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1.
Stavros A. Melachroinos Jean-Michel Lemoine Paul Tregoning Richard Biancale 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(10):915-923
Unmodeled sub-daily ocean S2 tide signals that alias into lower frequencies have been detected in the analysis of gravity recovery and climate experiment
(GRACE) space gravity fields of GRGS. The most significant global S2 aliased signal occurs off the northwest coast of Australia in a shallow continental shelf zone, a region with high tidal
amplitudes at a period of 161 days. The GRACE S2 aliased equivalent water height grids are convolved with Green’s functions to produce GRACE aliased tidal loading (GATL)
vertical displacements. The analysis of hourly global positioning system (GPS) vertical coordinate estimates at permanent
sites in the region confirms the presence of spectral power at the S2 frequency when the same ocean tide model (FES2004) was used. Thus, deficiencies in the FES2004 ocean tide model are detected
both directly and indirectly by the two independent space geodetic techniques. Through simulation, the admittance (ratio of
amplitude of spurious long-wavelength output signal in the GRACE time-series to amplitude of unmodeled periodic signals) of
the GRACE unmodeled S2 tidal signals, aliased to a 161-day period, is found to have a global average close to 100%, although with substantial spatial
variation. Comparing GATL with unmodeled S2 tidal sub-daily signals in the vertical GPS time-series in the region of Broome in NW Australia suggests an admittance of
110–130%. 相似文献
2.
Estimates of ocean tide loading displacements and its impact on position time series in Hong Kong using a dense continuous GPS network 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Three-dimensional ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements of eight diurnal and semidiurnal constituents at 12 sites in Hong
Kong were estimated using 3–7 years of continuous global positioning system (GPS) observations. OTL displacements were estimated
using the precise point positioning (PPP) technique on a daily basis and then combined. The OTL displacements obtained by
GPS were compared with predictions using seven recent global ocean tide models. The effect of OTL displacements on GPS position
time series was also investigated. The study shows that the GPS-derived OTL displacements (excluding K1 and K2 constituents)
agree best with those predicted by the GOT4.7 and NAO99b models. The GPS/model agreement is generally at the sub-millimeter
level, except for S2, K1, and K2 constituents with relatively large errors. After systematic biases between the GPS and model
values are removed, the misfits of all sites for M2, S2, N2, O1, P1, and Q1 are less than 0.5 and 1.0 mm in the horizontal
and vertical components, respectively, while larger misfits (within 2.5 mm) are observed for K1 and K2. Integer ambiguity
fixing slightly improves the east component of OTL displacement estimates. The study also finds that GPS-derived OTL corrections,
instead of model predicts, can be used in daily data processing with the exception of K1 and K2. Including K2 corrections,
a secular vertical rate of up to 1 mm/year in position time series can be induced, which needs to be confirmed by further
studies. 相似文献
3.
Christophe Vigny 《Journal of Geodesy》1996,70(5):300-306
In june 1990, NASA's Crustal Dynamics Project (CDP) has established a geodetic footprint for the Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) systems located near Fort Davis, Texas using GPS measurements. The purpose of such a footprint is to assess both the tectonic and physical stability of the main observing monuments. Included in the survey were four new monuments forming a 20 to 30 km quadrilateral, as well as four existing monuments near the McDonald Laser Ranging System (MLRS), the Harvard Radio Astronomy (HRA) 85' antenna, and the new 85' antenna of the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA).This network was partly reoccupied by the University of Texas Austin in may 1992. Three additional sites not observed in 1990 were occupied, two of them being old monuments in the observatory area (Harvard-RM4 and VLBA-SLR), and a new monument 80 km away across the closest active fault near Valentine, Texas.Thanks to existing ties between nearby monuments in the observatory area, the comparison between the two epochs was made possible. Significant motion of more than 1 cm of any of the implied sites over a two year period can be ruled out. Despite this quite reassuring results, smaller displacements cannot be detected mainly because of the poor quality of the 1990 data. Therefore it is strongly advised that a third occupation of the footprint sites takes place in the close future. Such a survey, occuring five years after the first one and three years after the second one, should definitely answer the questions on the Fort Davis area stability at the millimeter per year level. 相似文献
4.
