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1.
Ionospheric F-layer global scintillation index variation using COSMIC during the period of 2007–2013
The three-dimensional global morphology and seasonal characteristics of the ionospheric scintillation index of the F-layer between 150 and 550 km altitudes are analyzed using the GPS radio occultation measurements from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate during the 7-year period of low and high sunspot activity from 2007 to 2013. The results show that the prominent scintillation intensity, which is confined within ±30° geomagnetic latitude, starts at post-sunset, reaches a maximum at around pre-midnight, and often persists until postmidnight. Moderate scintillation activity can be observed in the high-latitude region almost at any time, whereas weak scintillation prevails in the midlatitude region. The noticeable scintillation peak near midnight occurs at an altitude of approximately 250 km in most cases. However, the peak of the scintillation activity during the solar maximum extends to higher altitudes than observed during the solar minimum. Additionally, the local variation in time and altitude of the scintillation intensity is closely correlated with ionospheric HmF2. Statistical analysis indicates that an increase in solar activity or geomagnetic activity enhances the occurrence rate of scintillation and results in intense scintillation. The current research is beneficial for directly studying global ionospheric irregularities at GHz frequency based on high-rate L1 data and constructing a global scintillation model. 相似文献
2.
GPS slant total electron content accuracy using the single layer model under different geomagnetic regions and ionospheric conditions 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
The use of observations from the Global Positioning System (GPS) has significantly impacted the study of the ionosphere. As
it is widely known, dual-frequency GPS observations can provide very precise estimation of the slant Total Electron Content
(sTEC—the linear integral of the electron density along a ray-path) and that the precision level is bounded by the carrier-phase
noise and multi-path effects on both frequencies. Despite its precision, GPS sTEC estimations can be systematically affected
by errors in the estimation of the satellites and receivers by Inter-Frequency Biases (IFB) that are simultaneously determined
with the sTEC. Thus, the ultimate accuracy of the GPS sTEC estimation is determined by the errors with which the IFBs are
estimated. This contribution attempts to assess the accuracy of IFBs estimation techniques based on the single layer model
for different ionospheric regions (low, mid and high magnetic latitude); different seasons (summer and winter solstices and
spring and autumn equinoxes); different solar activity levels (high and low); and different geomagnetic conditions (quiet
and very disturbed). The followed strategy relies upon the generation of a synthetic data set free of IFB, multi-path, measurement
noise and of any other error source. Therefore, when a data set with such properties is used as the input of the IFB estimation
algorithms, any deviation from zero on the estimated IFBs should be taken as indications of the errors introduced by the estimation
technique. The truthfulness of this assessment work is warranted by the fact that the synthetic data sets resemble, as realistically
as possible, the different conditions that may happen in the real ionosphere. The results of this work show that during the
high solar activity period the accuracy for the estimated sTEC is approximately of ±10 TECu for the low geomagnetic region
and of ±2.2 TECu for the mid-latitude. During low solar activity the accuracy can be assumed to be in the order of ±2 TECu.
For the geomagnetic high-disturbed period, the results show that the accuracy is degraded for those stations located over
the region where the storm has the strongest impact, but for those stations over regions where the storm has a moderate effect,
the accuracy is comparable to that obtained in the quiet period. 相似文献
3.
As GPS is modernizing, there are currently fourteen satellites transmitting L2C civil code and seven satellites transmitting L5 signal. While the GPS observables are subject to several sources of errors, the ionosphere is one of the largest error sources affecting GPS signals. Small irregularities in the electrons density along the GPS radio signal propagation path cause ionospheric scintillation that is characterized by rapid fluctuations in the signal amplitude and phase. The ionospheric scintillation effects are stronger in equatorial and high-latitude geomagnetic latitude regions and occur mainly due to equatorial anomaly and solar storms. Several researchers have analyzed the L2C signal quality since becoming available in December, 2005. We analyze the performance of L2C using GPS data from stations in the equatorial region of Brazil, which is subject of weak, moderate and strong ionospheric scintillation conditions. The GPS data were collected by Septentrio PolaRxS–PRO receivers as part of the CIGALA/CALIBRA network. The analysis was performed as a function of scintillations indexes S4 and Phi60, lock time (time interval in seconds that the carrier phase is tracked continuously without cycle slips), multipath RMS and position variation of precise point positioning solutions. The analysis shows that L2C code solutions are less affected by multipath effects than that of P2 when data are collected under weak ionospheric scintillation effects. In terms of analysis of positions, the kinematic PPP results using L2C instead P2 codes show accuracy improvements up to 33 % in periods of weak or strong ionospheric scintillation. When combining phase and code collected under weak scintillation effects, the results by applying L2C against P2 provide improvement in accuracy up to 59 %. However, for data under strong scintillation effects, the use of L2C for PPP with code and phase does not provide improvements in the positioning accuracy. 相似文献
4.
