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1.
假玄武玻璃呈玻璃质或隐晶质特性,常常与断层带相伴出现,其形成能有效地降低断层摩擦强度,被认为是古地震快速滑动的化石纪录。因此,对假玄武玻璃的研究对深入了解深部就位的断层变形和地震成因机制等具有重要意义。尽管国内外学者对假玄武玻璃开展了长期的研究,也积累了丰富的资料,然而,由于天然假玄武玻璃非常少见或零星地被报道,再加上其形成环境和过程的复杂性,对假玄武玻璃的构造特征、形成环境和成因机制仍然存在诸多争议及亟待解决的关键科学问题。研究表明,假玄武玻璃可以发育在大陆岩石圈不同深度范围内,即中下地壳乃至上地幔以糜棱岩为主的韧性变形领域（>60 km）,或中上地壳层次以碎裂岩为主的脆性变形域（<12 km）。越来越多证据也显示出在断层带的脆—韧性转换域中形成的假玄武玻璃跟浅源地震活动直接关联,也意味着中上地壳脆性变形和中下地壳塑性变形之间存在着更为复杂的耦合关联,同时对不同深部岩石强度和力学行为提出了挑战。对假玄武玻璃形成机制存在由断层面上的摩擦热导致的摩擦熔融体或仅仅是断层面岩石超碎裂粉碎作用认识的争议。而有研究认为干的环境有利于假玄武玻璃形成,因为流体的存在会降低断层面的有效正应力,不利于热量的积累以及摩擦熔融的进行;然而,另外一种观点认为流体的存在可以降低矿物熔融温度有利于断层摩擦熔融及形成假玄武玻璃。本文从假玄武玻璃的形成机制、形成深度、流体影响、形成后对断层强度的影响、以及保存与破坏机制几方面进行了最新总结,并对假玄武玻璃中非晶态物质的成因、脆—韧性转换带之下岩石的变形机制以及对陆壳强度的影响和非稳态流变意义进行探讨。 相似文献
2.
假玄武玻璃呈玻璃质或隐晶质特性,常常与断层带相伴出现,其形成能有效地降低断层摩擦强度,被认为是古地震快速滑动的化石纪录。因此,对假玄武玻璃的研究对深入了解深部就位的断层变形和地震成因机制等具有重要意义。尽管国内外学者对假玄武玻璃开展了长期的研究,也积累了丰富的资料,然而,由于天然假玄武玻璃非常少见或零星地被报道,再加上其形成环境和过程的复杂性,对假玄武玻璃的构造特征、形成环境和成因机制仍然存在诸多争议及亟待解决的关键科学问题。研究表明,假玄武玻璃可以发育在大陆岩石圈不同深度范围内,即中下地壳乃至上地幔以糜棱岩为主的韧性变形领域（>60 km）,或中上地壳层次以碎裂岩为主的脆性变形域（<12 km）。越来越多证据也显示出在断层带的脆—韧性转换域中形成的假玄武玻璃跟浅源地震活动直接关联,也意味着中上地壳脆性变形和中下地壳塑性变形之间存在着更为复杂的耦合关联,同时对不同深部岩石强度和力学行为提出了挑战。对假玄武玻璃形成机制存在由断层面上的摩擦热导致的摩擦熔融体或仅仅是断层面岩石超碎裂粉碎作用认识的争议。而有研究认为干的环境有利于假玄武玻璃形成,因为流体的存在会降低断层面的有效正应力,不利于热量的积累以及摩擦熔融的进行;然而,另外一种观点认为流体的存在可以降低矿物熔融温度有利于断层摩擦熔融及形成假玄武玻璃。本文从假玄武玻璃的形成机制、形成深度、流体影响、形成后对断层强度的影响、以及保存与破坏机制几方面进行了最新总结,并对假玄武玻璃中非晶态物质的成因、脆—韧性转换带之下岩石的变形机制以及对陆壳强度的影响和非稳态流变意义进行探讨。 相似文献
3.
