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1.
汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
汶川大地震造成位于震中附近的都江堰-汶川公路多座隧道严重受损。本文通过现场调研、资料收集与分析,将地震区山岭隧道变形破坏的基本类型概括为洞口边坡崩塌与滑塌、洞门裂损、衬砌及围岩坍塌、衬砌开裂及错位、底板开裂及隆起、初期支护变形及开裂等。分析其影响因素,认为发震断裂的次级断层、基覆界面、洞口不稳定斜坡、高地应力环境下的软弱围岩对隧道强烈震害具有控制作用。以汶川地震给予隧道抗震的启示,建议强震区的山岭隧道应将洞口边坡防护、洞口明洞和洞门结构作为一个系统进行综合设计,在条件允许的情况下尽可能采用削竹式洞门结构;隧道穿越活动断裂带的次级断层时在其两侧一定范围内二次衬砌应采用钢筋混凝土结构;基覆界面、围岩软岩与硬岩之间的过渡地带、围岩质量突变地带等应采用改善围岩力学性质且让其渐变的措施进行处理。 相似文献
2.
在解释库车前陆冲断带克拉苏构造带三维地震剖面的基础上,采用离散元数值模拟手段、单因素变量控制方法,通过六组模拟对比实验,探讨挤压背景下应变速率大小和作用时间、盐岩展布形态、先存盐底辟、基底先存断裂以及基底古隆起等因素,对库车前陆冲断带克拉苏构造带变形的影响。离散元数值模拟结果表明:相比于应变速率大小,应力作用时间对冲断带变形的影响更为显著,变形缩短率相同时导致挤压隆升幅度更大,可达70.25%,向前传播距离均更远,横向上变形范围可达73.82%,盐下层叠瓦状逆冲断裂倾角更小。先存底辟主要影响挤压端垂向变形规模,使得隆升幅度更大。先存断裂主要影响挤压端水平方向变形范围,挤压变形水平传播更远。基底古隆起和盐岩展布形态对克拉苏构造带变形也具有重要影响,基底隆起前沿形成应力集中带,盐岩在此聚集形成构造三角带。由于盐岩的分隔作用,盐上层变形相对较弱,靠近挤压端发育背斜和冲断构造,向盆地方向逐渐变为宽缓的向斜构造。 相似文献
3.
本文从形态学和运动学的角度,确定并系统地研究了二十条主要活动断裂。北西向断裂以正-左行走滑型为主,北东向断裂以右行走滑-逆断层为主,两组断裂构成活动断裂网络。用 C14年龄数据计算得到了最近5990—1870年以来,各取样点地壳平均升降速率的变化范围是+3.53mm/a 至-0.65mm/a。用布仑法求得的九龙江活动断裂现代平均滑动速率是1.7mm/a。更新世至现代构造应力场的最大主压应力是以缓倾角、走向为 NW290°左右为特征的。350m 深处最大主压应力是700—760bar。两组断裂交汇形成的高渗透率带,对形成对流型中、低温热水型热田是十分有利的。此外,对该区的地震活动性亦进行了讨论。 相似文献
4.
黄庄—高丽营断裂是横穿北京市城区的一条规模较大的隐伏深大活动断裂,是北京凹陷和西山隆起的分界构造。本次研究工作区选在黄庄—高丽营断裂北段昌平未来科技城一带,对目标断裂先后开展了地震勘探、高密度电阻率法勘探以及槽探3种方法组合对其结构与活动性进行综合分析研究,查明了目标断裂的结构及其活动性。研究表明,黄庄—高丽营断裂由主断裂和次级断裂组成的断裂带,断裂带内次级断层也较为发育。断裂带在基岩中表现为阶梯状断层,向上延伸至第四系内部,形成"Y"字形断层组合。该断裂在全新世以来断裂活动明显,物探解译结果的上断点以及探槽中的现象均已达到地表。由此可见,本次工作所采用的3种物探方法组合,对探测城市隐伏断裂并探究其活动性,具有明显的效果,对减轻城市地震灾害实际应用评估具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
5.