Very high-rate global positioning system (GPS) data has the capacity to quickly resolve seismically related ground displacements, thereby providing great potential for rapidly determining the magnitude and the nature of an earthquake’s rupture process and for providing timely warnings for earthquakes and tsunamis. The GPS variometric approach can measure ground displacements with comparable precision to relative positioning and precise point positioning (PPP) within a short period of time. The variometric approach is based on single-differencing over time of carrier phase observations using only the broadcast ephemeris and a single receiver to estimate velocities, which are then integrated to derive displacements. We evaluate the performance of the variometric approach to measure displacements using 50 Hz GPS data, which were recorded during the 2013 MW 6.6 Lushan earthquake and the 2011 MW 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. The comparison between 50 and 1 Hz seismic displacements demonstrates that 1 Hz solutions often fail to faithfully manifest the seismic waves containing high-frequency seismic signals due to aliasing, which is common for near-field stations of a moderate-magnitude earthquake. Results indicate that 10–50 Hz sampling GPS sites deployed close to the source or the ruptured fault are needed for measuring dynamic seismic displacements of moderate-magnitude events. Comparisons with post-processed PPP results reveal that the variometric approach can determine seismic displacements with accuracies of 0.3–4.1, 0.5–2.3 and 0.8–6.8 cm in the east, north and up components, respectively. Moreover, the power spectral density analysis demonstrates that high-frequency noises of seismic displacements, derived using the variometric approach, are smaller than those of PPP-derived displacements in these three components. 相似文献
5.
GPS seismology 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Kristine M. Larson 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(3-4):227-233
GPS seismology uses convential geodetic models to analyze GPS data at high sampling rates, such as 1 Hz. GPS seismology results are shown for the Denali, San Simeon, Tokachi-oki, and Chuetsu earthquakes. Records for these earthquakes indicate that GPS is an excellent instrument for measuring large displacements near earthquake ruptures. GPS systems can be improved for seismic applications if their sampling rates are increased from 1 to 10 Hz. 相似文献
6.
Anomalous harmonics in the spectra of GPS position estimates 总被引：22，自引：3，他引：19
Prior studies of the power spectra of GPS position time series have found pervasive seasonal signals against a power-law background
of flicker noise plus white noise. Dong et al. (2002) estimated that less than half the observed GPS seasonal power can be explained by redistributions of geophysical fluid mass
loads. Much of the residual variation is probably caused by unidentified GPS technique errors and analysis artifacts. Among
possible mechanisms, Penna and Stewart (2003) have shown how unmodeled analysis errors at tidal frequencies (near 12- and 24-hour periods) can be aliased to longer periods
very efficiently. Signals near fortnightly, semiannual, and annual periods are expected to be most seriously affected. We
have examined spectra for the 167 sites of the International GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) Service (IGS) network
having more than 200 weekly measurements during 1996.0–2006.0. The non-linear residuals of the weekly IGS solutions that were
included in ITRF2005, the latest version of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), have been used. To improve
the detection of common-mode signals, the normalized spectra of all sites have been stacked, then boxcar smoothed for each
local north (N), east (E), and height (H) component. The stacked, smoothed spectra are very similar for all three components.
Peaks are evident at harmonics of about 1 cycle per year (cpy) up to at least 6 cpy, but the peaks are not all at strictly
1.0 cpy intervals. Based on the 6th harmonic of the N spectrum, which is among the sharpest and largest, and assuming a linear
overtone model, then a common fundamental of 1.040 ± 0.008 cpy can explain all peaks well, together with the expected annual
and semiannual signals. A flicker noise power-law continuum describes the background spectrum down to periods of a few months,
after which the residuals become whiter. Similar sub-seasonal tones are not apparent in the residuals of available satellite
laser ranging (SLR) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) sites, which are both an order of magnitude less numerous
and dominated by white noise. There is weak evidence for a few isolated peaks near 1 cpy harmonics in the spectra of geophysical
loadings, but these are much noisier than for GPS positions. Alternative explanations related to the GPS technique are suggested
by the close coincidence of the period of the 1.040 cpy frequency, about 351.2 days, to the “GPS year”; i.e., the interval
required for the constellation to repeat its inertial orientation with respect to the sun. This could indicate that the harmonics
are a type of systematic error related to the satellite orbits. Mechanisms could involve orbit modeling defects or aliasing
of site-dependent positioning biases modulated by the varying satellite geometry. 相似文献
7.