假玄武玻璃的研究进展与现状 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在国外有关假玄武玻璃（pseudotachylite)的研究已经有百余年的历史,在野外产状、显微镜观察和实验模拟等方面积累了丰富的资料。而国内在这方面的研究甚少。近年来,随着人们对“活断层”研究的深入,所谓有“地震化石”之称的假玄武玻璃也日益为研究者们所重视。假玄武玻璃通常认为是与地震断层有关的高应变速率条件下的产物。假玄武玻璃的研究对了解地震时地下深处断层带的变形机制等多方面具有重要意义。尤其是通过模拟假玄武玻璃形成时的相似条件（主要是力学机制和化学机制）,可以了解假玄武玻璃形成时断层剪切带变形历史。为了使国内对这一研究领域感兴趣的学者了解假玄武玻璃的形成过程及其所反映的意义,本文从假玄武玻璃的地质特征及成因等几个方面进行了总结,以飧读者。 相似文献
4.
在桐柏—大别造山带大河镇剪切带中首次发现与碎裂岩和糜棱岩共生的两种不同类型的假玄武玻璃。野外产状及显微结构的研究表明与碎裂岩共生的假玄武玻璃产出于以脆性破裂为主的断层浅部(<15km),而与糜棱岩共生的假玄武玻璃则产出于以韧性变形为主的断层深部(>15 km)。这两种类型的假玄武玻璃均含有熔解起源的自形微晶体,圆形或港湾状的碎片,流动结构和部分玻璃质基质。假玄武玻璃与碎裂岩和糜棱岩共生的现象说明在桐柏—大别造山带形成和隆起过程中同一断层剪切带内大地震重复发生。大河镇假玄武玻璃的研究可对大陆型大地震的发震机制及地壳浅部的脆性变形领域到深部的塑性变形领域的地震断层的破裂过程和力学性质的研究提供重要信息。 相似文献
5.
发育在大别造山带东部的假玄武玻璃是区域内NE-SW向断裂带快速滑移形成的构造岩。地质产状、显微构造及岩石化学研究表明，这些假玄武玻璃主要由超碎裂岩化作用所形成。假玄武玻璃及围岩的全岩(包括部分单矿物)K-Ar年龄测定表明，大别造山带的假玄武玻璃形成于81～93Ma之间。本文同时测定了叠加在假玄武玻璃基质之上的多硅白云母的激光^40Ar／^39Ar年龄为78．9Ma。显微构造及所获得的年龄数据显示，这些沿NE-SW向断裂发育的假玄武玻璃是在晚白垩世(80～90Ma)时期伴随着大别造山带整体隆升过程形成的，而与早期板块俯冲过程无关。同时，不同定年方法在数据上的一致性还表明，全岩K-Ar方法在确定某些假玄武玻璃及含假玄武玻璃的断裂构造年代时，可能仍然是一种行之有效的的方法。 相似文献
6.
大别造山带东部假玄武玻璃的显微构造特征及其意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
最近,在大别造山带东部发现了广泛的地震成因假玄武玻璃,这些假玄武玻璃主要呈简单脉状沿NE-SW向走滑断裂带或剪切带发育,后者大多与郯庐断裂带平行并穿切了包括白垩纪花岗岩在内的地质体。某些假玄武玻璃内发育由暗色石英条纹构成的糜棱质条带。本文通过普通光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察分析,详细研究对比了不同断裂带内部发育的假玄武玻璃及其围岩在显微构造特征上的差异及联系。根据岩石的组构特征,证实所发现的这些假玄武玻璃主要是由母岩的超碎裂岩化形成的,但在点1发育的假玄武玻璃基质的扫描电镜影象特征上,沿某些残斑矿物(钾长石、斜长石、黄铁矿)的边缘可以看到些许代表摩擦熔融成因的熔蚀状港湾结构,说明假玄武玻璃形成过程中曾经发生了程度较低的局部熔融作用。肉眼所见到的糜棱质石英条纹在显微镜下证实为早期的糜棱面理。同时,岩石组构的叠加显示,含假玄武玻璃的断裂带及假玄武玻璃本身普遍具有多期性,且晚期构造产物(或假玄武玻璃)总是较早期产物(或假玄武玻璃)碎裂岩化作用更加强烈,说明先期存在的构造软化带在控制假玄武玻璃形成过程中起着非常重要的作用,即构造带抬升过程中伴随的多期构造及细粒化是形成假玄武玻璃的基础。岩石的变形序列总体上显示为韧性-韧脆性-脆性的演化过程,从而证实了这些假玄武玻璃总体上形成于造山带抬升过程,而不是早期的俯冲过程。 相似文献
7.