Geological deformation in the northern New Madrid seismic zone, near Olmsted, Illinois (USA), is analyzed using integrated compressional-wave (P) and horizontally polarized-wave (SH) seismic reflection and regional and dedicated borehole information. Seismic hazards are of special concern because of strategic facilities (e.g., lock and dam sites and chemical plants on the Ohio River near its confluence with the Mississippi River) and because of alluvial soils subject to high amplification of earthquake shock. We use an integrated approach starting with lower resolution, but deeper penetration, P-wave reflection profiles to identify displacement of Paleozoic bedrock. Higher resolution, but shallower penetration, SH-wave images show deformation that has propagated upward from bedrock faults into Pleistocene loess. We have mapped an intricate zone more than 8 km wide of high-angle faults in Mississippi embayment sediments localized over Paleozoic bedrock faults that trend north to northeast, parallel to the Ohio River. These faults align with the pattern of epicenters in the New Madrid seismic zone. Normal and reverse offsets along with positive flower structures imply a component of strike-slip; the current stress regime favors right-lateral slip on northeast-trending faults. The largest fault, the Olmsted fault, underwent principal displacement near the end of the Cretaceous Period 65 to 70 million years ago. Strata of this age (dated via fossil pollen) thicken greatly on the downthrown side of the Olmsted fault into a locally subsiding basin. Small offsets of Tertiary and Quaternary strata are evident on high-resolution SH-wave seismic profiles. Our results imply recent reactivation and possible future seismic activity in a critical area of the New Madrid seismic zone. This integrated approach provides a strategy for evaluating shallow seismic hazard-related targets for engineering concerns. 相似文献
6.
位于准噶尔盆地西北缘中段的克-百断裂带,晚二叠世以来发育了一系列后撤式逆冲断层。长期以来,关于克-百断裂带高角度逆冲断层的成因机制一直处于争论当中,后撤式逆冲断层的物理模拟在国内尚未见文献报道。论文通过地震解释研究了克-百断裂带的构造变形特征及其演化阶段;应用断层"活动性系数"理论,半定量地描述了挤压条件下断层"活动性系数"、摩擦系数与断层倾角之间的关系,证明了挤压条件下也能形成高角度逆断层;结合"造山楔"理论解释了后撤式逆冲断层的成因机制。研究认为,克-百断裂带后撤式逆冲断层是印支期、燕山期持续挤压和扎伊尔山隆升效应综合作用的产物:挤压过程中发生"泊松效应",随着断层倾角增大,断层面上的正压力迅速增大、"活动性系数"降低,当倾角增大到一个临界值后断层停止活动,形成高角度的逆断层;同时扎伊尔山隆升造成挤压应力上移,为断层的后撤奠定了基础。最后利用砂箱物理实验模拟了克-百断裂带后撤式逆冲断层的形成过程。 相似文献
7.
Many stable continental regions have subregions with poorly defined earthquake hazards. Analysis of minor structures (folds and faults) in these subregions can improve our understanding of the tectonics and earthquake hazards. Detailed structural mapping in Pottawatomie County has revealed a suite consisting of two uplifted blocks aligned along a northeast trend and surrounded by faults. The first uplift is located southwest of the second. The northwest and southeast sides of these uplifts are bounded by northeast-trending right-lateral faults. To the east, both uplifts are bounded by north-trending reverse faults, and the first uplift is bounded by a north-trending high-angle fault to the west. The structural suite occurs above a basement fault that is part of a series of north–northeast-trending faults that delineate the Humboldt Fault Zone of eastern Kansas, an integral part of the Midcontinent Rift System. The favored kinematic model is a contractional stepover (push-up) between echelon strike-slip faults. Mechanical modeling using the boundary element method supports the interpretation of the uplifts as contractional stepovers and indicates that an approximately east–northeast maximum compressive stress trajectory is responsible for the formation of the structural suite. This stress trajectory suggests potential activity during the Laramide Orogeny, which agrees with the age of kimberlite emplacement in adjacent Riley County. The current stress field in Kansas has a N85°W maximum compressive stress trajectory that could potentially produce earthquakes along the basement faults. Several epicenters of seismic events (<M2.0) are located within 10 km of the structural suite. One epicenter is coincident with the northwest boundary of the uplift. This structural suite, a contractional stepover between echelon northeast-trending right-lateral faults, is similar to that mapped in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, and both areas currently feature roughly east–west maximum compressive stress trajectory. Based on these similarities, the faults in Pottawatomie County have the potential for seismicity. The results demonstrate that mechanical analysis of minor structural features can improve our knowledge of local earthquake hazards. 相似文献
8.
