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1.
全国山洪灾害调查评价成果及规律初探   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
山洪灾害调查评价是1949年来水利行业最大的非工程措施项目,是规模最大的全国性防灾减灾基础信息普查工程,历时4年,涉及全国30个省305个市2138个防治县(区),国土面积755万km2,人口近9亿。运用普查、详查、外业测量、分析计算等多种手段,掌握了中国山洪灾害防治区范围、人员分布、下垫面条件、社会经济、历史山洪灾害等基本情况,科学分析了山丘区小流域的暴雨洪水特性,评价了现状防洪能力,计算了预警指标,划定了危险区,为山洪灾害预警预报和应急救援决策提供了基础信息支撑。本文系统介绍了全国山洪灾害调查评价的核心要点,综述了调查评价成果,归纳了调查评价成果要素类型,揭示了全国山洪灾害防治区、人口、历史山洪灾害事件与预警能力的空间分布一致性,即山洪灾害各要素集中分布于青藏高原-四川盆地过渡带、川滇交界地区、黄土高原区、东部沿海地区及华北等地区,最后初步探讨了该成果的应用前景。全国山洪灾害调查评价成果将为中国山洪灾害监测预警预报体系建设及防灾减灾能力提升提供丰富的基础数据支撑。  相似文献   

2.
小流域山洪灾害危险性分析之降雨指标选取的初步研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
降雨是诱发山洪灾害的直接动力和激发条件,是山洪灾害危险性分析中不可或缺的重要指标。对于不同的研究区,不同频次和历时的降雨对山洪灾害的影响不同,危险性分析所选取的降雨指标也可能不同。本文基于1:5万小流域数据、历史山洪灾害空间分布数据和暴雨图集资料,以江西省婺源县小流域为例,采用相关分析法对初步选取的24个降雨指标进行相关性分析,筛选出相关性不强的降雨指标;利用GIS技术和基于局部Getis-Ord Gi*算法的优化热点分析工具对历史山洪灾害点进行空间聚类分析,获得研究区每个小流域山洪灾害危险度的估值,该值能够较好地反映小流域山洪灾害危险性的空间分布;通过地理探测器模型中的因子探测器和交互探测器对已筛选出的降雨指标和小流域山洪灾害危险度进行综合探测分析,从而获取对该研究区小流域山洪灾害危险性影响较大的降雨指标,即100年一遇最大6 h降雨和100年一遇最大24 h降雨。本文研究对小流域山洪灾害危险性分析降雨指标的定量选取具有参考和指导意义。  相似文献   

3.
山洪灾害时空分布规律及其影响因素,是灾害时空数据挖掘领域所关注的重点问题。本研究采用1950-2015年四川省历史山洪灾害事件数据,结合地统计、地理探测器、空间分析等方法,系统地分析了四川省1950-2015年历史山洪灾害的时空分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明:① 1950-2015年四川省山洪灾害数量整体呈先稳定后增长的趋势;山洪灾害主要集中在5-9月,7月覆盖率100%。② 县域灾害频次在南-北方向呈递减分布趋势;平均降雨量(历史山洪灾害过程降雨的平均值)在东-西方向呈指数型增长趋势,南-北方向由中部向南北递减。③ 1950s-2010s和5-9月历史累计山洪灾害重心及各标准差椭圆中心集中在四川中部地区,向东北方向移动,累计灾害点空间分布呈西南—东北格局。④ 县域山洪灾害数量及平均降雨量呈空间正自相关。⑤ 地理探测器分析表明自然因素、降雨、人类活动等因素对山洪灾害时空分布影响较大,其中不同降雨指标、高程标准差、坡度是山洪灾害时空分布规律的主要驱动因素。研究结果对查清四川省山洪灾害时空分布特征及小流域山洪监测预警、风险评价、防治区划等提供坚实的理论基础和科技支撑。  相似文献   

