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1.
Fracture identification is important for the evaluation of carbonate reservoirs. However, conventional logging equipment has small depth of investigation and cannot detect rock fractures more than three meters away from the borehole. Remote acoustic logging uses phase-controlled array-transmitting and long sound probes that increase the depth of investigation. The interpretation of logging data with respect to fractures is typically guided by practical experience rather than theory and is often ambiguous. We use remote acoustic reflection logging data and high-order finite-difference approximations in the forward modeling and prestack reverse-time migration to image fractures. First, we perform forward modeling of the fracture responses as a function of the fracture–borehole wall distance, aperture, and dip angle. Second, we extract the energy intensity within the imaging area to determine whether the fracture can be identified as the formation velocity is varied. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the fracture–borehole distance, fracture aperture, and dip angle on fracture identification. 相似文献
2.
Sung‐Hoon Ji Yong‐Kwon Koh Kristopher L. Kuhlman Moo Yul Lee Jong Won Choi 《Ground water》2013,51(2):298-304
In a series of field experiments, we evaluate the influence of a small water pressure change on fracture aperture during a hydraulic test. An experimental borehole is instrumented at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) Underground Research Tunnel (KURT). The target fracture for testing was found from the analyses of borehole logging and hydraulic tests. A double packer system was developed and installed in the test borehole to directly observe the aperture change due to water pressure change. Using this packer system, both aperture and flow rate are directly observed under various water pressures. Results indicate a slight change in fracture hydraulic head leads to an observable change in aperture. This suggests that aperture change should be considered when analyzing hydraulic test data from a sparsely fractured rock aquifer. 相似文献
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为研究井周裂缝发育特征,本文提出一种新型方位侧向测井方法,利用三维有限元法,模拟裂缝的方位侧向测井响应.结果显示,深浅侧向电阻率幅度差异受裂缝倾角的控制,低角度缝为负差异,高角度缝为正差异;倾斜裂缝张开度的增大使测井响应值减小,方位电阻率差异增大;井周方位电阻率可反映裂缝方位产状,单一缝或裂缝密度较小时,沿裂缝走向的方位电阻率小,沿裂缝倾向的方位电阻率大;裂缝发育地层的测井响应显示宏观各向异性特征,但方位电阻率的差异显示发生反转现象,即沿裂缝走向/层理方向的方位电阻率大,沿裂缝倾向/垂直层理方向的方位电阻率小;对方位电阻率测井响应进行井周成像,直观显示了裂缝的产状和发育特征. 相似文献
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对于裂缝、溶蚀孔洞发育的碳酸盐岩缝洞储层,如何从测井资料中提取裂缝、溶蚀孔洞信息是评价储层有效性的关键问题.为了从电成像测井静态图像上准确地分割出清晰的裂缝、溶蚀孔洞子图像进而提取其参数信息,本文提出了一种基于小波变换模极大值图像分割技术的电成像测井资料缝洞面孔率提取方法.以钮扣电极电导率曲线为对象,先消除井壁凹凸不平导致的地层背景噪声的影响,利用小波变换模极大值图像分割方法得到包含裂缝和溶蚀孔洞目标的子图像,根据子图像提取裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率等信息.本文利用塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层的电成像测井数据提取了缝洞面孔率参数,还利用同井岩心CT扫描图像计算的平均缝洞面孔率、双侧向电阻率、常规测井资料三孔隙度模型计算的相对连通缝洞孔隙度进行了对比,并进行了试油验证.对比表明,电成像测井裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率与岩心CT扫描图像平均缝洞面孔率、双侧向电阻率、相对连通缝洞孔隙度、试油结果均有较好的一致性.这一方面验证了采用本文方法提取的裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率的合理性,另一方面表明所提取参数可用于指示缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的渗透性和有效性. 相似文献
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Estimation of the apertures of water-saturated fractures by nuclear magnetic resonance well logging 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Fracture aperture is an important transport property in subsurface hydrology because it influences well productivity and the volume of the water resource. