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鸟类起源是物种起源中的重大且严肃的科学课题，本文从地层学、鸟类形态学及兽脚恐龙演化等方面分析了有关鸟类的演化特征，对中华龙鸟是鸟类的最早祖、鸟类起源问题已经解决的观点提出了不同看法，认为鸟为原起源演化课题仍需深入探索和研究。 相似文献
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鸟类是现生生物中最具特色的动物之一，以其发育了许多独特的形态特征区别于其他的现生生物，如羽毛、角质喙、中空的骨骼、叉骨、具龙骨突的胸骨、尾综骨、对握状的脚趾等等。长期来人们一直想知道鸟类究竟由哪一类生物演化发展而来。但苦于化石材料的贫乏，鸟类的起源问题一直是个令人头疼的迷团，困扰我们长达140多年。通过回顾自19世纪中期以来世界上各种鸟类起源假说，指出随着中国辽西中华龙鸟、原始祖鸟、尾羽鸟等珍稀化石的发现，国际鸟类起源问题已基本上得到解决。越来越多的人相信：鸟类是由恐龙变来的，现代的鸟类就是恐龙的后代，是长羽毛的“恐龙”。 相似文献
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近年，越来越多的化石证据表明：过去长期被认为只有鸟类才有的，并作为鸟类区别于其他脊椎动物的一些重要特征，如羽毛、叉骨、胸骨、尾综骨、前肢可折叠于体侧、眼眶与下颞孔相连的头骨及耻骨向侧后伸展的骨盆等，却也在1亿多年前的不少小型兽足类恐龙身上或多或少地存在。于是，越来越多的人们相信鸟类是从小型兽足类恐龙起源。但迄今发现的所有具鸟类特征的恐龙，在时间上却晚于或至多也只是接近目前公认的最早鸟类——晚侏罗世的始祖鸟，而原始鸟类双弓型头骨似乎在暗示：鸟类可能起源于比恐龙更古老的初龙类。这些都对鸟类起源于恐龙的假说提出了质疑。就目前的化石记录而言，鸟类和兽足类恐龙系统演化关系密切是毋庸质疑的。但由于至今未找到在时间上足以演化出鸟类的更古老近裔恐龙，因此还不能说恐龙就是鸟类的祖先。它们可能只是与原始鸟类平行独立发展的姊妹群，二者也许出自一个共同祖先。 相似文献
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中国发现世界上最原始的鸟类化石：华美金凤鸟（新属、新种） 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
始祖鸟的发现被认为是19世纪最重要的科学发现之一,迄今为止共发现了7枚保存骨骼、羽毛印痕的化石标本和1枚单根羽毛化石标本。由于始祖鸟既显示了明显的爬行动物的特征又保存了精美的羽毛,140多年来人们一直将其作为介于恐龙与鸟类之间的“中间环节”(“missing link”),但更倾向认为它是世界上最古老的鸟,或鸟类的始祖。由于始祖鸟化石稀少,加之地理分布十分局限,长期以来国际上一直围绕鸟类起源问题展开了激烈的争论,提出了各种各样的假说。直到20世纪90年代,在中国辽西晚中生代地层中发现了大量长羽毛的恐龙和原始鸟类化石,有力地支持了鸟类起源于小型兽脚类恐龙的学术观点,使赫 140多年前提出的“假说”成为当今国际科学界占主流地位的学说和理论,基本解决了长期困扰国际科学界的鸟类起源问题,遗憾的是,在过去的几年中,中国一直没有发现与德国始祖鸟十分接近或与德国始祖鸟处于同样进化水平的原始鸟类化石,这种缺憾使我们难以对鸟类定义问题进行深入的研究和探讨,2002年,笔者等在中国辽西早白垩世断层中发现了2种初鸟类化石,即中华神州鸟和东方吉祥鸟。通过比较解剖学研究和支序分析,这2种初鸟类要比始祖鸟略微进步一些,在研究鸟类的早期演化方面具有重要意义;但仍然难以对鸟类定义问题作进一步研究。本文首次报道了一件采自中国河北省丰宁县龙凤山桥头组的初鸟类化石——华美金凤鸟（新属、新种）(Jinfengopteryx elegans gen.et sp.nov),与其共生的化石有Lycoptera davidi,Peipiaosteus pani,yanosteus longidorsalis（鱼类）;Jibeinia luanhera,Protopteryx fengningensis(鸟类）;Ephemeropsis trisetalis(昆虫）及少量植物。支序分析表明,华美金凤鸟处于初鸟类谱系树的基部,比始祖鸟略微原始,与后者为姊妹群关系。奔龙等兽脚类恐龙是它们的外类群。金凤鸟、始祖鸟是中华神州鸟等原始鸟类的外类群。这说明华美金凤鸟处在恐龙向鸟类演化过程中一个非常关键的位置,是世界上迄今所发现的最原始的初鸟类。华美金凤鸟的发现在研究鸟类起源、恐龙-鸟类的系统关系等方面具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献
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近年来,在中国发现的大量“热河生物群“的化石标本支持了“鸟类的恐龙起源“说,表明飞行的鸟类是由两足行走的兽脚类恐龙演化而来,同时作为鸟类祖先的恐龙还生有四只翅膀,这类恐龙翅膀的功能还主要是用于滑翔,尚不能振翅高飞. 相似文献
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热河生物群重大研究进展综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
简要介绍了近五年来热河生物群研究的一些重大进展，讨论际该生物群中两栖类、长羽毛恐龙、哺乳类、被子植物等化石的一些重大发现与研究成果，指出热河生物群包含着鸟类真兽类、被子植物等重要生物门类起源的关键信息，最后讨论了热河生物群的地质时代及其争论焦点。 相似文献
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自侯连海先生1997年发表《中国中生代鸟类》专著以后,侯连海先生和他的合作者们又于2002年发表了《中国辽西中生代鸟类》(辽宁科学技术出版社)专著,继续总结关于中国中生代鸟类的研究成果,进一步推动了世界古鸟类学的发展,也使中国成为研究鸟类起源和早期演化的重要基地。该书对中国辽西地区发现的晚侏罗世—早白垩世孔子鸟类群和华夏鸟类群进行了系统研究和总结。全书共分七章:辽西鸟类化石产地(热河生物群)的地质年代;古生物学的重大发现———孔子鸟类群;世界早白垩世最大的鸟类群———华夏鸟类群:鸟类起源的研究与带毛的恐龙;鸟类飞行… 相似文献
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An Early Cretaceous Avialian Bird, Shenzhouraptor sinensis from Western Liaoning, China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Ji Qiang Ji Shu''an You Hailu Zhang Jianping Zhang Hongbin Zhang Nanjun Yuan Chongxi Ji XinxinDepartment of Earth Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing School of Earth Space Sciences Peking University Beijing China University of Geosciences Beijing China Dinosaur Park of Changzhou Changzhou Jiangsu 《《地质学报》英文版》2003,77(1):21-27