4.
山洪灾害时空分布规律及其影响因素研究,是山洪灾害研究领域中重点关注的问题。本文利用重庆市1950-2015年历史山洪灾害数据,采用平均中心、标准差椭圆、核密度分析和M-K突变检测等方法分析了重庆市历史山洪灾害时空分布规律,并在此基础上分析了山洪与各影响因素的相关性。结果表明:① 1950-2015年重庆市历史山洪灾害发生频次总体呈先稳定后上升的趋势,山洪灾害主要集中在5-9月发生,山洪灾害发生频次按年代际整体上呈指数增长趋势;② 重庆市山洪灾害发生具有明显的集聚性,相邻县域山洪发生频次较为相近,其中九龙坡区、南岸区、北碚区、璧山区山洪灾害密度均超过50次/1000 km 2,属于山洪灾害高发区域;③ 山洪灾害整体呈“西南-东北”分散,“西北-东南”聚集的空间分布格局。2010年前,山洪重心主要集中在涪陵区一带;2010年后山洪灾害分布方向向西北倾斜,重心移至忠县,聚集程度降低,山洪发生随机性变强;④ 2002年是重庆市山洪灾害突变的年份,突变以增多为主,主要集中在铜梁区、璧山区、九龙坡区、巴南区、彭水苗族土家族自治县和开县;⑤ 山洪影响因素探究表明高程和河网密度与山洪灾害密度呈正相关关系,而植被覆盖度与山洪灾害密度呈负相关关系,短历时的强降雨对山洪的发生有激发作用。研究结果对重庆市山洪防灾减灾具有重要意义。  相似文献   

5.
基于洪峰模数的山洪灾害雨量预警指标研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
山洪灾害预警是防御山洪的重要非工程措施,雨量预警指标是山洪灾害预警的关键。目前的雨量预警指标计算方法对水文气象资料条件以及模型建模率定都有很高的要求,并不适用于基层防汛人员。因此,本文基于全国山洪灾害调查评价成果数据,提出了一种运用洪峰模数计算雨量预警指标的简便、易用的方法。该方法以小流域洪水计算推理公式为基础,将公式中流量与流域面积的比值用洪峰模数表示,得到基于洪峰模数的临界雨量估算公式,并考虑流域土壤含水量等因素,分析临界雨量变化阈值,最终得到雨量预警指标。本文以云南省绥江县双河小流域为例,计算结果显示不同时段(1 h、3 h、6 h)净雨量和预警时段呈线性关系。降雨损失计算中洼地蓄水和植被截留在不同时段相同,土壤下渗在不同的时段不相同。在此基础上,计算不同土壤含水量条件下,不同时段的雨量预警指标。最后,对临界流量、降雨损失和预警指标进行了合理性分析,结果显示预警指标和调查评价结果及实测降雨都比较接近,计算的预警指标合理。本研究为基层山洪灾害预警提供了一种快速、便捷的预警指标计算方法,为预警指标计算提供技术支持。  相似文献   

6.
高原湖泊的动态变化对区域水循环具有重要影响。受全球气候变化的影响,青藏高原湖泊自20世纪90年代开始呈现剧烈扩张趋势。为揭示近年来青藏高原湖泊面积的时空变化规律,本文提出了一种改进的半自动湖泊提取算法,结合环境减灾卫星(HJ-1A/1B)和Landsat系列卫星影像数据,对青藏高原内流流域中面积大于50 km2的127个湖泊进行了连续6年的动态监测,并分析了该区域2009-2014年湖泊面积时空变化特征。研究结果表明,该区域湖泊整体呈现显著扩张趋势,年均变化速率为231.89 km2yr-1(0.87 %yr-1),6年间湖泊面积扩张速率有所减缓。其中,扩张湖泊有104个,收缩湖泊有23个,变化速率分别为271.08 km2yr-1(1.02 % yr-1)和-39.19 km2yr-1(-0.15 %yr-1)。不同区域湖泊面积变化具有明显差异,主要表现为东部及北部大部分区域湖泊扩张,南部地区大部分湖泊面积稳定,萎缩湖泊主要分布于研究区四周。最后,本文通过分析冰川融水补给对湖泊面积变化的影响,发现存在冰川融水补给的湖泊面积变化率远大于不存在冰川融水补给的湖泊。由此可见,近年来冰川融水的增加是促进青藏高原内流流域湖泊扩张的主要因素之一。  相似文献   