We examine the electromagnetic coupling of a GPS antenna–monument pair in terms of its simulated affect on long GPS coordinate
time series. We focus on the Earth and Polar Observing System (POLENET) monument design widely deployed in Antarctica and
Greenland in projects interested particularly in vertical velocities. We base our tests on an absolute robot calibration that
included the top ~0.15 m of the monument and use simulations to assess its effect on site coordinate time series at eight
representative POLENET sites in Antarctica over the period 2000.0–2011.0. We show that the neglect of this calibration would
introduce mean coordinate bias, and most importantly for velocity estimation, coordinate noise which is highly sensitive to
observation geometry and hence site location and observation period. Considering only sub-periods longer than 2.5 years, we
show vertical site velocities may be biased by up to ±0.4 mm/year, and biases up to 0.2 mm/year may persist for observation
spans of 8 years. Changing between uniform and elevation-dependent observation weighting alters the time series but does not
remove the velocity biases, nor does ambiguity fixing. The effect on the horizontal coordinates is negligible. The ambiguities
fixed series spectra show noise between flicker and random walk with near-white noise at the highest frequencies, with mean
spectral indices (frequencies <20 cycles per year) of approximately −1.3 (uniform weighting) and −1.4 (elevation-dependent
weighting). While the results are likely highly monument specific, they highlight the importance of accounting for monument
effects when analysing vertical coordinate time series and velocities for the highest precision and accuracy geophysical studies. 相似文献
8.
9.
Sub-daily alias and draconitic errors in the IGS orbits 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
Harmonic signals with a fundamental period near the GPS draconitic year (351.2 days) and overtones up to at least the sixth multiple have been observed in the power spectra of nearly all products of the International GNSS Service (IGS), including station position time series, apparent geocenter motions, orbit jumps between successive days, and midnight discontinuities in earth orientation parameter (EOP) rates. Two main mechanisms have been suggested for the harmonics: mismodeling of orbit dynamics and aliasing of near-sidereal local station multipath effects. Others have studied the propagation of local multipath errors into draconitic position variations, but orbit-related processes have been less examined. We elaborate our earlier analysis of GPS day-boundary orbit discontinuities where we observed some draconitic features as well as prominent spectral bands near 29-, 14-, 9-, and 7-day periods. Finer structures within the sub-seasonal bands fall close to the expected alias frequencies for 24-h sampling of sub-daily EOP tide lines but do not coincide precisely. While once-per-revolution empirical orbit parameters should strongly absorb any sub-daily EOP tide errors due to near-resonance of their respective periods, the observed differences require explanation. This has been done by simulating EOP tidal errors and checking their impact on a long series of estimated daily GPS orbits and EOPs. Indeed, simulated tidal aliases are found to be very similar to the observed IGS orbital features in the sub-seasonal bands. Moreover and unexpectedly, some low draconitic harmonics were also produced, potentially a source for the widespread errors in most IGS products. The results from this study are further evidence for the need of an improved sub-daily EOP tide model. 相似文献
10.
Ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements from global and local grids: comparisons to GPS estimates over the shelf of Brittany, France 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Stavros A. Melachroinos R. Biancale M. Llubes F. Perosanz F. Lyard M. Vergnolle M. -N. Bouin F. Masson J. Nicolas L. Morel S. Durand 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(6):357-371
In this paper we examine OTL displacements detected by GPS stations of a dedicated campaign and validate ocean tide models.
Our area of study is the continental shelf of Brittany and Cotentin in France. Brittany is one of the few places in the world
where tides provoke loading displacements of ∼10–12 cm vertically and a few cm horizontally. Ocean tide models suffer from
important discrepancies in this region. Seven global and regional ocean tide models were tested: FES2004 corrected for K2,
TPXO.7.0, TPXO.6.2, GOT00.2, CSR4.0, NAO.99b and the most recent regional grids of the North East Atlantic (NEA2004). These
gridded amplitudes and phases of ocean tides were convolved in order to get the predicted OTL displacements using two different
algorithms. Data over a period of 3.5 months of 8 GPS campaign stations located on the north coast of Brittany are used, in
order to evaluate the geographical distribution of the OTL effect. We have modified and implemented new algorithms in our
GPS software, GINS 7.1. GPS OTL constituents are estimated based on 1-day batch solutions. We compare the observed GPS OTL
constituents of M2, S2, N2 and K1 waves with the selected ocean tide models on global and regional grids. Large phase-lag and amplitude discrepancies over
20° and 1.5 cm in the vertical direction in the semi-diurnal band of M2 between predictions and GPS/models are detected in the Bay of Mont St-Michel. From a least squares spectral analysis of the
GPS time-series, significant harmonic peaks in the integer multiples of the orbital periods of the GPS satellites are observed,
indicating the existence of multipath effects in the GPS OTL constituents. The GPS OTL observations agree best with FES2004,
NEA2004, GOT00.2 and CSR4.0 tide models. 相似文献
11.
