共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
临潼-长安断裂带主要由两条主断层和两条分支断层组成,断层基本沿北东向的黄土塬陡坎展布,陡坎高30～128m不等。虽然断层和陡坎有很好的重合关系,但陡坎并不完全是断层所形成,主要原因有:1)野外断层露头表明,断层错断S1古土壤层一般为0.2～1.5m,最大为6.0m,错断S2～S4古土壤层也仅有几米,与断层所在的陡坎高度相比,断层的错距很小;2)高桥和月登阁钻探结果显示,钻孔中早更新世地层上部断层错距分别不大于24.45m和8.49m,即断层在黄土塬基座中的错距比相应的黄土陡坎高度要小;3)在某些局部地段断层并不随陡坎拐弯而拐弯;4)深孔资料显示有侵蚀现象。综合分析,临潼-长安断裂带所在的陡坎是侵蚀作用和断层错动共同作用的结果,陡坎的形成以侵蚀作用为主,断层的错动量很小。地壳抬升、断块掀斜运动产生断层,新近纪或早更新世"三门湖"在已有的断层位置发生侵蚀,两者共同作用形成了现今地貌陡坎。 相似文献
2.
M. L. Kopp V. E. Verzhbitsky A. A. Kolesnichenko T. Yu. Tveritinova N. Yu. Vasil’ev V. A. Korchemagin A. O. Mostryukov A. I. Ioffe 《Geotectonics》2014,48(4):273-291
This paper presents the first cartographic reconstruction of the recent stress field for the southeastern Russian Plate and the southern Urals based on computer analysis of the extensive body of measurements of mesostructural kinematic markers. Comparison of this reconstruction with macro- and mesostructural data on the dynamics of recent dislocations at the platform leads to the following conclusions: (1) spatial variations of the stress field reflect the pressure on the platform’s lithosphere from the Caucasus-Kopet Dagh collisional orogen and the intraplate linear rise of the recent Urals, presumably related to the Central Asian collision zone; (2) when passing through the heterogeneous crust of the platform, the collision stresses were distorted: in the vertical section, compression decreased upward (especially in strike-slip-stress regime) and even gave way to extension above uplifting hanging wall of thrust faults and crests of swells; in plan view, compression (including in the strike-slip-stress regime) increased at basement uplifts; on the contrary, extension increased near syneclises, as well as lateral squeezing directed here along strike-slip faults; (3) reconstructions based on data variable in scale and type (results of macro- and mesostructural observations processed by differing statistical means with leading use of computer programs) do not contradict but supplement one another. Taken together, they represent the complete pattern of the recent stress state; (4) our results can be used for applied purposes to introduce clarity into the kinematics of the known faults, especially for revealing strike-slip offsets and how the intraplate earthquakes relate to faults and flexures of a certain kinematics. In general, they indicate that tectonodynamic analysis is promising for solving regional tectonic problems. 相似文献
3.
The Aravalli Range runs southwest from Delhi for a distance of about 700 km. Its western margin is well defined, but the eastern margin is diffuse. Five geomorphic provinces are recognized in the study area: the western piedmont plains; the ridge and valley province which in the Central Aravallis occurs at two different heights separated by a fault scarp; the plateau province demarcated from the former by a fault scarp, confined to the Southern Aravallis, and occurring for a short stretch at two heights across another fault scarp; the BGC rolling plains east of the Range; and the BGC uplands south of the above. The scarps coincide with Precambrian faults. A series of rapids and water-falls, together with deeply entrenched river courses across the scarps and the youthful aspects of the escarpments with no projecting spurs, or straight river courses along their feet, all point unmistakably to a recent or post-Neogene vertical uplift along pre-existing faults. Presence of knickpoints at a constant distance from the Range in all west-flowing rivers, the ubiquitous terraces, and river courses entrenched within their own flood-plain deposits of thick gritty to conglomeratic sand, are indicative of a constant disturbance with a gradual rise of the Range east of the knickpoint, wherefrom the coarse materials were carried by the fast west-flowing streams. There is a differential uplift across the plateau scarp together with a right-lateral offset.This epeirogenic tectonism is ascribed to the collision of the Eurasian and the subducting Indian plates and to a locking of their continental crusts. By early Pleistocene, with the MBT gradually dying off, continued plate movement caused a flexural bending of the plate by a moment generated at the back, and a possible delinking of the continental crust along the zone of subduction. The felexural bending ripped open the Precambrian regional faults. The differential uplift and the difference in the distances of the nodes on two sides of the major reactivated fault were possibly caused by a difference in the values of the flexural rigidity and the foundation modulus owing to a slight compositional difference of the constiuent rocks in the two sectors. 相似文献
4.