假玄武玻璃是地震过程中断层滑动产生摩擦熔融并快速冷却的产物，被誉为"地震化石"，记录了断层带内地震发生时的物理-化学过程的相关信息，是认识断裂活动历史的重要物质组成。本文以青藏高原腹地羌塘地块SN向正断层——东依布茶卡断层中的假玄武玻璃和碎裂岩等为研究对象，借助偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、粉末X射线衍射分析、原位XRF分析等多种方法对其进行了详细的结构、构造、矿物成分及化学元素分布的分析。野外调查表明该断裂带中假玄武玻璃呈深灰-褐色，与超碎裂岩和碎裂岩相伴生，以断层脉、注入脉和网状脉的形式产出，厚度由几毫米至一厘米不等。显微结构观察显示，假玄武玻璃中残留有摩擦熔融形成的特征构造，如石英的港湾状熔蚀边、蜂窝状气孔构造以及局部发育的长柱状微晶、束状微晶集合体等，指示其为断层滑动摩擦熔融的产物。此外可见假玄武玻璃作为碎屑出现在碎裂岩和角砾岩中，且后期的碎裂岩中包含早期形成的碎裂岩的角砾等，这些特征表明在该断裂带内大地震事件多次重复发生。以该地区正断层初始活动时限13.5Ma、碎裂岩和假玄武玻璃形成深度为10km以下计算，这些断裂岩石从地下深部折返的速率至少为~0.74mm/yr。目前国际上鲜有报导正断层形成的假玄武玻璃，这是我们首次在羌塘地块SN向裂谷正断层中发现熔融成因的假玄武玻璃，对认识区域地震活动及断裂带演化过程具有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
假玄武玻璃是一种呈暗色的微晶—隐晶质岩石,一般产于古地震断层滑动面,被认为是研究地震活动的＂化石岩＂。经过碎裂岩化或摩擦熔融,假玄武玻璃发育于从地表到岩石圈地幔的整个地震活动区,其年代学研究对于揭示某一地区古地震活动频次及发生规律有重要意义。假玄武玻璃的定年一般采用Rb-Sr、^40Ar-^39Ar、裂变径迹等三种方法,但Sr的扩散性质、假玄武玻璃内部结构和成分的不均一性及其形成高温快速过程中锆石的退火行为等诸多因素,制约了以上三种方法的应用。文中总结了三种方法,分析了其适用范围和局限性,探讨了假玄武玻璃定年研究中最适用的方法和需注意的事项。最后,阐述了假玄武玻璃研究的地震学指示意义。 相似文献
9.
假玄武玻璃作为地震断层摩擦熔融的产物记录了断层带内地震破裂的相关信息,是认识断层带形成过程及其活动历史的重要物质组成。钻探获取的地下深部的断层岩样品,免受地表物理化学风化,相对较为新鲜,能够提供更接近其形成时的相关信息。本文以龙门山映秀—北川断裂带南段彭灌杂岩中发育多期假玄武玻璃为研究对象,应用扫描电镜、微区X射线荧光光谱(μXRF)岩心扫描仪以及布鲁克M4 TORNADO高性能微区X射线荧光光谱仪等仪器对虹口八角庙地表和汶川地震断裂带科学钻探(WFSD)岩心中发育的假玄武玻璃的化学组成进行对比研究。显微结构特征表明这些假玄武玻璃为地震断层快速滑动摩擦熔融的产物。化学元素对比分析结果显示,熔融物形成于高温还原环境下,其化学性质以高Fe、Ti、K值,低Si值为特征,并具高磁化率值的物理性质。地表假玄武玻璃经受表生流体作用,化学性质发生明显变化,以低K、Ti值和出现含Ca元素的新生矿物为特征。同时岩心中来自较深断层带的多期假玄武玻璃的成分差异也表明,大气水和地表水已沿断层带侵入到了585m以下或更深部位。因此在应用假玄武玻璃对地震断层瞬时滑动环境进行判断时需谨慎,应考虑其后期化学成分变化等造成的各种影响。 相似文献
10.