7.
山洪灾害防治是我国当前防汛减灾的薄弱环节,开展山洪灾害预警是防御山洪灾害最有效的方式之一,应急制图可为山洪灾害预警信息发布和决策部署提供有力的技术支撑。对于突发性强、时空过程变化剧烈的山洪灾害,常规应急制图方法的时效性难以满足实际需求。本研究利用参数少、结构简单的SCS模型能快速分析计算山洪灾害发生的可能性,结合“模型计算-应急制图-辅助决策”框架,以提升山洪灾害风险应急制图的时效性。2020年主汛期长江流域遭遇1998年以来最严重的汛情,迫切需要开展山洪灾害风险应急制图研究,本文以长江经济带为研究区开展研究。研究结果表明:(1)通过改进SCS模型,对划分的每个子流域进行气象数据的山洪灾害风险计算,并且通过构建前期基础数据库、快速数据处理工具,设计标准制图模板,提高了模型计算及应急制图效率,保证了应急制图的规范性,单幅应急专题图制图时间提升至约50 min;(2)将实时模型计算与应急制图结合,并且通过采用每日24 h降雨预报数据,实现专题图动态持续更新;(3)研究有效应用于2020年汛期长江经济带山洪灾害防御工作,累计制作150幅山洪灾害风险专题图支撑国家应急管理决策部署,取得了良好的...  相似文献   

8.
<正>中国地形地貌类型复杂,山丘区面积约占全国陆地总面积的2/3,是世界上山洪/泥石流灾害最严重的国家之一。随着地理信息系统、高分辨率遥感、无人机遥感、移动互联、物联网、大数据等技术的出现、发展和广泛应用,山洪/泥石流灾害领域面临新的发展机遇和挑战,将给山洪/泥石流监测、风险评价与数值模拟的理论、方法、技术研究创造了便利条件。以地图为载体的传统山洪/泥石流风险评价方式很难适应多维度灾害信息的获取、管理、计算、表达和应用的需求,主要体现在:(1)小流域山洪/泥石流灾害成因困境:由于小流域降水等资料不足,降水与下垫面作用过程复杂且差异较大,对山洪/泥石流成因机理认识不清;(2)中国  相似文献   

9.
海岸带滩涂是重要的生态资源,对于环境保护和区域可持续发展具有重要意义,是学术界研究的热点区域。但由于滩涂周期性地被潮水淹没,通达性较差,传统的测量方式难以满足这一高度动态环境的变化监测需求,因此遥感观测方式成为一个潜在的选择。但遥感观测受成像方式、大气条件和潮情的影响,其应用仍面临很大的挑战。本文以苏北至上海南汇边滩沿岸作为研究区域,首先选择了1975年以来每年潮位最低的Landsat影像数据作为数据源,利用水边线作为滩涂的外边界,植被线或围垦大堤作为内边界提取滩涂面积;然后利用ArcGIS软件对获取的滩涂数据进行分析,以此来研究长江口滩涂的时空变化特征。结果表明:① 1975年以来研究区域滩涂面积整体上呈降低趋势;1990s之前滩涂面积基本保持稳定,1990s之后降低趋势较为明显;1995年前后研究区圆陀角以北的江苏海岸和以南的长江河口区域滩涂面积达到最大值,分别为1101.2 km2、1495.5 km2,至2017年,二者面积分别降为649.5 km2、1043.4 km2,1990年至今总体降低速率为21.7 km2/a;② 流域来沙减少和围垦、深水航道等河口工程是长江口滩涂面积减少的主要控制因素。  相似文献   

10.
本文在苏锡常地区已有三期矢量数据(1988、1995和2000年)的基础上,对2008年TM影像进行监督分类,经过人工解译辅助处理得到20世纪80年代以来4期土地利用时间序列数据。研究了近30年来,苏锡常地区建设用地扩展及其对耕地占用的态势。主要结论有:(1)从整体扩展面积看,1988年到2008年建设用地面积扩展总计2 354.55km2,其中,城市扩展面积最大,为1257.26km2,占到总扩展面积的一半,其次,是建制镇的扩展,面积达695.91km2,农村居民点扩展面积为355.96km2,扩展最少的是工矿交通用地,为45.42km2;(2) 城市扩展所占用的土地资源主要来源于对耕地的占用。从三个不同时期来看,1995-2000年耕地转化为建设用地最少,为262.36km2,1988-1995年占用耕地面积656.36km2,而在2000-2008年耕地被占用高达1 343.56km2。这些数据为我国东部城市化地区土地利用规划与管理政策的制定提供决策依据。  相似文献   