Jean-Claude Hippolyte Gilles Brocard Marc Tardy Grard Nicoud Didier Bourls Rgis Braucher Gilles Mnard Blaise Souffach 《Tectonophysics》2006,418(3-4):255-276
In the Western Alps, some recent scarps were previously interpreted as surface ruptures of tectonic reverse and normal faults that agree with microseismicity and GPS measurements. Our analysis shows that in fact there are hundreds of recent scarps, up to 30 m high and 2.1 km long, with only pure normal motions. They share the same characteristics as typical sackung scarps. The scarps are mainly uphill facing, parallel to the ridge crests and the contour lines. They are relatively short (less than 2.1 km) with respect to tectonic fault ruptures, and organized in swarms. They cut screes and relict rock glaciers with a slow (commonly 1 mm/year) average slip rate. In the Aiguilles Grives massif these sackung scarps clearly express the gravitational toppling of sub-vertical bedding planes in hard rocks. In contrast, the Belledonne Outer Crystalline Massif exhibits scarps that stem from the gravitational reactivation of conjugate tectonic faults. The recent faults extend to about 1600 m beneath the Rognier ridge crest, but are always above the valley floor. The main scarp swarm is 9.2 km long and constitutes the largest sackung ever described in the Western Alps. 10Be dating of a scarp and offset surfaces shows that > 4 m slip may have occurred rapidly (in less than 3800 years) sometimes between the end of the glaciation and 8800 ± 1900 years ago. This dating, together with the location of some faults far from the deep glacial valleys, suggests that sagging might have been triggered by strong earthquakes during a post-glacial period of probably enhanced seismicity. The Belledonne and Synclinal Median faults (just beneath the Rognier sackung) could have been the sources of this seismicity. 相似文献
5.
R.E. Wallace 《Tectonophysics》1979,52(1-4)
The pattern of scarps developed during the earthquakes of October 2, 1915, in Pleasant Valley, Nevada, may have formed as a result of a modern stress system acting on a set of fractures produced by an earlier stress system which was oriented differently. Four major scarps developed in a right-stepping, en-echelon pattern suggestive of left-lateral slip across the zone and an extension axis oriented approximately S85°W. The trend of the zone is N25°E. However, the orientation of simple dip-slip on most segments trending approximately N20—40° E and a right-lateral component of displacement on several N- and NW-trending segments of the scarps indicate that the axis of regional extension was oriented between N50° and 70° W, normal to the zone.The cumulative length of the scarps is 60 km, average vertical displacement 2 m, and the maximum vertical displacement near the Pearce School site 5.8 m. Almost everywhere the 1915 scarps formed along an older scarp line, and in some places older scarps represent multiple previous events. The most recent displacement event prior to 1915 is interpreted to have occurred more than 6600 years ago, but possibly less than 20,000 years ago. Some faults expressed by older scarps that trend northwest were not reactivated in 1915, possibly because they are oriented at a low angle with respect to the axis of modern regional extension.The 1915 event occurred in an area of overlap of three regional fault trends oriented northwest, north, and northeast and referred to, respectively, as the Oregon—Nevada, Northwest Nevada, and Midas—Battle Moutain trends. Each of these trends may have developed at a different time; the Oregon—Nevada trend was possibly the earliest and developed in Late Miocene time (Stewart et al. 1975). Segments of the 1915 scarps are parallel to each of these trends, suggesting influence by older sets of fractures. 相似文献
6.
7.