假玄武玻璃是发育在古地震断层带中的一种断层岩,是古地震断层快速滑动的化石记录。目前关于假玄武玻璃的成因还存在争议,有摩擦熔融成因和摩擦碎裂成因2种观点。豫西双龙剪切带是位于秦岭造山带核部的一条韧性剪切带,发育了一系列动力变质岩,后期地质作用在其构造薄弱面上形成了呈简单脉状、平行剪切面发育的假玄武玻璃。假玄武玻璃的出现说明秦岭群曾经历高应变速率的构造运动,即古地震事件。通过对该区假玄武玻璃的镜下观察、粉晶X射线衍射、扫描电镜及石英的EBSD组构等研究,对其成因进行了探讨,结果显示秦岭群核部的假玄武玻璃为摩擦碎裂成因。 相似文献
11.
The chemical composition of the pseudotachylyte in the West Rand Goldfield of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, is closely related to the composition of the host rocks and this is reflected in the colour of the pseudotachylyte. Grey pseudotachylyte is generally hosted by and similar in composition to quartzites of the Witatersrand Supergroup, whereas maroon pseudotachylyte has a similar relationship to the mafic lava of the Ventersdorp Supergroup. In some instances, the composition of the pseudotachylyte is intermediate between these two host rock types and a mixing process is proposed.
A study of the ferrous to ferric iron ratio provides limited evidence that pseudotachylyte is slightly more reduced than the rocks from which they have been derived.
The only elements that are consistently enriched in the pseudotachylyte, irrespective of host rock composition, are S, Pb and Au. It is speculated that this indicates the existence of a sulphide-bearing fluid phase along the fault zone either prior to or during pseudotachylyte formation.
Geochemical and petrographic evidence favour an origin by frictional fusion rather than ultracomminution for the pseudotachylyte from the West Rand Goldfield. 相似文献
12.
In situ UV-laser ablation 40Ar/39Ar geochronological and geochemical data, together with rock and mineral compositional data, have been determined from pseudotachylyte and surrounding mylonitic gneiss associated with the UHP whiteschists of the Dora Maira Massif, Italy. Several generations of fresh pseudotachylyte occur as irregular veins up to a few cm thick both parallel and at high angles to the foliation. Whole rock XRF data collected from representative lithologies of mylonitic gneiss are uniformly consistent with a mildly alkalic granitic protolith. Minimal compositional variation is observed between the pseudotachylyte and its surrounding mylonitic gneiss. The pseudotachylyte contains newly crystallized grains of biotite and K-feldspar in a matrix of glass with partially fused grains of quartz, zircon, apatite, and titanite. Electron microprobe analyses of the glass show significant compositional variation that is probably strongly influenced by micrometer-scale changes in mineralogy. UV-laser ablation ICP-MS traverses across the mylonitic gneiss–pseudotachylyte contact are consistent with cataclastic communition of REE carriers such as epidote, monazite, allanite, zircon, and apatite before melting as an efficient mechanism of REE homogenization in the pseudotachylyte. The 40Ar/39Ar data from one band of pseudotachylyte indicate formation at 20.1 ± 0.5 Ma, when the mylonitic gneisses were already in a near surface position. The variable effects of top-to-the-west shear deformation within outcrops of the coesite-bearing unit are reflected in localized zones of protomylonite, cataclasite, ultracataclasite, and pseudotachylyte. Preservation of several generations of pseudotachylyte suggests that seismic events may have played a significant role in triggering late unroofing of the UHP rocks. It is speculated that deeper crustal seismic events potentially played a role in the unroofing of the UHP rocks at earlier stages in their exhumation history. 相似文献
13.