We investigate daily and sub-daily non-tidal oceanic and atmospheric loading (NTOAL) in the Australian region and put an upper bound on potential site motion examining the effects of tropical cyclone Yasi that crossed the Australian coast in January/February 2011. The dynamic nature of the ocean is important, particularly for northern Australia where the long-term scatter due to daily and sub-daily oceanic changes increases by 20–55 % compared to that estimated using the inverted barometer (IB) assumption. Correcting the daily Global Positioning System (GPS) time series for NTOAL employing either a dynamic ocean model or the IB assumption leads to a reduction of up to 52 % in the weighted scatter of daily coordinate estimates. Differences between the approaches are obscured by seasonal variations in the GPS precision along the northern coast. Two compensating signals during the cyclone require modelling at high spatial and temporal resolution: uplift induced by the atmospheric depression, and subsidence induced by storm surge. The latter dominates ( \(>\) 135 %) the combined net effect that reaches a maximum of 14 mm, and 10 mm near the closest GPS site TOW2. Here, 96 % of the displacement is reached within 15 h due to the rapid transit of cyclones and the quasi-linear nature of the coastline. Consequently, estimating sub-daily NTOAL is necessary to properly account for such a signal that can be 3.5 times larger than its daily-averaged value. We were unable to detect the deformation signal in 2-hourly GPS processing and show that seasonal noise in the Austral summer dominates and precludes GPS detection of the cyclone-related subsidence. 相似文献
12.
天线观测墩及基岩的热膨胀效应会造成GNSS基准站坐标时间序列高程方向的非线性变化。本文提出了一种计算热膨胀效应导致的基准站垂向位移的改进方法:首先利用基岩热膨胀模型和基准站地表温度数据,分别计算热膨胀效应对基准站天线观测墩和基岩的影响量;其次,利用最小二乘拟合方法,同时估计模型中周期项的周期、振幅、相位等信息,而已有方法仅估计振幅与相位信息;最后,基于改进的模型,分析了基准站垂向位移的周期性特征变化。本文利用该方法分析了有代表性的9个IGS基准站的数据。结果表明:基岩热膨胀和天线观测墩热效应能造成测站垂直方向位移变化;在分析的基准站中,最大影响分别可达0.57mm和1.85mm;热膨胀效应造成的GNSS基准站垂直方向位移时间序列具有周年和半周年周期特性,分别可以解释测站U方向坐标时间序列季节性变化的11.2%和3.3%,影响大小随测站纬度的增加而增加,且半周年影响明显小于周年影响;同时,部分测站发现了其他小周期的影响(约51d)。此外,基于该方法,选取了全球107个IGS站,计算了热膨胀造成的各测站垂向位移周年振幅及其相位,结果显示周年振幅最大可达3.3mm,其大小和测站纬度具有比较明显的相关性。 相似文献
13.
针对GPS坐标时序数据中存在的共模误差(CME),研究利用堆栈滤波(SF)、网络反演滤波(NIF)和主成分分析(PCA)三种方法进行剔除,以提高GPS监测区域地表位移的精度. 通过构建GPS坐标时序模型,去除明显构造运动,提取噪声残差时序,将隐含在噪声残差时序中的区域CME利用SF、NIF、PCA方法提取出来. 以日本房总半岛2019—2021年GPS坐标时序为例,比较三种方法和GPS站点空间分辨率对CME提取的影响,分析CME去除前后慢滑移地表位移的变化. 研究结果表明:SF、NIF、PCA方法提取CME的结果基本一致;GPS站点空间分辨率降低,提取的CME离散度增大;CME对慢滑移地表水平位移的大小和方向均会产生影响,需进行剔除. 相似文献
14.