Normal fault scarps of the Koae fault system on Kilauea volcano consistently display locally breached monoclines underlain by prominent cavities, deep gaping fissures on the footwall, finer fissures on the hanging wall, and buckles at the scarp base. Elastic analyses reveal that this assemblage forms as a fault propagates up towards the surface rather than down from it. Models of a planar blind normal fault with a dip exceeding 60° yield a monocline with a tensile stress concentration at the surface where gaping fissures occur, a stronger subsurface tensile stress concentration near the blind fault tip, where cavities occur, and a compressive stress concentration at the surface where buckles occur. The footwall fissures grow down from the tensile stress concentration at the surface and link with a fault as its scarp grows. In contrast, the cavities initiate at depth near the fault tip and propagate with it up towards the surface. The hanging wall fissures apparently open in response to slip on late-forming blind antithetic faults near the surface. Stoped blocks derived from footwall fissure walls help prop the footwall fissures open as a normal fault breaches the surface. The fissures, cavities, and scarp rubble provide highly conductive hydraulic pathways. 相似文献
8.
The current contribution presents aspects of the structural style and fault kinematics of the Rus Formation that expose at Jabal Hafit, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Although the major structure of Jabal Hafit is an anticlinal fold, fractures (joints and faults) are the prominent structure of the study area. The fractures can be interpreted as the distributed effect of deep-seated basement fault reactivation or to be as reactivation of deep-seated basement faults. These fractures were created during two main tectonic stress regimes. The first is a WNW–ESE S Hmax strike-slip stress regime, responsible for producing E–W to ESE–WNW joints and E–W dextral strike-slip and NNE–SSW reverse faults. This stress is interpreted to be post-Early Eocene in age and related to the second phase of thrusting in the Oman Mountains in the Miocene. The second stress regime is a NNE–SSW S Hmax transtensional (strike-slip extensive) stress regime that was responsible for N–S to NNE–SSW striking joints and NE–SW sinistral strike-slip and N–S normal faults. This regime is interpreted to be post-Middle Eocene in age. This stress was the response to the collision of the Arabian–Eurasian Plates which began during the Late Eocene and continues to the present day. 相似文献
9.
W. V. Preiss 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2019,66(3):305-365
A series of linear to arcuate fault scarps separate the Mount Lofty Ranges from the Cenozoic St Vincent and Murray basins of South Australia. Their tectonic, sedimentary and geomorphic evolution is traced from the oldest rock record through to present-day seismicity. The scarps are the latest manifestation of repeated compressive reactivation of ancient, deep-seated crustal faults and fractures whenever the stress field was of appropriate orientation. Formation of the basins and uplift of the ranges resulted from the same processes of repeated compressive reactivation. Continental crust was intensely fractured during three episodes of Neoproterozoic–Cambrian rifting that led to the formation of the Adelaide Geosyncline and break-up of Rodinia. Neoproterozoic eastward-dipping, listric extensional faults provided accommodation space for deposition of the Burra Group. Sediments of the Umberatana and Wilpena groups were deposited under mainly sag-phase conditions. In the early Cambrian, new extensional faults formed the deeply subsident Kanmantoo Trough. Cambrian rift faults swung from east–west on Kangaroo Island through northeasterly on Fleurieu Peninsula to north–south in the easten Mount Lofty Ranges, cutting across the older meridional rifts. These two sets of extensional faults were reactivated as basement-rooted thrusts in the ensuing Delamerian Orogeny. The Willunga Fault originated as a Cambrian rift fault and was reactivated in the Delamerian Orogeny as a thrust dipping southeast under a regional basement-cored antiform on southern Fleurieu Peninsula. Much of southern Australia, including the eroded remnants of the Delamerian highlands, was covered by a continental ice sheet in the Carboniferous–Permian. The preferential preservation of glacial sediments on Fleurieu Peninsula may have resulted from extensional reactivation of the Willunga Fault, possibly in the early Mesozoic. Fleurieu Peninsula was then warped into an open, southwest-plunging antiform, spatially coincident with the much higher amplitude Delamerian antiform. Glacial sediments were eroded from uplifted (up-plunge) areas before formation of a ‘summit surface’ across deeply weathered bedrock and preserved glacial sediments in the later Mesozoic. This surface was covered with fluvial to lacustrine sediments in the middle Eocene. Neotectonic movements under a renewed compressive regime commenced with reactivation of the Willunga Fault, restricting subsequent Eocene to Miocene sedimentation to the St Vincent Basin. The Willunga scarp was onlapped in the Oligocene–Miocene concomitant with continuing uplift and formation of a hanging-wall antiform. In the late Cenozoic, repeated faulting and mild folding, angular unconformities, ferruginisation and proximal coarse sedimentation took place on various faults at different times until the late Pleistocene. 相似文献
10.