断裂岩的岩石磁学研究可以揭示地震断裂作用的物理和化学环境,对于探讨地震断裂作用机制具有重要作用。本文在断裂岩岩石磁学最新文献的基础上,结合笔者及所在研究团队在龙门山断裂带获得的研究成果,综述了断裂岩的岩石磁学研究进展。大量研究发现断层泥和假玄武玻璃通常具有磁化率值或剩磁强度异常特征。顺磁性矿物在摩擦热或流体作用下形成新的铁磁性矿物是断层泥和假玄武玻璃高磁化率值或高剩磁强度的主要原因;地震断裂摩擦熔融作用中形成的单质铁是假玄武玻璃中高磁化率值或高剩磁强度异常的另一个重要原因。蠕滑断裂和出露于浅地表的断裂带中可见一些具有低磁化率值异常的断层泥,原因可能是流体作用或断裂带未经历高温摩擦热。断裂岩的岩石磁学研究为地震断裂带的应力应变、形成温度、摩擦热效应、流体作用、形成深度和氧化还原特征等提供了重要信息,可用于分析地震断裂的孕震和发震环境。综合岩石磁学测试和微米至纳米尺度的超显微学研究,并辅助地震断裂岩的摩擦实验、高温热模拟实验等研究可以更好地获得断裂岩的岩石磁学信息。 相似文献
14.
Fault generated melt, pseudotachylyte, is an established indicator of palaeoseismic faulting. The existing consensus that frictionally induced melting occurs within the classic seismogenic zone contrast the contention over how pseudotachylyte forms within the ductile regime. Central to this issue is whether all pseudotachylyte originates as pressure-dependent frictional melt along slip surfaces, or if pressure-independent processes have roles in its formation. Propagation of high-velocity slip into deeper crustal levels provides a satisfactory explanation for pseudotachylyte at depth, but does not of itself rationalize earthquake nucleation outside the classic seismogenic zone. Pseudotachylyte from the Minas Fault Zone, Nova Scotia, Canada is used to demonstrate the formation and preservation of fault-related melt under lower crustal conditions. Microstructures retain evidence of intense dislocation glide with minimal climb, and ductile disaggregation of the host; the latter are consistent with intracrystalline deformation in the Peierls stress-controlled glide regime. It remains unclear whether the crystal plasticity serves only as a precursory stage to rupture and high-velocity slip or is itself responsible for both instability and the thermal transient. There are similarities between accelerating plastic slip leading to rupture and aseismic creep bursts (tremor) that emphasize the mechanistic complexity of deep faulting, and the need to extend consideration beyond that of a simple brittle-ductile response. The occurrence of tremor bursts fall within the depth range of “paradoxical” pseudotachylyte and provides a circumstantial link between active tectonics and the geologic record that merits examination. 相似文献
15.