川藏铁路是我国正在规划建设的重要铁路干线之一,是西部大通道的重要组成部分。该铁路线横跨扬子板块、川滇地块、羌塘地块和拉萨地块等大地构造单元,在复杂的地质构造背景条件下,川藏铁路沿线活动断裂、地震和地质灾害极为发育,严重制约着川藏铁路的规划建设。在野外地质调查、钻探、地应力测量和室内测试分析的基础上,对川藏铁路规划建设中可能遇到的活动断裂、高地应力、高地温、岩爆和地质灾害等主要环境工程地质问题进行了论述分析,认为：川藏铁路沿线及邻区发育有54条区域活动断裂,其中对铁路有直接重要影响的全新世活动断裂有17条;研究区内地震活动频繁,约有50%的规划线路位于地震动峰值加速度>02 g地区,部分地段>04 g,潜在地震风险大;铁路沿线主要的地质灾害类型为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流,地质灾害受活动断裂影响强烈,部分地段发育有高速远程滑坡;川藏铁路沿线构造应力场和地热场复杂,深埋隧道工程建设时容易发生岩爆、软岩大变形和高温热害等工程地质问题。 相似文献
9.
贵州省织金—纳雍煤田构造特征及其成因 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
织金—纳雍煤田主要发育NE、NW、EW及近SN向四组褶皱与断裂,其中以NE向最为发育。在早燕山期近EW向最大主应力作用下,黔中隆起及其邻区发生剧烈造山运动,在煤田东部边界形成向西逆冲的区域性大断裂—遵义断裂,并伴生一系列近NS向褶皱及断层。自东向西的强烈挤压使得垭都—紫云断裂带发生压剪性活动,在西部边界靠近断裂带形成一系列NW向褶皱及断层。随后主应力转变为SE—NW向,受到隆起的阻隔及纳雍—瓮安断裂、垭都—紫云断裂的限制,在煤田中部形成NE向褶皱及断层,此时奠定了织纳煤田的基本构造格局。晚燕山期将早期NE向构造左行剪切成"S"形,晚燕山期及喜马拉雅期主要表现为对早期构造的继承性发展。 相似文献
10.
准噶尔盆地车-莫古隆起的构造演化特征及其成因模拟 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据钻井层位标定、区域地震剖面解释追踪,侏罗系各组原始沉积厚图的变化特征,详细地圈定了车-莫古隆起不同时期的分布范围.结合构造演化史剖面、侏罗系各组残存地层展布特征、层系超覆、尖灭现象综合分析,将车-莫古隆起的演化划分为初始发育(Jls)、逐渐隆升(J2x)、强烈隆升(J2t)、剥蚀改造(J3)、隐伏埋藏(K-E)、调整定位(N-Q)6个阶段.卷入古隆起的断裂、褶皱组合关系表明车-莫古隆起的形成机制与其南、北缘两大右旋压扭性走滑断裂带成生演化相关.沙箱模拟实验证明车-莫古隆起是在NW300°斜向挤压应力作用下形成的. 相似文献
11.
The Quaternary activity of the faults at the eastern end of the Altyn Tagh fault, including the Dengdengshan–Chijiaciwo, Kuantanshan and Heishan faults, was studied on the basis of interpretation of satellite images, trenching, geomorphologic offset measurements and dating. The Altyn Tagh fault has extended eastwards to Kuantanshan Mountain. The left–slip rates of the Altyn Tagh fault decreased through the Qilianshan fault and were transformed into thrust and folds deformation of many NW–trending faults within the Jiuxi basin. Meanwhile, under NE–directed compression of the Tibetan plateau, thrust dominated the Dengdengshan–Chijiaciwo fault northeast of the Kuantanshan uplift with a rate lower than that of every fault in the Jiuxi basin south of the uplift, implying that tectonic deformation is mainly confined to the plateau interior and the Hexi Corridor area. From continual northeastward enlargement of the Altyn Tagh fault, the Kuantanshan uplift became a triangular wedge intruding to the east, while the Kuantanshan area at the end of this wedge rose up strongly. In future, the Altyn Tagh fault will continue to spread eastward along the Heishan and Jintananshan faults. The results have implications for understanding the propagation of crustal deformation and the mechanism of the India–Eurasian collision. 相似文献
12.