11.
Mountain catchments are prone to flash flooding due to heavy rainfall. Enhanced understanding of the generation and evolution processes of flash floods is essential for effective flood risk management. However, traditional distributed hydrological models based on kinematic and diffusion wave approximations ignore certain physical mechanisms of flash floods and thus bear excessive uncertainty. Here a hydrodynamic model is presented for flash floods based on the full two-dimensional shallow water equations incorporating rainfall and infiltration. Laboratory experiments of overland flows were modelled to illustrate the capability of the model. Then the model was applied to resolve two observed flash floods of distinct magnitudes in the Lengkou catchment in Shanxi Province, China. The present model is shown to be able to reproduce the flood flows fairly well compared to the observed data. The spatial distribution of rainfall is shown to be crucial for the modelling of flash floods. Sensitivity analyses of the model parameters reveal that the stage and discharge hydrographs are more sensitive to the Manning roughness and initial water content in the catchment than to the Green-Ampt head. Most notably, as the flash flood augments due to heavier rainfall, the modelling results agree with observed data better, which clearly characterizes the paramount role of rainfall in dictating the floods. From practical perspectives, the proposed model is more appropriate for modelling large flash floods.  相似文献   

12.
针对现有暴雨型洪涝灾害预警方法时效性差的问题,提出了一种接入实时降雨数据的暴雨型洪涝灾害临灾预警方法。根据时序分析模型由历史降雨数据和实时降雨数据分析识别异常降雨,并将异常降雨、地形起伏、高程和河网因素作为影响因子,构建暴雨型洪涝灾害风险指数,以"日"为时间尺度进行短时暴雨型洪涝灾害风险分析。从异常降雨致灾角度出发,根据降雨的异常程度将暴雨型洪涝灾害风险等级划分为无风险、低风险、中风险、中高风险和高风险5个等级,进而实现临灾预警,为防灾减灾提供一定的参考信息。以广东省清远市2014年5月的洪涝灾害为例,接入5月21日至5月26日期间逐日降雨量数据,实现了临灾风险分析。实验结果表明,六日内清远市阳山县中下区域发生暴雨洪涝灾害的风险较大,与实际灾情相吻合,达到了较好的预警效果。  相似文献   

13.
Introduction The Himalaya is considered to be the youngest mountains on the earth, and is tectonically very active, and hence inherently (geologically) vulnerable to hazards. Extreme rainfall events, landslides, debris flows, torrents and flash floods due…  相似文献   

14.
面向中国洪涝灾害应急监测的无人机空港布局   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
当前洪涝灾害对社会的经济发展和人民生命财产安全构成严重威胁。无人机机动、灵活,安全性高,可迅捷甚至实时获取灾区影像,对灾情的快速评估和应急救援决策意义重大。遥感无人机在洪涝灾害救援中能够发挥的重要作用已得到广泛共识,但是由于灾害的突发性,缺乏就近部署的资源制约了无人机遥感观测和救援作用的发挥。针对突发灾害,在区域和全国范围内建立起一定的无人机遥感应急体系成为国家面向未来正在考虑的选项。基于此,本研究提出了基于中国科学院的野外台站构建全国无人机遥感观测网的设想。本研究以中国防范洪涝灾害等级分布数据、行政区划数据、中国科学院野外台站分布数据和当前无人机性能数据库为数据源;以行政区划离散并提取的中心点作为需求点,台站作为设施点,不同洪涝等级区域内需要无人机进行应急观测的重要程度作为权重,利用最大覆盖选址模型进行空港选址布局;利用成本-效益曲线确定台站的最佳数量,最终从268个台站中选取出81个作为支撑全国洪涝灾害无人机遥感观测网络的无人机空港。无人机空港布局结果在理论上能够实现对中国绝大数突发洪涝灾害在2 h内初步完成洪涝观测,这对于构建中国空天地一体化的洪涝灾害监测体系具有重要意义。同时,本研究中的方法和成果对于进一步构建行业和综合性的全国无人机遥感观测网也具有一定借鉴和参照意义。  相似文献   