Precise relative positioning using real tracking data from COMPASS GEO and IGSO satellites 总被引：14，自引：5，他引：9
China completed a basic COMPASS navigation network with three Geostationary and three Inclined Geosynchronous satellites in orbit in April 2011. The network has been able to provide preliminary positioning and navigation functions. We first present a quality analysis using 1-week COMPASS measurements collected in Wuhan. Satellite visibility and validity of measurements, carrier-to-noise density ratio and code noise are analyzed. The analysis of multipath combinations shows that the noise level of COMPASS code measurements is higher than that of GPS collected using the same receiver. Second, the results of positioning are presented and analyzed. For the standalone COMPASS solutions, an accuracy of 20 m can be achieved. An accuracy of 3.0 m for the vertical, 1.5 m for the North and about 0.6–0.8 m for the East component is obtained using dual-frequency code only measurements for a short baseline. More importantly, code and phase measurements of the short baseline are processed together to obtain precise relative positioning. Kinematic solutions are then compared with the ground truth. The precision of COMPASS only solutions is better than 2 cm for the North component and 4 cm for the vertical. The standard deviation of the East component is smaller than 1 cm, which is even better than that of the East component of GPS solutions. The accuracy of GPS/COMPASS combination solutions is at least 20 % better than that of GPS alone. Furthermore, the geometry-based residuals of double differenced phase and code measurements are analyzed. The analysis shows that the noise level of un-differenced phase measurements is about 2–4 mm on both B1 and B2 frequencies. For the code measurements, the noise level is less than 0.45 m for B1 CA and about 0.35 m for B2 P code. Many of the COMPASS results presented are very promising and have been obtained for the first time. 相似文献
15.
地表质量的重分布会引起固体地球的弹性形变,GPS连续运行观测站能够精确测定地表负荷引起的地壳形变。本文通过模拟数据对利用云南省及其周边47个中国大陆构造环境监测网（陆态网）台站反演云南地区陆地水储量的可行性进行分析：以水文模型周年振幅为真值,计算47个台站点的负荷形变,同时加入随机误差构成模拟观测数据,最后采用模型反演陆地水储量变化;1000次的随机模拟试验表明利用当前GPS台站数据可有效地反演云南地区陆地水储量变化。基于上述结论,笔者反演了云南省2010—2014年陆地水储量变化,GPS反演结果表明：云南省陆地水变化呈现明显的地域分布特征,西南部高山地区的水储量周年变化高于东部平原地区;在时间尺度上,云南省大部分地区水储量在10月（夏季末）达到最大值,在4月（冬季末）达到最小值;云南省2010—2014年陆地水呈缓慢增长趋势,约为20 mm/a。通过GPS陆地水储量反演结果与GRACE、GLDAS以及TRMM数据综合对比分析,表明利用云南地区当前GPS台站可以作为独立观测量用于GRACE与GRACE Follow-on衔接期间的陆地水储量变化监测。 相似文献
16.
17.
受特殊海岸线及复杂海底地形的影响,目前发布的全球海潮模型在局部沿海地区差异较大,需利用其他大地测量手段直接测定沿海地区的海潮负荷位移参数。GPS技术因具有全天候、精度高、成本低等优势,已成为获取海潮负荷位移参数的有效手段。本文基于GPS技术监测测站三维位移变化的灵敏度高于监测48个海潮参数的灵敏度这一基本思想,改进了利用GPS精密单点定位(PPP)技术估计48个海潮调和参数的方法,直接逐历元求解三维海潮负荷位移变化,再利用调和分析方法提取主要潮波(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1)的海潮负荷位移建模参数(振幅与相位)。利用12个香港连续运行参考站(CORS)8年的GPS观测数据,计算各测站的海潮负荷位移建模参数。与传统方法比较,本文方法可有效加速K1潮波在东西方向的收敛。将GPS海潮负荷位移建模参数估值与中国近海海潮模型值比较,发现除S2、K2和K1潮波的均方根误差较大外,其他潮波的均方根误差均小于1.5mm。将香港2008—2014年验潮站数据反演的潮波参数与海潮模型值比较,结果表明:GPS与验潮站数据反演的潮波参数均与中国近海海潮模型及HAMTIDE2011.11A全球海潮模型符合较好,验证了GPS PPP反演海潮负荷位移的有效性。采用GPS PPP估计的8个潮波的振幅与相位值替换全球海潮模型中对应的潮波值,进行海潮负荷效应改正,可减弱GPS长时间序列中的半周年信号。 相似文献
18.