Differential ionospheric slant delays are obtained from a quiet-time, three-dimensional ionospheric electron density model, called the TaiWan Ionosphere Model (TWIM), to be used in code-based differential GPS positioning. The code observations are acquired from nine continuously operating GPS stations around Taiwan whose baseline ranged from 19 to 340 km. Daily 24-hour epoch-per-epoch positioning obtained for 70 most geomagnetic quiet days (2008–2010) for each of the 72 baselines. The performance of TWIM has been compared with the standard operational Klobuchar model (KLB) used by typical single-frequency receivers and the IGS global ionospheric model (GIM). Generally, TWIM performed well in reducing the differential ionospheric delay especially for long baselines and different levels of low solar activity. It has a much better performance compared to the operational KLB model. TWIM also performed similarly with GIM, though GIM has the best performance overall. GIM has the best ionospheric gradient estimates among the three models whose differential ionospheric delay-to-horizontal error ratio is more than 0.25. This is followed closely by TWIM with about 0.20. KLB only has a ratio of <0.10. The similarity of the performance of TWIM and GIM demonstrates the feasibility of TWIM in correcting for differential ionospheric delays in the C/A code pseudorange that is caused by electron density gradients in the ionosphere. It can provide decimeter-to-centimeter level accuracy in differential GPS positioning for single-frequency receivers during geomagnetic quiet conditions across all seasons and different levels of low solar activities. 相似文献
5.
Small-scale irregularities in the background electron density of the ionosphere can cause rapid fluctuations in the amplitude
and phase of radio signals passing through it. These rapid fluctuations are known as scintillation and can cause a Global
Positioning System (GPS) receiver to lose lock on a signal. This could compromise the integrity of a safety of life system
based on GPS, operating in auroral regions. In this paper, the relationship between the loss of lock on GPS signals and ionospheric
scintillation in auroral regions is explored. The period from 8 to 14 November 2004 is selected for this study, as it includes
both geomagnetically quiet and disturbed conditions. Phase and amplitude scintillation are measured by GPS receivers located
at three sites in Northern Scandinavia, and correlated with losses of signal lock in receivers at varying distances from the
scintillation receivers. Local multi-path effects are screened out by rejection of low-elevation data from the analysis. The
results indicate that losses of lock are more closely related to rapid fluctuations in the phase rather than the amplitude
of the received signal. This supports the idea, suggested by Humphreys et al. (2005) (performance of GPS carrier tracking loops during ionospheric scintillations. Proceedings Internationsl Ionospheric Effects
Symposium 3–5 May 2005), that a wide loop bandwidth may be preferred for receivers operating at auroral latitudes. Evidence from the Imaging Riometer
for Ionospheric Studies (IRIS) appears to suggest that, for this particular storm, precipitation of particles in the D/E regions
may be the mechanism that drives the rapid phase fluctuations in the signal.
相似文献
| Robert W. MeggsEmail: |
6.
High-frequency variability of the ionosphere, or irregularities, constitutes the main threat for real-time precise positioning techniques based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) measurements. Indeed, during periods of enhanced ionospheric variability, GNSS users in the field—who cannot verify the integrity of their measurements—will experience positioning errors that can reach several decimeters, while the nominal accuracy of the technique is cm-level. In the frame of this paper, a climatological analysis of irregularities over the European mid-latitude region is presented. Based on a 10 years GPS dataset over Belgium, the work analyzes the occurrence rate (as a function of the solar cycle, season and local time) as well as the amplitude of ionospheric irregularities observed at a single GPS station. The study covers irregularities either due to space weather events (solar origin) or of terrestrial origin. If space weather irregularities are responsible for the largest effects in terms of ionospheric error, their occurrence rate highly depends on solar activity. Indeed, the occurrence rate of ionospheric irregularities is about 9 % during solar maximum, whereas it drops to about 0 % during medium or low solar activity periods. Medium-scale ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) occurring during daytime in autumn/winter are the most recurrent pattern of the time series, with yearly proportions slightly varying with the solar cycle and an amplitude of about 10 % of the TEC background. Another recurrent irregularity type, though less frequent than MSTIDs, is the noise-like variability in TEC observed during summer nighttime, under quiet geomagnetic conditions. These summer nighttime irregularities exhibit amplitudes ranging between 8 and 15 % of the TEC background. 相似文献
7.