11.
Larry Mayer 《Quaternary Research》1984,22(3):300-313
Ages of fault scarps, as well as those other types of transport-limited slopes, can be estimated by comparing their morphology with the morphology of scarps of known age. Age estimates are derived by fitting the scarp profiles to synthetic profiles generated using a diffusion equation or, alternatively, by classification using a linear discriminant function. The usefulness of morphology-derived age estimates depends on the relative importance of non-age-related morphologic variation. Data from more than 200 scarp profiles demonstrate that morphologic variation not related to scarp age can introduce significant uncertainties into morphology-derived age estimates. 相似文献
12.
在西藏安多地区进行活动断裂研究过程中,进行地表调查和探槽开挖,证实错那－安多地堑北缘主边界断裂上的最新地表断层陡坎实际是该区史前大地震的地表遗迹。根据地表观察和实地测量结果可知,该区最新古地震断坎的延伸范围可达 26～36km,平均垂直位移量达 1.0～1.4m。相关地层－地貌体的年代学测试结果和古地震破裂参数表明,最新的古地震发生在距今约 10.0～8.1ka期间,估计当时的古地震震级介于 6.9～7.3级之间,当时的极震区烈度可能≥Ⅸ度。此古地震破裂的发现表明,青藏高原中部正断层型大地震之后的沉寂时间可以长达近万年,明显长于藏南裂谷带上的正断层型古地震活动间隔。由于安多地区最新大地震之后的离逝时间已足以积累类似强度的大地震,因此,该区未来的大地震危险性较高。 相似文献
13.
14.
K. D. Rawnsley D. C. P. Peacock T. Rives J. -P. Petit 《Journal of Structural Geology》1998,20(12):1641-1661
Analysis has been carried out at four locations on the edges of the Bristol Channel Basin to illustrate the later phases of deformation of a sedimentary basin, and to illustrate the control on joint patterns of subtle changes in the stress system. The characteristics of the joints are described and influences on joints are determined, including the roles of faults, folds and beds. There is a low coefficient of correlation between joint spacing and bed thickness, except in very thin limestone beds, which have a high density of joints. The lengths and spacings of earlier joint phases are usually greater than those of later phases. Later joints normally abut against earlier joints.The joints abut the latest faults but are not displaced by them, so the joints post-date the main Alpine contraction. The joints formed in five main phases during reduction of the Alpine stresses. Phase 1 joints are sub-parallel to the regional compression direction (160–180°). Phase 2 joints are perturbed by faults, often curving towards points of stress concentrations along the faults. Phase 3 joints are sub-parallel to the earlier E–W-striking fold axes. Phase 4 joints are cross-joints, and phase 5 joints form polygonal patterns within joint-bound blocks. Phases 2 and 3 do not occur in the absence of faults and folds, and correspond with a reduction in horizontal compression and an increase in the importance of local factors. Phases 4 and 5 occur at all locations. 相似文献
15.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-3):145-156
The Polish Carpathian Foredeep (PCF) is a foreland basin formed during the regional flexure of the East European continental lithosphere related to a continental collision in the Carpathian realm. The infill of the PCF basin consist of the uppermost Lower to the Upper Miocene (Ottnangian-Pannonian) sediments. These are mostly mudstones and clays, more rarely sandstones, limestones and evaporites. Numerous thrusts, strike-slip and normal faults, and even folds exist in the whole PCF. The orientation of these structures is variable but they show the privileged directions. The spatial analysis of structures and their crosscutting relationships, together with published seismic data permit conclude that the regional stress field in studied part of PCF was stable during the whole Neogene time till now. The orientation of the maximum horizontal stress axis was NNE-SSW. The local changes of the stress field orientation were caused by activity of the strike-slip fault in the foredeep basement or even the rotation of the basement blocks. The visible response on the basement activity were mostly outcrop-scale structures, namely the number and variety of structures are increasing in individual outcrop. However, the map-scale structures were also generated, for example so called Ryszkowa Wola Horst, a large pop-up structure. 相似文献
16.