Near Granite Falls, Minnesota sub-parallel pseudotachylyte, mafic dikes, and calcite veins crosscut Archean granulite facies rocks in the Minnesota River valley adjacent to the north-dipping Yellow Medicine Shear Zone (YMSZ; N80°E) that separates the Montevideo and Morton tectonic terranes. The docking of these two Archean terranes occurred prior to intrusion of the 2.067 Ga Kenora-Kabetogama dike swarm as demonstrated by aeromagnetic anomalies (correlated with field exposures) that cross the YMSZ without offset. Tectonic adjustments along the YMSZ associated with the Penokean Orogeny ( 1.8 Ga) are likely responsible for pseudotachylyte formation.Pseudotachylyte is exposed in 22 sub-parallel veins ( N80°E, 90°) each less than 2 cm wide across an outcrop width of 45 m. The pseudotachylyte matrix is commonly banded, and contains crystal fragments (quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, rutile, apatite, ilmenite, ulvöspinel), magnetite microlites, flow banding swirls, amygdules (filled with calcite, ankerite and siderite), collapsed vesicles, and abundant lithic clasts. Pseudotachylyte formed in a number of phases. Kinematic reconstruction is complex, utilizing winged porphyroclasts, S-C structures in the country rock, and fault drag indicators along the pseudotachylyte zones. Dextral motion along the YMSZ is the most common observation. Mechanically twinned calcite within amygdules in the pseudotachylyte preserves horizontal shortening normal to the pseudotachylyte strike. Calcite veins are apparently contemporaneous with the pseudotachylyte; one set preserves twinning strains identical to the calcite amygdule strains, and the second set contains a horizontal, vein-parallel (N70°E) shortening strain. The pseudotachylyte contains a flow fabric, as determined by AMS techniques, that is a proxy for vertical flow (Kmax is vertical). The Kenora-Kabetogama dikes, identified geochemically, are locally parallel to the pseudotachylyte and the adjacent YMSZ tectonic suture and preserve a vertical-to-horizontal, dike-parallel AMS fabric from east (Franklin) to west (Granite Falls). Hornblende andesite dikes (055°, 1.8 Ga) are not found south of the suture, are not associated with pseudotachylyte and have a different paleopole and AMS fabric. 相似文献
16.
喜马拉雅造山带北缘的大反转逆冲断层(GCT)位于印度-亚洲的碰撞边界,平行雅鲁藏布江缝合带展布,向北逆冲使特提斯喜马拉雅地体向北叠覆在冈底斯地体之上。大反转逆冲断裂制约了中新世Kailas式系列磨拉石盆地(Kailas、秋乌、大竹曲、罗布莎以及朗县)的发育,自西向东磨拉石盆地中砾石变形逐渐增强。本文通过GCT东段"罗布莎-郎县砾岩"的研究,获得罗布莎-朗县变形砾岩中的碎屑锆石的沉积上限年龄为早渐新世(28.7~29.1Ma)。罗布莎-郎县砾岩具有基质糜棱岩化、发育地震化石假熔岩和向北剪切指向的特征,表明其经历了受GCT断裂控制的砾岩盆地在浅部形成、插入10~15km深部并受地震影响形成假熔岩,然后折返到地表的过程。 相似文献
17.
Pseudotachylyte in the Cima di Gratera ophiolite, Alpine Corsica, is distributed in the peridotite unit and in the overlying metagabbro unit and was formed under blueschist to eclogite metamorphic facies conditions, corresponding to a 60–90 km depth range. Peridotite pseudotachylyte is clustered in fault zones either beneath the tectonic contact with overlying metagabbros or at short distance from it. Fault zones are either parallel to the contact or make an angle of 55° to it. Displacement sense criteria associated with fault veins indicate top-to-the-west or top-to-the-northwest reverse senses. Cataclasite flanking most veins was formed before or coevally with frictional melting and likely mechanically weakened the peridotite, facilitating subsequent seismic rupture. In the basal part of the metagabbro unit, post-mylonitization pseudotachylyte can be distinguished from pre-mylonitization pseudotachylyte formed earlier. In the equant metagabbro above the mylonitic sole, only one episode of pseudotachylyte formation can be identified. Kinematics associated with metagabbro pseudotachylyte remain unknown. The geometry and kinematics of the pseudotachylyte veins from the peridotite unit and to a lesser extent from the metagabbro unit are similar to modern seismic ruptures of the upper parts of the Wadati-Benioff zones such as in the Pacific plate beneath NE Japan. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Structural Geology》1988,10(8):813-828
Detailed (1:60 scale) mapping of the Fort Foster Brittle Zone in the mylonitic Rye Formation of southernmost Maine has revealed the intricate internal duplex structure of a system of probable Paleozoic-age dextral strike-slip faults that have produced abundant pseudotachylyte and minor breccia. The internal configuration of this brittle zone consists of a mosaic of individual pseudotachylyte generation zones as slab-duplex structures. Individual duplex zones are up to 100 m in length and 1 m or less in width and are defined by pairs of layer-parallel slip surfaces along which frictional melts were produced. These slab-duplex structures are interpreted as zones of displacement transfer between long, overlapping, layer-parallel en échelon strike-slip fault surfaces. Contractional duplexes develop layer-parallel compressional structures that tend to shorten and thicken the fault-bounded slabs by the formation of lateral ramps and conjugate faults, kinks and asymmetric folds. Extensional duplexes develop layer-parallel stretching and thinning by the formation of oblique dextral shears, high-angle conjugate pairs and localized fault breccias. The production of pseudotachylyte by friction melting along layer-parallel fault surfaces in these exposures is attributed to rapid slip during paleoseismic events. The rupture structures developed during these events may be characteristic of fault structure and mechanics at near-focal depths in a strike-slip seismogenic zone. 相似文献
19.