First arrival times from P-wave refraction and reflection seismic surveys along Bear Creek Valley on the Oak Ridge Reservation,
Tennessee, were inverted to produce refraction tomographic velocity images showing seismic velocity variations within thinly
mantled karstic bedrock to a depth of approximately 20 m. Inverted velocities are consistent with two distinct bedrock groups:
the Nolichucky Shale (2,730–5,150 m/s) and Maynardville Limestone (3,940–7,575 m/s). Low-velocity zones (2,700–4,000 m/s)
in the tomographic images correspond to previously inferred cross-valley strike-slip faults; in places, these faults create
permeability barriers that offset or block groundwater flowing along Bear Creek Valley. These faults may also force groundwater
contaminants, such as dense non-aqueous phase liquids, to migrate laterally or downward, spreading contamination throughout
the groundwater system. Other, previously unmapped cross-valley faults may also be visible in the tomographic images. Borehole
logs suggest the low-velocity values are caused by low rigidity fractured and vuggy rock, water zones, cavities and collapse
features. Surface streams, including Bear Creek, tend to lie directly above these low-velocity zones, suggesting fault and
fracture control of surface drainage, in addition to the subsurface flow system. In some cases, fault zones are also associated
with bedrock depressions and thicker accumulations of unconsolidated sediment. 相似文献
13.
活动造山带基岩河流地貌研究,目前已成为构造地貌学研究的前沿和热点。河道宽度形态的调整变化是基岩河流响应构造、岩性和气候等扰动的重要方式之一。通过研究祁连山北部地区6个重点流域基岩河道的宽度形态发现:河道宽度总体上呈现出东西向和南北向的变化特征,河道向下游增宽的速率,东段地区显著高于中段地区,低山带显著高于高山带;对比河道宽度的变化特征与构造抬升速率及岩性抗蚀性的变化,可以推断:在祁连山北部地区,基岩河道宽度响应构造抬升和岩性抗蚀性的变化进行了系统地调整,构造抬升控制了流域河道宽度变化的总体趋势,而岩性抗蚀性变化则导致了流域内部局部河段河道宽度的大幅波动。在祁连山北部地区开展的基岩河道宽度形态研究,为利用基岩河道形态研究造山带的构造变形奠定了基础,对于探索构造抬升背景下地貌的发育过程具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
14.
通过选取南黄海盆地中部隆起内部地震反射清晰、构造特征明显的典型地震剖面,开展精细的构造解释,系统梳理了南黄海盆地中部隆起的构造样式特征,识别出挤压（滑脱、高角度逆冲、对冲/背冲）、走滑（正花状、y字型）、伸展（铲式正断层）等多种构造组合样式.首次提出在中部隆起内部发育2条NW-SE向走滑断层.在此基础上,结合区域应力场特征和深部地球动力学背景,明确了中部隆起构造样式的发育期次、成因机制和构造演化历程.研究结果表明:（1）滑脱构造主要位于中部隆起北部,滑脱面位于志留系底部的泥页岩.滑脱构造应力机制来源于三叠纪末印支运动时期华北板块与下扬子板块之间的碰撞造山作用;（2）高角度逆冲主要位于中部隆起南部,其应力机制来源于早侏罗世燕山运动早期,古太平洋板块初始高速、低角度NW向俯冲;（3）走滑断层主要表现为具有压扭特征的正花状构造,位于中部隆起东南部、中西部,对应于早白垩世时期,古太平洋板块低角度俯冲由NW向转变为NNW向引起的左旋剪切作用,中国东部郯庐断裂在该时期亦表现为左旋剪切特征;（4）伸展正断表现为铲式正断层特征,发育在中部隆起南北边界,即在中部隆起与南黄海盆地南部坳陷、北部坳陷的接触部位,对应于晚白垩世燕山运动晚期,古太平洋板块由低角度俯冲转为高角度俯冲,此时中国东部构造应力体制经历着由挤压向拉张的转换. 相似文献
15.