Ionospheric delay corrections for single-frequency GPS receivers over Europe using tomographic mapping 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
The majority of navigation satellites receivers operate on a single frequency and experience a positioning error due to the
ionospheric delay. This can be compensated for using a variety of approaches that are compared in this paper. The study focuses
on the last solar maximum. A 4D tomographic imaging technique is used to map the ionospheric electron density over the European
region during 2002 and 2003. The electron density maps are then used to calculate the excess propagation delay on the L1 frequency
experienced by GPS receivers at selected locations across Europe. The excess delay is applied to correct the pseudo-range
single frequency observations at each location and the improvements to the resulting positioning are calculated. The real-time
tomographic technique is shown to give navigation solutions that are better than empirical modelling methods and approach
the accuracy of the full dual-frequency solution. The improvements in positioning accuracy vary from day to day depending
on ionospheric conditions but can be up to 25 m during mid-day during these solar maximum conditions at European mid-latitudes.
相似文献
| Damien J. AllainEmail: |
8.
基于GPS基准网的GPS快速静态定位及动态定位方法 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
介绍基于GPS基准网进行GSP快速静态定位和动态定位的原理和方法。通过计算基准网改正数及其空间分布，利用内插方法求出用户站的模型误差改正数，不仅可以提高GPS整周模糊度的可靠性，而且能够大大改善GPS测量的精度。利用香港GPS基准网2001年3月的实测数据进行了解算，发现地区在该时间段内受强电离层活动的影响，采用常规GPS测量方法很难确定整周模糊度。利用传统的快速静态定位方法对香港GPS基准网其中一条边（9.2km）24h的观测数据按每15min计算，模糊度确定的准确率仅为45％。采用基准网内插改正数后，仅利用L1的观测数据模糊度确定的准确率提高到100％。点位精度平面位置由2cm提高到5mm，高程精度由4cm提高到3cm。 相似文献
9.
The anomaly phenomenon of broadcast ionospheric model coefficients of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is revealed after analyzing the navigation file data collected from all the IGS (International GNSS Service) stations worldwide over a 22-year period (1992–2013). GPS broadcast ionospheric coefficients widely used by many single-frequency users to correct the ionosphere errors for numerous GPS applications are usually believed to have only one set/version per day. However, it is found that GPS receivers from the IGS network can report as many as eight sets/versions of ionospheric coefficients in a day. In order to investigate the possible factors for such an anomalous phenomenon, the relationship between the number of coefficient sets and solar cycle, the receiver geographic locations, and receiver types/models are analyzed in detail. The results indicate that most of the coefficients show an annual variation. During the active solar cycle period from mid-1999 to mid-2001, all of the coefficients extracted from IGS navigation files behaved anomalously. Our analysis shows that the anomaly is also associated with GPS receiver types/models. Some types/models of GPS receivers report one set/version of ionospheric coefficients daily, while others report multiple sets. Our analysis also suggests that the ionospheric coefficient anomaly is not necessarily related to ionospheric scintillations. No correlation between the anomaly and geographic location of GPS receivers has been found in the analysis. Using the ionospheric coefficient data collected from 1998 to 2013, the impact of ionospheric coefficient anomaly on vertical total electron content (VTEC) calculation using the Klobuchar model has been evaluated with respect to the Global Ionospheric Maps generated by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe. With different sets of coefficients recorded on the same day, the resulting VTEC values are dramatically different. For instance on June 1, 2000, the largest VTEC at one of our test stations can be as large as 153.3 TECu (total electron content unit) using one set of coefficients, which is 16.36 times larger than the smallest VTEC of 9.37 TECu computed from using another set of coefficients. 相似文献
10.
Correlation between ROTI and Ionospheric Scintillation Indices using Hong Kong low-latitude GPS data
The correlation between the rate of TEC index (ROTI) and scintillation indices S 4 and σ Φ for low-latitude region is analyzed in this study, using data collected from a Global Positioning System (GPS) scintillation monitoring receiver installed at the south of Hong Kong for the periods June–August of 2012 and May 2013 and July–December of 2013. The analysis indicates that the correlation coefficient between ROTI and S 4/σ Φ is about 0.6 if data from all GPS satellites are used together. If each individual satellite is considered, the correlation coefficients are above 0.6 on average and sometimes above 0.8. The analysis also shows that the ratio of ROTI and S 4 varies between 1 and 4. The ratio ROTI/σ Φ, varies between 2 and 9. In addition, it is also found that there is a good consistency between the temporal variations of ROTI with scintillation activity under different ionospheric conditions. ROTI has a high correlation relationship with scintillation indices on geomagnetically disturbed days or in solar active months. Moreover, the data observed at low elevation angles have weak correlation between ROTI and scintillation indices. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using ROTI derived from GPS observations recorded by common non-scintillation GPS receivers to characterize ionospheric scintillations. 相似文献
11.