Post-glacial tectonic faults in the eastern Swiss Alps occur as single lineaments, clusters of faults or extensive fault zones consisting of several individual faults aligned along the same trend. The orientation of the faults reflects the underlying lithology and the pre-existing structures (joints, pervasive foliations) within these lithologies. Most post-glacially formed faults in the area around Chur, which undergoes active surface uplift of 1.6 mm/year, trend E–W and cut across Alpine and glacial features such as active screes and moraines. Additionally, there are NNW and ENE striking faults reactivating pervasive Alpine foliations and shear zones. Based on a comparison with the nodal planes of recent earthquakes, E–W striking faults are interpreted as active faults. Because of very short rupture lengths and mismatches of fault location with earthquake distribution, magnitude and abundance, the faults are considered to be secondary faults due to earthquake shaking, cumulative deformation in post- or interseismic periods or creep, and not primary earthquake-related faults. The maximum of recent surface uplift rates coincides with the youngest cooling of the rocks according to apatite fission-track data and is therefore a long-lived feature that extends well into pre-glacial times. Isostatic rebound owing to overthickened crust or to melting of glacial overburden cannot explain the observed surface uplift pattern. Rather, the faults, earthquakes and surface uplift patterns suggest that the Alps are deforming under active compression and that the Aar massif basement uplift is still active in response to ongoing collision. 相似文献
17.
J. R. Bowman 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(5):651-669
Three large earthquakes with surface‐wave magnitudes 6.3–6.7 on 22 January 1988 were associated with 32 km of surface faulting on two main scarps 30 km southwest of Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory. These events provide an excellent opportunity to study the mechanics of midplate earthquakes because of the abundance of geological and geophysical data in the area, the proximity of the Warramunga seismic array and the ease of access to the fault zone. The 1988 earthquakes were located in the North Australian Craton in an area that had no history of moderate or large earthquakes before 1986. Additionally, no smaller earthquakes from the fault zone were identified at the Warramunga array, which is situated only 30 km from the nearest scarp, between the 1965 installation of the array and 1986. The main shocks were preceded by a swarm of moderatesized (magnitude 4–5) earthquakes in January 1987 and many smaller aftershocks throughout 1987. Careful relocation of all teleseismically recorded earthquakes from the fault zone shows that the 1987 activity was concentrated in an area only 6 km across in the gap between the two main fault scarps. The main shocks also nucleated in the centre of the fault zone near the 1987 activity. Field observations of scarp morphology indicate that the scarp is divided into three segments, each showing primarily reverse faulting. However, whereas the western and eastern segments show movement of the southern block over the northern, the central scarp segment shows the opposite, with the northern block thrust over the southern block. Analysis of the first arrival times at Warramunga suggests that the three main shocks were associated with the western, central and eastern scarp segments, respectively. The locations of aftershocks determined using data from temporary seismograph arrays in the epicentral area define three inclined zones of activity that are interpreted as fault planes. In the western and eastern portions of the aftershock zone, these concentrations of activity dip to the south at 45° and 35°, respectively, but in the central section the aftershock zone dips to the north at 55°. Focal mechanisms derived from modelling broadband teleseismic data show thrust and oblique thrust faulting for the three main shocks. The first event ruptured unilaterally up and to the northwest on the westernmost fault segment, while the third main shock ruptured horizontally to the southeast. Modelling of repeat levelling data from the epicentral area requires at least three distinct fault planes, with the eastern and western planes dipping to the south and the central plane dipping to the north. The combination of scarp morphology, aftershock distribution and elevation data makes a strong case for rupture of fault planes in conjugate orientation during the 22 January 1988 Tennant Creek earthquakes. More than 20000 aftershocks have been recorded at Warramunga and activity continues to the present‐day with occasional shocks felt in the town of Tennant Creek and some recent off‐fault aftershocks located directly under the Warramunga seismic array. Stratigraphic relationships exposed in trenches excavated across the scarps suggest that during the Quaternary, a large earthquake ruptured the surface along one segment of the 1988 scarps. 相似文献
18.