A tectonics sedimentation evolution has been researched in Southeast Chongqing, and the reasonable Longmaxi shale highstand system tract (HST) and transgressive system tract (TST) geological model were built respectively based on the rock mechanical test and acoustic emission experiment which the samples are from field outcrop and the Yuye-1 well. The Longmaxi shale two-dimension tectonic stress field during the Cenozoic was simulated by the finite element method, and the distribution of fractures was predicted. The research results show that the tectonic stress field and the distribution of fractures were controlled by lithology and structure. As a result of Cretaceous movement, there are trough-like folds (wide spaced synclines), battlement-like folds (similar spaces between synclines and anticlines) and ejective folds (wide spaced anticlines), which are regularly distributed from southeast to northwest in the study area. Since the strain rate and other physical factors such as the viscosity are not taken into account, and the stress intensity is the main factor that determines the tectonic strength. Therefore, the stronger tectonic strength leads the higher stress intensity in the eastern and southeastern study area than in the northwest. The fracture zones are mainly concentrated in the fold axis, transition locations of faults and folds, the regions where are adjacent to faults. The fragile mineral contents (such as siliceous rock, carbonate rock and feldspar) in the shelf facies shale from south of the study area are higher than in the bathyal facies and abyssal facies shale from center of the study area. The shales characterized by low Poisson’s ratio and high elastic modulus from south of the study area are easily broken during Cenozoic orogenic movement. 相似文献
16.
重力异常资料显示,库车坳陷南缘西秋构造带深层发育有基底隆起。本文通过地震资料解释确认了西秋构造带深层占隆起的结构,分析了占隆起的形成和演化过程。西秋构造带南侧边缘存在一条区域性基底断裂,断裂北侧新生界下伏中生界、古生界明显减薄或地层缺失,总体上表现为断背斜形态的古隆起构造。结合区域构造演化分析认为,泥盆纪~石炭纪(D-C)塔里木克拉通边缘隆升、二叠纪-三叠纪(P-T)受南天山负荷影响产生的克拉通边缘压陷的构造演化过程中,西秋构造带处于"跷跷板"式地壳升降运动的"支点"部位,发育古隆起和基底卷入高角度断层,晚期南天山隆升向南斜向推挤的挤压剪切应力场使古隆起边界断层复活,基底断裂活动并在新生界之下形成冲断隆起。 相似文献
17.
Till Heinrichs Elias Salameh Hani Khouri 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2014,103(1):233-252
The deeply eroded Waqf as Suwwan ring structure was recently discovered to be a large impact, the first identified in the near east. Large-scale reflection seismic structure shows the impact situated high on the northeastern flank of the Jordan Uplift sloping into Wadi Sirhan Basin. If exhumation is linked to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, a likely time window for the impact event may be latest Eocene to Late Oligocene. Impact into a shallow sea seems an optional scenario. Old reflection seismic lines offer limited insight into the deep structure of the rim and part of the central uplift of the complex crater. An important structural clue is provided by a well-resolved seismic horizon of a yet tentative correlation with a Paleozoic black shale. The central gravity high is compatible with a mass surplus by the uplift of denser Paleozoic basement below the central uplift. The gravity model further indicates a ring of dense Paleozoic sediments rising from below into the ring syncline. Seismics show presumably radial synclines in the central uplift which are interpreted by centripetal constrictional flow during crater collapse. Beneath the final crater’s outer boundary, a shallow-dip normal fault zone, subtle seismic structure in uncollapsed footwall segments reveal an asymmetry of strain. The asymmetry is attributed to the cratering flow by an oblique impact directed toward NE. The finding provides independent support to an earlier suggestion of impact obliquity based on vergency of folds exposed on the central uplift. 相似文献
18.