根据香港GPS永久跟踪站的长期GPS观测资料,估计出了香港地区电离层垂向电子含量,并分析了垂向电子含量的周日变化规律,对建立香港地区实用的电离层模型有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
12.
13.
《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》1999,54(4):279-288
The use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has become increasingly incorporated into airborne remote sensing applications over the past decade. While GPS positioning results may prove adequate for several applications at present, users should expect to experience degraded positioning accuracies over the next few years due to auroral substorm activity. Such degraded accuracies will arise from increased spatial decorrelation of ionosphere range delay errors in differential GPS applications, as the ionospheric activity increases during solar maximum. In this paper, the spatial decorrelation of ionospheric range delay is estimated during a substorm event and compared with “quiet” time values. Positional errors (in both vertical and horizontal measurements) in the range 60–80 cm RMSE were observed during a 1997 substorm event that is representative of the activity anticipated at solar maximum around the year 2000. 相似文献
14.
Impact of the Halloween 2003 ionospheric storm on kinematic GPS positioning in Europe 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
N. Bergeot C. Bruyninx P. Defraigne S. Pireaux J. Legrand E. Pottiaux Q. Baire 《GPS Solutions》2011,15(2):171-180
Using dual-frequency data from 36 GPS stations from the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN), the influence of the October 30, 2003
Halloween geomagnetic storm on kinematic GPS positioning is investigated. The Halloween storm induced ionospheric disturbances
above the northern part of Europe and Scandinavia. It is shown that kinematic position repeatabilities for this period are
mainly affected for stations in northern Europe with outliers reaching 12 cm in the horizontal, and 26 cm in the vertical.
These magnitudes are shown to be possibly due to the second-order ionospheric delays on GPS signals, not accounted for in
the kinematic GPS positioning analysis performed. In parallel, we generate hourly TEC (Total Electron Content) maps on a 1° × 1°
grid using the dense EPN network. These TEC maps do not use any interpolation but provide a high resolution in the time and
space and therefore allow to better evidence small structures in the ionosphere than the classical 2-hourly 2.5° × 5° grid
Global Ionospheric TEC Maps (GIM). Using the hourly 1° × 1° TEC maps, we reconstruct and refine exactly the zones of intense
ionosphere activity during the storm, and we show the correlation between the ionospheric activity and assess the quality
of GPS-based kinematic positioning performed in the European region. 相似文献
15.
16.
The ionospheric impact of the October 2003 storm event on Wide Area Augmentation System 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
The United States Federal Aviation Administrations (FAA) Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS) for civil aircraft navigation is focused primarily on the Conterminous United States (CONUS). Other Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) include the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and the Japanese Multi-transport Satellite-based Augmentation System (MSAS). Navigation using WAAS requires accurate calibration of ionospheric delays. To provide delay corrections for single frequency global positioning system (GPS) users, the wide-area differential GPS systems depend upon accurate determination of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along radio links. Dual-frequency transmissions from GPS satellites have been used for many years to measure and map ionospheric TEC on regional and global scales. The October 2003 solar-terrestrial events are significant not only for their dramatic scale, but also for their unique phasing of solar irradiance and geomagnetic events. During 28 October, the solar X-ray and EUV irradiances were exceptionally high while the geomagnetic activity was relatively normal. Conversely, 29–31 October was geomagnetically active while solar irradiances were relatively low. These events had the most severe impact in recent history on the CONUS region and therefore had a significant effect on the WAAS performance. To help better understand the event and its impact on WAAS, we examine in detail the WAAS reference site (WRS) data consisting of triple redundant dual-frequency GPS receivers at 25 different locations within the US. To provide ground-truth, we take advantage of the three co-located GPS receivers at each WAAS reference site. To generate ground-truth and calibrate GPS receiver and transmitter inter-frequency biases, we process the GPS data using the Global Ionospheric Mapping (GIM) software developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This software allows us to compute calibrated high resolution observations of TEC. We found ionospheric range delays up to 35 m for the day-time CONUS during quiet conditions and up to 100 m during storm time conditions. For a quiet day, we obtained WAAS planar fit slant residuals less than 2 m (0.4 m root mean square (RMS)) and less than 25 m (3.4 m RMS) for the storm day. We also investigated ionospheric gradients, averaged over distances of a few hundred kilometers. The gradients were no larger than 0.5 m over 100 km for a quiet day. For the storm day, we found gradients at the 4 m level over 100 km. Similar level gradients are typically observed in the low-latitude region for quiet or storm conditions. 相似文献
17.
