field, using a GIS running on a GPS-enabled laptop. Unlike previous physiographic maps, the online version of the map enables users to query the criteria used to define each of the 224 boundaries of its 10 major and 91 minor physiographic units. The interactive nature of the online version of the map is a unique enhancement to physiographic maps and mapping. Our study also provides data on the number and types of criteria used to define each of the 224 unit boundaries within the map. Most of our unit boundaries are based on data derived from 10-m raster elevation data and NRCS soils data, e.g., relief, soil wetness, escarpments, landscape fabric, and parent material characteristics. Data gleaned from NRCS SSURGO county-scale soil maps were a strength of the project. [Key words: Michigan, physiography, landforms, soils, GIS, mapping] 相似文献
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Jeremy Mennis 《The Professional geographer》2003,55(1):31-42
Aggregated demographic datasets are associated with analytical and cartographic problems due to the arbitrary nature of areal unit partitioning. This article describes a methodology for generating a surface‐based representation of population that mitigates these problems. This methodology uses dasymetric mapping and incorporates areal weighting and empirical sampling techniques to assess the relationship between categorical ancillary data and population distribution. As a demonstration, a 100‐meter‐resolution population surface is generated from U.S. Census block group data for the southeast Pennsylvania region. Remote‐sensing‐derived urban land‐cover data serve as ancillary data in the dasymetric mapping. 相似文献
19.
A.T. Naprasnikov 《Geography and Natural Resources》2009,30(2):181-186
Stages, attributes and forms of ameliorative nature management are revealed, the vector of its spatiotemporal evolution and forecasting its long-term development are substantiated, the role of amelioration in the formation of natural-economic systems and in their intensification, and also its conditionality by an optimal heat-moisture relationship, and by landscape-climatic and social processes are pointed out. A crisis of current ameliorative nature management, and a need for its ecologo-economic optimization are highlighted. An analysis is made of ameliorative nature management in Eurasia in the past and at present, and it is suggested that the ecologo-economic strategy of ameliorative nature management should be developed in Russia. 相似文献
20.
The problems related to mapping and comprehensive assessment of natural resources in Perm Krai from the perspective of their
rational management are considered. A technique of territorial regionalization is described from the viewpoint of the magnitude
of resource potential at three scale levels: human settlements, municipal districts, and administrative okrugs. Some optimization
techniques for the procedure of recomputing and mapping the results obtained are proposed. 相似文献