N. V. Koronovsky G. N. Gogonenkov M. A. Goncharov A. I. Timurziev N. S. Frolova 《Geotectonics》2009,43(5):379-391
An unusual structural paragenesis, complicated by brachyanticlines, is revealed for the first time in the sedimentary cover
of the West Siberian Plate by 3D seismic surveying. These are linear (in plan view) systems of en-echelon arranged low-amplitude
normal faults related to wrench faults in the basement. On different sides off a wrench fault, the planes of normal faults
dip in opposite directions, forming a helicoidal structure that resembles the blades of a propeller. In the section parallel
to the wrench fault, the boundaries of the beds and normal fault planes dip in opposite directions as well. In the section
across the strike of the normal faults converging toward the basement, the beds take the shape of an antiform with a crest
sagged along the normal faults (flower structure). This structural assembly was formed as a result of interference of stress
fields of horizontal shear in the vertical plane (induced by faulting in the basement) and in the horizontal plane (caused
by gravity resistance of the cover). In this case, the displacements along the normal faults develop in both the vertical
and, to a greater extent, horizontal directions, so that the faults in cover are actually characterized by normal-strike-slip
kinematics. The regional N-S-trending compression of the West Siberian Plate is the main cause of shearing along the NW- and
NE-trending faults in the basement, which make up a rhomb-shaped system in plan view. Petroliferous brachyanticlines, whose
axes, notwithstanding tectonophysical laws, are oriented in the direction close to the maximum compression axis, are known
in the large wrench fault zones of Western Siberia. Our experiments with equivalent materials showed that a local stress field
arising at the ends of echeloned Riedel shears within a wrench fault zone may be a cause of the formation of such brachyanticlines.
The progressive elongation of Riedel shears leads to the corresponding elongation of the brachyanticlines located between
their ends. The performed study has shown that the known types of interference of elementary geodynamic settings such as horizontal
shear along the vertical plane + horizontal compression (transpression) and horizontal shear along the vertical plane + horizontal
extension (transtension) may be supplemented by combination of horizontal shears along the vertical and horizontal planes,
resulting in tectonic lamination. By analogy, we propose to name this type of interference of elementary shear settings translamination. Petroliferous helicoidal structures arise in the given geodynamic setting of translamination. 相似文献
19.
隐性断裂带是由区域或局部应力场或基底断裂活动影响下, 在凹陷沉积盖层中产生的断裂趋势带。重磁、三维地震资料处理解释成果证实苏北盆地金湖凹陷存在北东、北西两组基底断裂。部分北东向的基底断裂活动强烈, 控制了凹陷形成和演化; 北西向和部分北东向的基底断裂活动性较弱, 沉积盖层中形成了隐性断裂带。它们表现为成带分布的雁列式小断层、断断续续沿固定方向分布的小断层、一系列沉积扇体或油气圈闭成带成串分布等线状构造。随机测线的剖面上表现为地震同相轴没有明显错断或呈现杂乱反射。除上述两组隐性断裂带, 区域右行应力场在凹陷内部产生的东西方向的挤压应力分量也形成了断续状、串状的南北向隐性断裂带。研究表明, 隐性断裂带由"隐性"逐渐向"显性"过渡。经历了早期弱雁列式隐性期、早中期强雁列式隐性期、中期断续状隐-显期、中后期串状显-隐期4个隐性阶段, 最终演化为"显性"张扭性走滑断裂。沉积盖层中形成的这些隐性断裂带控制了储集砂体分布、改善了储层物性、使隐性圈闭成带成串分布, 是油气聚集成藏的有利区带。 相似文献