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) well logging measures the hydrogen‐bearing fluid molecules in porous or fractured strata, and the NMR signal intensity increases with the amount of fluid in the sensed region of the NMR sonde. Fluid confined in a large fracture of >>0.2 mm in aperture has T2 (i.e. spin‐spin relaxation time) values as long as those of the bulk fluid. The bulk‐fluid porosity (i.e. porosity calculated using this long T2 component in a T2 histogram data) increases linearly with aperture. Therefore, NMR logging enables quantitative estimation of fracture apertures of >>0.2 mm using the bulk‐fluid porosity data if the calibration of the NMR sonde is performed adequately. We applied NMR logging to a borehole in a Holocene andesite lava at Sumikawa, Japan, to estimate the aperture of open fractures within the lava. A test well of 100 m depth and 20 cm diameter, filled with bentonite drilling mud, was scanned with an NMR sonde to obtain a profile of the porosity and the T2 histogram of the andesite. The bulk‐fluid porosity was calculated from the T2 histogram data, as the porosity at which the T2 value is larger than or equal to a threshold T2 of bulk bentonite mud. The bulk‐fluid porosity of a specific inclined fracture responsible for the total loss of circulation at 61.2 m depth during drilling was calculated assuming a threshold or T2 cut‐off of 33 ms, and again for a cut‐off of 100 ms. Calibration of the NMR sensor in a laboratory and measurement of the fracture dip angle by electrical microimaging logging enabled us to estimate the fracture aperture as 1.7 cm, assuming a T2 cut‐off of 33 ms, or 1.6 cm for a T2 cut‐off of 100 ms. The method of aperture determination described in this study is independent of fluid species and lithology, and is applicable to various hydrogen‐bearing borehole fluids (clean water, mud and oil) and geological settings. 相似文献
6.
针对声电效应测井问题，提出了一种全波列数值模拟方法.该方法忽略声电效应测井 时转换电场对声场的影响,并将电场视为似稳场.采用点声源模型，依据Biot理论得出了井外 孔隙介质声场的表达式，运用这些表达式和似稳电场近似方法，导出了声电效应测井时转换 电场的计算公式.在计算出的转换电场波形中，有伴随斯通利波的电场、伴随纵波和横波的 电场、和临界折射电磁波场.在25kHz以下的频率范围内，依据这种方法计算出来的声电转换 波波形与依据完整Pride理论计算的波形一致. 相似文献
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Signatures in flowing fluid electric conductivity logs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Flowing fluid electric conductivity logging provides a means to determine hydrologic properties of fractures, fracture zones, or other permeable layers intersecting a borehole in saturated rock. The method involves analyzing the time-evolution of fluid electric conductivity (FEC) logs obtained while the well is being pumped and yields information on the location, hydraulic transmissivity, and salinity of permeable layers. The original analysis method was restricted to the case in which flows from the permeable layers or fractures were directed into the borehole (inflow). Recently, the method was adapted to permit treatment of both inflow and outflow, including analysis of natural regional flow in the permeable layer. A numerical model simulates flow and transport in the wellbore during flowing FEC logging, and fracture properties are determined by optimizing the match between simulation results and observed FEC logs. This can be a laborious trial-and-error procedure, especially when both inflow and outflow points are present. Improved analyses methods are needed. One possible tactic would be to develop an automated inverse method, but this paper takes a more elementary approach and focuses on identifying the signatures that various inflow and outflow features create in flowing FEC logs. The physical insight obtained provides a basis for more efficient analysis of these logs, both for the present trial and error approach and for a potential future automated inverse approach. Inflow points produce distinctive signatures in the FEC logs themselves, enabling the determination of location, inflow rate, and ion concentration. Identifying outflow locations and flow rates typically requires a more complicated integral method, which is also presented in this paper. 相似文献
9.