则木河断裂带具有构造活动强烈、地震活跃、次生地质灾害严重的特点。本文以鹅掌河流域为例,通过对断裂的活动特征,地质灾害的分布规律、长期活动性与成因机制和地貌演化进行分析,研究得出:（1）则木河断裂带活动特征影响地质环境的演化。新构造运动引起断裂带局部应变失衡,断裂活动诱发频繁地震;隆起和断陷断块的差异性活动,加剧地貌演化与地表过程;沉积建造环境的不同,影响岩土体的剥蚀与沉积;断裂的掀斜运动,改变地表水系格局与地热运移。（2）活动断裂对地质灾害的控制作用,表现为灾害具有时空效应。空间上,灾害沿断裂带呈带状分布,沿水系呈线状分布,具有地层倾向性,集中于断裂破碎带的软岩,微地貌效应显著;时间上,现有地质灾害在多次地震扰动和强降雨触发下形成,鹅掌河形成高频泥石流。（3）断裂活动影响灾害成因机制和灾害类型及破坏模式,脆弱的地质环境在地震持续扰动和极端降雨的耦合作用是灾害频发的根本原因;依据灾害成灾机制,将灾害分为3大类,7小类,具有震裂斜坡的典型破坏模式。（4）活动断裂与地质灾害相互作用决定地貌演化。鹅掌河泥石流影响邛海的地貌变迁,通过计算构造隆起量与灾害剥蚀量,表明鹅掌河处于隆起区,邛海处于淤积区。由此可见,则木河断裂活动特征通过影响区域地质环境演化,诱发大量的地震地质灾害,最终由地震构造作用驱动的隆起和断陷,地表灾害过程驱动的剥蚀和淤积,两者相互作用决定现有地貌的演化。 相似文献
19.
Muhammad F. Ahmed J. David Rogers Elamin H. Ismail 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2018,111(1-2):191-204
This article summarizes an exploratory study carried out to investigate the significance of various geomorphic features on the formation of observed knickpoints along the upper Indus River in northern Pakistan. These features include bedrock lithology, active faults, sediment flux from tributary channels, and landslide dams which have blocked the main channel. The knickpoints and their related geomorphic parameters (channel profile, concavity, drainage area and normalized steepness index, etc.) were extracted from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Models (GDEMs) with 30 m resolution using ArcGIS, River Tools, and Matlab software. A total of 251 major and minor knickpoints were extracted from the longitudinal profile along a ~ 750 km reach upstream of Tarbela Reservoir. The identified knickpoints and their respective normalized steepness index (ksn values) were compared with bedrock lithology, mapped faults, regional landslide/rockslide inventory, and the locations of historic landslide dams. The analyses revealed that the knickpoints do not correlate with the bedrock lithology except where major unit boundaries coexist with mapped faults, especially in reaches criss-crossed by active thrust faults in the Nanga Parbat Haramosh (NPHM) region. Neither did the river’s major confluences exhibit any notable knickpoints, but the correlations between knickpoints, mapped landslides, and historic rockslide avalanche dams accounted for approximately 75% of the observed knickpoints, a surprising finding. These observations suggest that more detailed studies aided by high resolution data should be undertaken to further explore the characteristics of knickpoints triggered by tectonic uplift, local fault offset, bedrock erodibility, and landslide/rockslide dams. 相似文献
20.
辽东湾坳陷是渤海湾盆地的重要组成部分,其发育受营口—潍坊断裂带控制。其东支的两条分支断层大体沿其次级构造单元辽东湾东部凸起的两侧延伸。本文应用大量地震测线的构造几何学特征分析,结合构造物理模拟试验,认为辽东湾坳陷东部凸起是在先期存在的低凸起的基础上,在渐新世东营组沉积期因营口—潍坊断裂带的右行走滑形成的。以Lz205测线和Lz185测线之间为界可分为类似的两段,各自经历了一个自南而北的右旋走滑伸展—剪切走滑—右旋走滑挤压的变化过程。这种变化由北东向的基底断裂与由之派生的新生代内的北北东内断裂间的关系造成,在两者的交汇点(如Lz151)或走向发生转折处(如Lz255)右旋走滑作用发生变换,其南侧拉张下沉,正断层发育,表现为右旋走滑伸展,北侧则挤压隆升,表现为右旋走滑挤压。南、北两侧相反的力学性质是走滑活动派生的局部差异应力场造成的。构造物理模拟试验证实了右旋走滑伸展—剪切走滑—右旋走滑挤压的变化过程。 相似文献