龙门山造山带的早期活动及其对造山作用的启示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2008年汶川地震后,在映秀-北川同震地表破裂带南段虹口乡八角庙地区发现有假玄武玻璃出露于~240m宽的断裂带内,代表了断裂带以往地震和断裂活动的直接产物。这套假玄武玻璃的高温熔融成因得到了元素地球化学和熔融结构的证实。玻璃基质、蚀变矿物和碎屑斑晶的化学分析显示假玄武玻璃继承了碎裂岩/超碎裂岩围岩的主要化学成分,除石英外,主要由长石和云母两种端员组分选择性熔融形成,并呈现出了化学组分分布的不均一性。假玄武玻璃的锆石U-Pb和玻璃基质~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年结果证实映秀-北川断裂的古地震发生于229~216Ma的中-晚三叠世,并具有11~14km的震源深度,表明映秀-北川断裂的早期活动始于印支期的造山运动。伴随着印支造山运动的发生,龙门山断裂带形成了其初始构造框架,并对之后的构造演化产生了深远的影响。 相似文献
20.
Aiming Lin Tadashi Maruyama Stallard Aaron Katsuyoshi Michibayashi Alfredo Camacho Ken-ichi Kano 《Tectonophysics》2005,402(1-4):21
The Woodroffe thrust, central Australia, is a > 1.5-km-wide mylonitized shear zone marked by large volumes of mm- to cm-scale pseudotachylyte veins. The pseudotachylytes display typical melt-origin features, including rounded and embayed clasts, spherulitic and dentritic microlites, and flow structures within a fine-grained matrix. Three types of pseudotachylyte are identified on the basis of deformation texture, vein morphology, and host-rock lithology: cataclasite-related (C-Pt), mylonite-related (M-Pt), and ultramylonite-related (Um-Pt). The M-Pt and Um-Pt veins intrude into mylonite and ultramylonite and are themselves overprinted by subsequent mylonitization. These pseudotachylytes contain an internal foliation defined by flattened porphyroclasts and layering of the fine-grained vein matrix, and the foliation is generally oriented parallel to foliation in the surrounding mylonite and ultramylonite. These observations constrain the timing and environment of M-Pt and Um-Pt pseudotachylyte formation to a protracted period of deformation and mylonitization within the ductile regime of the crust. The M-Pt and Um-Pt veins, as well as the host mylonite, are overprinted by cataclasis and multiple generations of late-stage C-Pt veins that were generated in the brittle-dominated regime of the upper crust during uplift and exhumation of the shear zone.The coexistence of multiple generations of voluminous C-Pt, M-Pt, and Um-Pt veins indicates that the pseudotachylyte veins represent a large number of large earthquakes and accompanying seismic slip over an extended period of seismicity on the Woodroffe thrust. The timing and distribution of pseudotachylyte indicate that the earthquakes nucleated at the base of the brittle-dominated seismogenic zone and propagated down through the brittle–ductile transition into the ductile-dominated regime of the crust. 相似文献