Statistics of GPS ionospheric scintillation and irregularities over polar regions at solar minimum 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
A statistical study of the occurrence characteristic of GPS ionospheric scintillation and irregularity in the polar latitude
is presented. These measurements were made at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard [78.9°N, 11.9°E; 75.8°N corrected geomagnetic latitude
(CGMLat)] and Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica (69.4°S, 76.4°E; 74.6°S CGMLat) during 2007–2008. It is found that the GPS
phase scintillation and irregularity activity mainly takes place in the months 10, 11 and 12 at Ny-Alesund, and in the months
5, 6 at Larsemann Hills. The seasonal pattern of phase scintillation with respect to the station indicates that the GPS phase
scintillation occurrence is a local winter phenomenon, which shows consistent results with past studies of 250 MHz satellite
beacon measurements. The occurrence rates of GPS amplitude scintillation at the two stations are below 1%. A comparison with
the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B
y and B
z components shows that the phase scintillation occurrence level is higher during the period from later afternoon to sunset
(16–19 h) at Ny-Alesund, and from sunset to pre-midnight (18–23 h) at Larsemann Hills for negative IMF components. The findings
seem to indicate that the dependence of scintillation and irregularity occurrence on geomagnetic activity appears to be associated
with the magnetic local time (MLT). 相似文献
18.
利用中国南部地区七个站点的2004年GPS观测数据,对赤道异常中国扇区电离层TEC的北驼峰位置和时间以及驼峰北侧电离层梯度进行了分析,结果表明:驼峰位置随季节改变,介于地理北纬17.5°～22.5°之间,冬季月份相对为低,分季月份相对为高,年平均位置约在北纬20°附近;驼峰出现时间也随季节在地方时13～16 h之间变化,冬季月份相对为早,夏季月份相对为晚,其出现时间的年平均值前者在地方时14 h前后,后者约在地方时15～16 h之间。驼峰区电离层TEC存在纬向梯度,其梯度也随地方时和季节而改变,夜侧梯度在地方时4.5 h前后为极小,且在不同季节其变化幅度不大,而日侧梯度在地方时13.5～16.5 h时段出现极大,且在不同季节差异较大,分季要高于冬季和夏季。 相似文献
19.
The ionospheric effect is one of the major errors in GPS data processing over long baselines. As a dispersive medium, it is
possible to compute its influence on the GPS signal with the ionosphere-free linear combination of L1 and L2 observables,
requiring dual-frequency receivers. In the case of single-frequency receivers, ionospheric effects are either neglected or
reduced by using a model. In this paper, an alternative for single-frequency users is proposed. It involves multiresolution
analysis (MRA) using a wavelet analysis of the double-difference observations to remove the short- and medium-scale ionosphere
variations and disturbances, as well as some minor tropospheric effects. Experiments were carried out over three baseline
lengths from 50 to 450 km, and the results provided by the proposed method were better than those from dual-frequency receivers.
The horizontal root mean square was of about 0.28 m (1σ). 相似文献
20.
Global morphology of ionospheric F-layer scintillations using FS3/COSMIC GPS radio occultation data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We report on the FormoSat-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FS3/COSMIC) limb-viewing observations of GPS L-band scintillations since mid-2006 and propose to study global F-layer irregularity morphology. The FS3/COSMIC has generally performed more than 1000 ionospheric radio occultation (RO) observations per day. We reprocess 1-Hz amplitude data and obtain complete limb-viewing profiles of the undersampling (sampling frequency lower than Fresnel frequency) S4 scintillation index from about 80% of the RO observations. There are a few percent of FS3/COSMIC RO observations having greater than 0.09 undersampling S4max values on average. However, seven identified areas, Central Pacific Area (?20° to 20° dip latitude, 160°E–130°W), South American Area (?20° to 20° dip latitude, 100°W–30°W), African Area (?20° to 20° dip latitude, 30°W–50°E), European Area (30°–55°N, 0°–55°E), Japan Sea Area (35°–55°N, 120°–150°E), Arctic Area (>65° dip latitude), and Antarctic Area (<?65° dip latitude), have been designated to have a much higher percentage of strong limb-viewing L-band scintillations. During the years in most of the last sunspot cycle from mid-2006 to the end 2014, the scintillation climatology, namely, its variations with each identified area, season, local time, magnetic activity, and solar activity, have been documented. 相似文献