15.
China is highly susceptible to flood disasters and subjected to great damage every year. Furthermore, the flood frequency has exhibited an increasing trend in recent years. Most flood events, including flash floods and river flood, are induced by rainfall. This study investigates annual variations of rainfall occurrence over China during the period from 2000 to 2015 at the national and regional scale using daily rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. The Mann-Kendall test is performed for trend detection, and statistical data of flood damage published by China’s government, including destroyed crop area, damaged buildings, direct economic loss, percentage of GDP (gross domestic product), and death toll are correlatively analysed with rainfall occurrences. The results show that storm rain events show the greatest variation among three rainfall types (moderate rain, heavy rain and storm rain). The variation coefficients of rainfall over Northeast China, North China, and Northwest China are the highest, whereas that for Southwest China is the smallest. Moderate rain, heavy rain over Central China, and moderate rain over Southwest China exhibits decreasing trends, whereas the remaining exhibit increasing trends. The correlation between the rainfall occurrences and these flood damage indices at the national scale shows that only direct economic loss has a strong positive correlation with rainfall occurrences, and the other indices have weaker correlations. The correlation is strong in three north regions, except for death toll in Northwest China. In contrast, the correlation between flood damage and rainfall is weak in East China, Central China, Southwest China, and South China. Overall, death toll is strongly correlated with the number of damaged buildings, implying that flood fatalities in China are likely associated with building collapse, and are dominated by specific extreme events. This study can provide a scientific reference for flood management in China.  相似文献   

16.
Located in the headwater upstream of the Taihu Lake region, which is a densely populated and economically developed area in China, the West Tiaoxi River catchment is a frequently food-hit area due to its nature and climatic characteristics. During the last several decades, more than ten catastrophic floods happened in this area, causing huge economic losses. Since 1990, due to the increasing property vulnerability to flood hazard, the disasters were even more serious than before, and economic losses increased year by year. Thus, there have great importance to study flood behaviors, flood risks and their consequences. In this paper the hydrologic/hydraulic modelling is presented firstly. It is the method to study the relationship between rainfall and runoff and the flood propagation process. Secondly, the author gives the summary of the current study methods for flood risk assessment. The West Tiaoxi River catchment has a long history of the construction of polders and hydraulic engineering. Most farmlands have been protected against floods. So the combination method has been used to obtain the real risk area. The results have been obtained by using this method, which, the authors think, will be used in disaster preparedness, property insurance etc. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49671028) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Biography: XU Peng-zhu (1965 —), male, a native of Funing County of Jiangsu Province, associate researcher. His research interests include hydrology and water resources, numerical modelling, and application of GIS to hydrology.  相似文献   

17.
In recent years, flash flood disasters have occurred frequently in southwest China due to the increased frequency of extreme climate events. To solve this problem, great efforts have been made in studying the process of flash flood. However, little attention was paid on bearing body of hazard, the clusters of buildings. Thus the real disaster mechanism of flash flood remains unclear.Accordingly, based on the experiments of artificial flash floods in a conceptual solid model, this paper focuses on the flood-impacted inundation characteristics of the building clusters at different locations of the gully model, in order to obtain a better understanding of the disaster process and the interaction between the flash floods and building clusters. The results showed that, in a typical smallscale flash flood gully with hot and dry climate, 1)clusters of buildings on an alluvial fan could reduce about 35% of the flooding area by blocking the diffusion of the flood to the depression areas, and could also promote the deposition in lower reaches of the river channel by blocking the overbank flow from going back into the channel, making the width-depth ratio of the channel larger. 2) The flash flood rates of disaster and hazard on the alluvial fan are generally higher than that of the inner gully. For the inner gully,buildings located on the beaches along the lower river and the transitional areas of the straight channel and channel bends can easily be affected because of their lower elevations. For the alluvial fan, buildings nearby the meanders suffer the greatest impacts because of bank collapsing and flooding. 3) The safe vertical distance from a building to the river channel is 13 m for the buildings in the inner gully under extreme floods. Below this threshold, the smaller the vertical distance is, the greater the risk exposure is. For the buildings on the alluvial fan, especially for the buildings near the concave bank of the top rush point,the horizontal distance is more important, and the safe value is 80 m under extreme floods.  相似文献   

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