本文将应用2.5维数值模式匹配算法研究建立柱状横向同性地层中偏心条件下磁流源并矢Green函数的高效算法,并利用该算法高效计算多分量阵列感应井眼校正库.首先,通过Fourier展开技术将偏心条件下磁流源并矢Green函数的数值模拟转化为一系列的轴对称问题;然后利用模式匹配算法求解轴对称问题,得到柱状介质中偏心条件下磁流源并矢Green函数的半解析解;最后,结合中国石油集团测井有限公司开发的三维感应测井仪器(TDIT)的结构参数,推导出复合线圈系视电导率张量的计算公式.在此基础上,根据井场实际地层资料归纳出理论地层模型相应参数的变化范围,高效高精度建立一套直接应用于工业生产的多分量阵列感应井眼校正库,并利用井眼校正库详细地分析考察各模型参数对TDIT响应的影响. 相似文献
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震电测井的现场试验中测得电磁首波幅值大于伴随电场幅值,这种情况在前人的理论模拟和模型井测量中从未出现.本文研究矿化度界面对震电测井波场的影响,基于Pride方程和边界连续条件模拟了震电测井波场,其中井外孔隙地层可以视为均匀的或者是径向分层的.计算结果表明:对于均匀孔隙地层,当井内流体矿化度大于井外地层孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;井内流体矿化度与井外地层孔隙流体矿化度的比值越大,电磁首波相对伴随斯通利波的电场的幅值越大.对于径向分层地层,当井内流体矿化度大于内层地层的孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;当外层地层矿化度小于内层地层矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;增加内层地层厚度,电场全波幅值减小,电磁首波相对伴随电场的幅值减小.本文的模拟结果表明,震电测井中确实会出现电磁首波幅值比伴随电场幅值还大的情况,这对于解释震电测井的测量结果具有指导意义. 相似文献
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三维感应测井受井眼环境影响很大,如何消除这些不利影响是有效获取各向异性地层电导率真值并提高资料处理和解释质量的一项重要工作.本文以一维柱状各向异性地层模型为基础,通过最小平方反演技术从实际测量资料中快速反演井径、偏心距、泥浆电导率、地层水平电导率和各向异性系数等模型参数,设法减小井眼环境对测量结果的影响.首先,利用仪器偏心情况下不同旋转角电导率张量的关系方程,建立旋转角提取与校正方法,获取无旋转角三维感应测井数据.在此基础上,根据事先计算好的井眼校正库并结合多维非线性有限元逼近技术,建立快速计算三维感应测井响应以及Jacobi导数矩阵的插值公式,并利用自适应正则化迭代反演技术不断修改模型参数,实现理论合成资料与输入资料的最佳拟合.最后,通过反演出的模型参数计算三维感应测井资料所有分量的校正量,实现三维感应资料的井眼校正.理论模型和实际资料的处理结果均证实,在低阻井眼泥浆情况下,一维柱状模型中的反演方法仍然可以提取出较可靠的地层水平和垂直电导率,且井眼环境校正对于受井眼环境影响相对较小的测井曲线具有非常好的校正效果. 相似文献
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基岩油气藏裂缝性储层具有复杂的储集空间和储层非均质性,为了实现对基岩油气藏储层的精细评价,以地层微电阻率扫描成像测井和井周声波成像测井资料为核心,通过岩心资料标定,结合录井、常规测井、试油、地质等实际资料,系统建立了基岩油气藏变质岩储层的成像测井解释模式.根据成像测井模式的识别实现了对基岩油气藏特征的认识、准确的裂缝分析和现今地应力场分析.分析结果表明,研究区基底变质岩地层中基本以基岩内幕油气藏为主;裂缝以中高角度缝、网状裂缝为主,其主要走向与井旁断层走向大致平行,属纵裂缝;裂缝主要发育在东西两侧靠近断层、近源的构造陡坡上;现今最大水平主应力方向主要呈NE-SW和NEE-SWW.成像测井解释结果与地质情况吻合较好. 相似文献
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Geophysical well logging has been applied for fracture characterization in crystalline terrains by physical properties measurements and borehole wall imaging. Some of these methods can be applied to monitor pumping tests to identify fractures contributing to groundwater flow and, with this, determine hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity along the well. We present a procedure to identify fractures contributing to groundwater flow using spontaneous potential measurements generated by electrokinetic processes when the borehole water head is lowered and then monitored while recovering. The electrokinetic model for flow through a tabular gap is used to interpret the measured data and determine the water head difference that drives the flow through the fracture. We present preliminary results at a test site in crystalline rocks on the campus of the University of São Paulo. 相似文献
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《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,(Z2)
Studying the response differences between neutron and density logging of gas reservoir for well-balanced and under-balanced logging will be of significance in evaluation of gas reservoir under the under-balanced condition and application of logging data. With Monte Carlo simulation technique,the paper obtains the relationship between neutron and density logging measurement and borehole di-ameter,porosity or gas saturation for well-balanced and under-balanced logging. The conclusions show that the response trend of under-balanced logging to gas reservoirs agrees with that of well-balanced logging with small borehole,and under-balanced logging data can be used usually as well-balanced logging data. When borehole diameter is large,under-balanced logging data should be corrected for the influences of borehole. 相似文献
16.