针对现有地震预测研究中噪声特性分析研究较少,就较大地震对GPS时间序列噪声特性的影响进行分析.选取较大地震及相应的临近测站,将GPS时间序列按照时间跨度分为震前4～3 a、前3～2 a、前1～0 a、震后0～1 a、后1～2 a五个时段,分别求取各时段的谱指数,采用不同的噪声模型组合对它们进行噪声特性分析,然后对结果进... 相似文献
19.
Wavelet packets based denoising method for measurement domain repeat-time multipath filtering in GPS static high-precision positioning 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Lawrence Lau 《GPS Solutions》2017,21(2):461-474
Repeatable satellite orbits can be used for multipath mitigation in GPS-based deformation monitoring and other high-precision GPS applications that involve continuous observation with static antennas. Multipath signals at a static station repeat when the GPS constellation repeats given the same site environment. Repeat-time multipath filtering techniques need noise reduction methods to remove the white noise in carrier phase measurement residuals in order to retrieve the carrier phase multipath corrections for the next day. We propose a generic and robust three-level wavelet packets based denoising method for repeat-time-based carrier phase multipath filtering in relative positioning; the method does not need tuning to work with different data sets. The proposed denoising method is tested rigorously and compared with two other denoising methods. Three rooftop data sets collected at the University of Nottingham Ningbo China and two data sets collected at three Southern California Integrated GPS Network high-rate stations are used in the performance assessment. Test results of the wavelet packets denoising method are compared with the results of the resistor–capacitor (RC) low-pass filter and the single-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT) denoising method. Multipath mitigation efficiency in carrier phase measurement domain is shown by spectrum analysis of two selected satellites in two data sets. The positioning performance of the repeat-time-based multipath filtering techniques is assessed. The results show that the performance of the three noise reduction techniques is about 1–46 % improvement on positioning accuracy when compared with no multipath filtering. The statistical results show that the wavelet packets based denoising method is always better than the RC filter by 2–4 %, and better than the DWT method by 6–15 %. These results suggest that the proposed wavelet packets based denoising method is better than both the DWT method and the relatively simple RC low-pass filter for noise reduction in multipath filtering. However, the wavelet packets based denoising method is not significantly better than the RC filter. 相似文献
20.
Characterization of periodic variations in the GPS satellite clocks 总被引：11，自引：7，他引：4
The clock products of the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Service (IGS) are used to characterize
the timing performance of the GPS satellites. Using 5-min and 30-s observational samples and focusing only on the sub-daily
regime, approximate power-law stochastic processes are found. The Block IIA Rb and Cs clocks obey predominantly random walk
phase (or white frequency) noise processes. The Rb clocks are up to nearly an order of magnitude more stable and show a flicker
phase noise component over intervals shorter than about 100 s. Due to the onboard Time Keeping System in the newer Block IIR
and IIR-M satellites, their Rb clocks behave in a more complex way: as an apparent random walk phase process up to about 100 s
and then changing to flicker phase up to a few thousand seconds. Superposed on this random background, periodic signals have
been detected in all clock types at four harmonic frequencies, n × (2.0029 ± 0.0005) cycles per day (24 h coordinated universal time or UTC), for n = 1, 2, 3, and 4. The equivalent fundamental period is 11.9826 ± 0.0030 h, which surprisingly differs from the reported mean
GPS orbital period of 11.9659 ± 0.0007 h by 60 ± 11 s. We cannot account for this apparent discrepancy but note that a clear
relationship between the periodic signals and the orbital dynamics is evidenced for some satellites by modulations of the
spectral amplitudes with eclipse season. All four harmonics are much smaller for the IIR and IIR-M satellites than for the
older blocks. Awareness of the periodic variations can be used to improve the clock modeling, including for interpolation
of tabulated IGS products for higher-rate GPS positioning and for predictions in real-time applications. This is especially
true for high-accuracy uses, but could also benefit the standard GPS operational products. The observed stochastic properties
of each satellite clock type are used to estimate the growth of interpolation and prediction errors with time interval. 相似文献