This paper describes an avialian bird from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Yixian county, western Liaoning, China, which is named as Shenzhouraptor sinensis by Ji et al. on July 15, 2002. Shenzhouraptor sinensis is characterized by no teeth in its mouth, the forelimbs longer than the hindlimbs, a long tail with more than 23 caudal vertebrae, U-shaped wishbone, and remiges longer than the total length of ulna and manus. It is certain that the new avialian bird is really capable of powerful flight, representing a missing link between theropod dinosaurs and birds. 相似文献
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华北东北部晚中生代陆相地层、生物群及其年代学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华北东北部晚中生代陆相地层十分发育,从下至上为九龙山组、髫髻山组、土城子组、张家口组、大北沟组、义县组和九佛堂组。它们主要的岩石组合为陆相火山岩熔岩、火山碎屑岩和间夹的河流-湖泊相沉积岩。九龙山组、髫髻山组（165-154 Ma）火山沉积岩系中发育以带毛恐龙（近鸟龙）、哺乳动物、翼龙和昆虫类等为代表的燕辽生物群（J2-J3）,晚侏罗世末期土城子组时期(154-139Ma)该生物群大多数生物属种消亡,并在早白垩世早期（张家口组、大北沟组、义县组和九佛堂组）(144-120Ma)萌生新的生物群-热河生物群（K1）,以恐龙、哺乳类、被子植物、鱼类和昆虫等为特征。中侏罗世-早白垩世燕辽生物群和热河生物群表现了明显的演化关系,响应着古环境变化与重大地质事件发生的复杂地球表层圈层作用。 相似文献
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位场反演计算的场比值法及在宽城地区磁异常解释中的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在磁异常的反演计算中, 为了避免由于选错了磁性体的形状而产生很大的误差, 前人已研究了多种所谓自动反演的计算方法。与传统的方法不同, 用这些方法, 可以同时确定磁性体的几何形状和埋藏深度等参数。但是前人研究的方法需要计算磁异常的三阶导数, 因此所受高频噪声干扰十分严重, 以至于影响到计算结果的可靠性。因此很难用到实际资料处理中。
本文提出的场比值法可以同时确定磁性体的形状和埋藏深度。场比值法通过场比值field-ratio来确定磁性体的形状, field-ratio的物理含义与Euler反褶积公式中的形状因子类似。场比值法的优点是在反演计算中只需要计算磁异常的一、二阶导数, 因此比前人的方法受高频随机干扰小, 可以用于实际资料的处理中。模型实验证明了场比值法的正确性, 在河北省宽城地区用场比值法对磁异常反演计算, 展示了方法的实用性。
关键词: 磁异常; 自动反演; 磁性体形状的判别 相似文献
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本文报道了浙江东阳发现的中国第2个翼龙足迹化石点, 也是亚洲发现的第8个翼龙足迹化石点。化石足迹产于晚白垩世早期方岩组的紫红色泥质粉砂岩中。发现有3个手的印迹和1个右足印。手的印迹的长宽分别为6.5 cm 和4cm. 非对称具有3个指的印迹。足迹9 cm长和1.5 cm宽。该足迹不同于以前发现的, 可能代表一新的类型。除了翼龙足迹外, 还发现鸟类、小型兽脚类、鸟脚类及蜥脚类脚印, 形成一个丰富的动物群, 它的发现为研究该地区的古生态环境及古地理具有重要意义。同时为以后在该地区发现这些造迹动物的骨骼化石提供了重要依据。 相似文献
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辽西凌源全身长有羽毛奔龙化石的再研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
对辽西凌源发现的全身长有羽毛的奔龙化石 (NGMC91) (Ji等 ,2 0 0 1)进行了再研究。根据头颅和头后骨骼的特征 ,其应归于中国鸟龙属 (SinornithosaurusXuetal.,1999)。由于研究的材料是一块处于非成年期的标本 ,虽然其有些特征明显与千禧中国鸟龙有别 ,但仍难以确定这些差异是否受个体发育的影响。因此 ,文中仍将其作为未定种 ,置于中国鸟龙属中。此外 ,文章还简要讨论了羽毛的发生和早期演化 ,认为羽毛出现的初始功能就是为了保持体温 ,与后期的飞行功能无关 相似文献
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Huaqing area is an important area for oil and gas exploration and development in the Ordos Basin, within which, the Chang 9 oil group of Triassic Yanchang Formation is one of the main intervals for exploration and development (Zhang et al., 2011). Fluid inclusions record abundant oil and gas accumulation information and important oil and gas migration and accumulation history information(Parnell et al., 1998; Parnell, 2010; Jiang et al., 2018). The occurrence, distribution and intersection of the fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals were observed under microscope. The accurate formation periods of inclusions are key to determine hydrocarbon accumulation periods (Burrus et al., 1985; Zhou et al., 2000; Zhao, 2002). In addition, the fluorescence color and brightness of organic inclusions observed by fluorescence microscopy could be used to roughly identify the oil and gas evolution stages (Zhang et al., 2010). Therefore, the occurrence, distribution and fluorescence characteristics of oil and gas inclusions were important evidence for judging the hydrocarbon accumulation periods. The fluid inclusions in sandstone reservoirs of Chang 9 oil group in Huaqing Area were observed in detail, and the observation results revealed that fluid inclusions were widespread in Chang 9 sandstone and exhibited various types. Through comprehensive analyses, it was considered that the fluid inclusions in Chang 9 sandstone reservoirs indicated three hydrocarbon accumulation periods. 相似文献
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Guanling Biota: A Marker of Triassic Biotic Recovery from the end-Permian Extinction in the Ancient Guizhou Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
After a slow recovery from the end-Permian extinction during the Early Triassic and rapid radiation in the Middle Triassic, evolution of organisms reached a new peak phase in the Late Triassic. The Guanling Biota from the Wayao Member （conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis Zone）, Falang Formation, Xinpu, Guanling County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China corresponds to this peak that marks the full recovery from the end-Permian extinction of marine ecosystems. The biota is of high diversity, containing well preserved and completely articulated skeletons of vertebrates comprising marine reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates including crinoids, ammonites, bivalves, and other fossils, and is one of the best examples of marine ecosystem records in life history. The fossil marine reptiles and crinoids are most significant in this biota, especially the marine reptiles, which provide an important link between the Triassic Pacific and Tethys, and between Triassic basal forms and the Jurassic-Cretaceous marine top predators. The most remarkable fossils are the large completely articulated ichthyosaur skeletons up to and more than 10 m, and the first recorded thalattosaurs and placodonts in China. Following our review, of the 17 named reptilian taxa the eight listed here are considered to be valid： three ichthyosaurs （Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999; Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000, Guanlingsaurus liangae Yin in Yin et al., 2000）, three thalattosaurs （Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis Liu, 1999, Xinpusaurus suni Yin in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus kohi Jiang et al., 2004）, and two placodonts （Sinocyamodus xinpuensis Li, 2000, Psephochelys polyosteoderma Li and Rieppel, 2002）. Mixosaurus guanlingensis Cao in Yin et al., 2000 might be a junior synonym of Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999, and Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li and You, 2002 and Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen and Cheng, 2003 might be junior synonyms of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000. It needs to re-describe the holotypes after a complete preparation for clarifying the taxonomic status of Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae Yu in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus bamaolinensis Cheng, 2003, Neosinosaurus hoangi （Zhou in Yin et al., 2000）, Wayaosaurus geei Zhou in Yin et al., 2000, Wayaosaurus bellus Zhou in Yin et al., 2000 and Placochelys ？ minutus Yin and Luo in Yin et al., 2000. 相似文献
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M. G. Leonov Yu. G. Tsekhovskii E. S. Przhiyalgovskii A. V. Poleshchuk E. V. Lavrushina 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2014,49(2):184-200
Clastogenic rocks spatially associated with granite massifs have been reported in the geological literature from different regions: Caucasus (Leonov, 1974, 1991), Urals (Puchkov, 1968), Kazakhstan (Svarichevskaya and Skublova, 1973), Transbaikal region (Leonov, 2008; Lobanov et al., 1991), Tien Shan (Leonov et al., 2008), North America (Beroush, 1991; Lukin, 1989, 2007; Pippin, 1973). In some places, they represent crushed rocks of indigenous massifs. In other places, they make up accumulations and aprons of clastic products of the granitic composition both on the surface and beneath the sedimentary cover. In the first communication (Leonov et al., 2014) devoted to the origin of granite clastites, we examined specific features of the structure and evolution of granite bodies at the posthumous development stage, i.e., after cooling and introduction into the consolidated layer of the Earth’s crust. It was shown that such rocks are formed at least due to two main processes: supergene1 (chemical and physical weathering) and tectonic (prototectonics and posthumous disintegration). Although the rocks are highly similar in composition, structure, and bedding conditions, they are marked by several specific features described in the first communication that provide insight into their genetic nature. However, the problem of morphostructural characteristics and genetic interpretation of granite clastites cannot be closed here. Reconstruction of the “primary” origin of clastic granitic bodies in some, far from single, cases is complicated by the following fact: the exhumed massifs of tectonically disintegrated granitoids undergo supergene transformations, while sediments in the weathering crust are involved in tectonic reworking. Thus, clastites can be formed in several stages with different successions of events: supergene processes (formation of the weathering crust) can precede the tectonic reworking of rocks or succeed the formation of tectonomixtites. Determination of diagnostic properties of genetically different clastic rocks and stages of their lithostructural alteration is important for solving the issues of regional geology, development of methods for the study of genetically complex sequences, as well as paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstructions. This problem acquires a specific importance because of two circumstances: first, its solution is at the intersection of two geological disciplines (lithology and tectonics); second, granitic clastite bodies often represent commercial hydrocarbon reservoirs (Areshev et al., 1997; Gavrilov, 2000; Izotov et al., 2003; Lobanov et al., 1991; Lobusev et al., 2002; Lukin, 2007; Martynova, 2002; Pippin, 1973; Sitdikova and Izotov, 2002). Let us discuss two scenarios of the succession of events: scenario 1—“tectonic mixtite” → “supergene reworking”; scenario 2—“weathering crust” → “tectonic reworking”. All other versions are combinations of these two types. 相似文献
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BAO Houyin LI Zhenglin LIU Xijun SUO Mengyin ZHAO Yinqiang ZHAO Yunbiao QI Junda 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(Z2):7-8
Orientale size craters are not recognized on Earth nor expected for Phanerozoic and Proterozoic eons from conventional crater size frequency distributions (Ivanov et al., 2002). Here suggested are three such Phanerozoic craters, modified by plate tectonics, and tentatively correlated with extinction and “ophiolite obduction” events. Hypothesis testing is proposed and plate tectonics implications are discussed. Such basins might manifest:
- circular to elliptical rims (or rim segments), with exposed lithospheric mantle, as strain markers for plate boundary motion;
- thick ejecta near rim expressed as “ophiolitic melange”;
- power law decay of ejecta thickness with radial distance from rim (McGetchin et al., 1973) and/or systematic azimuthal variation of ejecta thickness for low angle impacts (Schultz, 1999);
- weathering resistant shocked mantle minerals (Bohor et al., 1990) in ejecta;? global spherule layer with PGE anomalies (Alvarez et al., 1980);
- rim structures consistent with cratering mechanics (Melosh, 1989; Kenkmann, 2014);
- impact melt basement (Grieve et al., 1992; Pierazzo et al. 2000) recording uniform cooling age and Earth's magnetic polarity of the time. Tentatively suggested Phanerozoic impact basins:
- Yucatan Basin: Greater Antilles ophiolite rim – KPg Boundary? Maastrichtian ophiolite obduction in southeast Cuba (Iturralde‐Vinent et al., 2006).
- Sulu Sea Basin: Palawan, Sabah etc. ophiolite rim – Middle Miocene Disruption? MM ophiolitic mélange emplacement in Sabah (Clennell, 1991).
- Loyalty Basin: New Caledonia ophiolite and d'Entrecasteaux ridge rim – EO Boundary? EO ophiolite obduction in New Caledonia (Cluzel et al., 2012).
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On the tectonic evolution of the mainland South-east Asia, researchers pay more attention to the Chiang Mae and Nan belts. Investigation on the Loei Belt is usually ignored. Therefore, there are different opinions about its naming and evolution: Loei Fold-belt located at the western margin of the Indochina Block during the Late Paleozoic and Triassic (Bunopas, 1981; Man-tajit, 1999), Petchabun Fold-belt between the Khao Khwang and Pha Nok Khao carbonate plateforms dur-ing the Carboniferous and Permian (Helmcke, 1983, 1986; Altermann, 1989, 1991), Loei Suture Zone be-tween the Nakhon Thai and Indochina blocks during the Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic (Charusiri et al., 1997, 2002; Chutakositkanon et al., 1997, 1999) 相似文献