以水平裂缝分布的孔隙介质模型为基础,建立了水平裂缝面的平行裂缝分布和带粗糙表面的点接触裂缝模型,导出了两类裂缝模型的水平和垂直电阻率响应关系,分析了两类裂缝模型在没有围压和存在围压条件下的水平电阻率、垂直电阻率变化规律和电各向异性系数的变化特征.讨论了裂缝开度、裂缝密度和裂缝粗糙度等裂缝特征参数对裂缝性储层电各向异性的影响.为简化讨论,所有电性响应特征的分析都忽略了裂缝和孔隙表面的导电性和极化的影响.利用平行分布水平裂缝面模型和带粗糙面的裂缝模型,考察了围压条件下的裂缝性岩石的电各向异性响应特征,得到了对实际应用有意义的结果. 相似文献
17.
Numerical Study on Behavior of Groundwater Flow in Single Rough Fractures Under Mechanical Effect 
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下载免费PDF全文 Woochang Jeong 《Ground water》2017,55(1):38-50
This paper numerically investigates the characteristics of groundwater flow in spatially correlated variable aperture fractures under the mechanical effect. Spatially correlated aperture distributions are generated using the geostatistical method (i.e., turning bands algorithm in this study). To represent a nonlinear relationship between the effective normal stress and the fracture aperture, a simple mechanical formula is combined with a local flow model. Numerical results indicate that the groundwater flow is significantly affected by the geometry of aperture distribution, varying with the applied effective normal stress as well as the spatial correlation length of aperture distribution. Moreover, using the flow results simulated in this study, two empirical formulae are proposed: (1) the first one (modified Louis formula) is to represent the relationship between the effective normal stress and the effective permeability of fracture and (2) the second one is to represent the relationship between relative roughness and effective permeability. 相似文献
18.
陈华北 《CT理论与应用研究》2018,27(5):627-633
声波电视是利用声波走时和振幅参数进行钻孔壁成像的一种地球物理测井系统。由于采用数字技术和配置功能完善的软件,系统具有图像分辨率高、测井速度快、可在混浊的井液中工作、数据处理和分析过程相对简单的特性,是研究岩层结构面的有效手段。在刚果（金）某铜钴矿岩体稳定性评价中,采用声波测井方法,获取岩体的优势结构面,为确定采坑边坡角、岩体抗剪强度指标提供了可靠数据。本文介绍RG声波电视测井的原理及方法,以DK02孔为例,对所揭露岩层结构面、裂隙发育信息进行分析。工程实践说明,声波井下电视在进行深部岩体的原位勘察方面具有明显优势。 相似文献
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井中声激发极化效应研究是实现声激发极化测井实用化的技术基础,实质上是声波在双相孔隙介质中向电磁波的转化,其结果就是形成井中声电转换波场,最终表现为井中声场辐射能向电磁场能的转化.通过对双相孔隙介质中声激发极化过程声电转换波场能量的理论分析,研究了井中声电转换波场能量的总体构成,提出了井中低频声激发极化电场电能体密度的概念,并推导出具体表达式.通过采用实际地层参数模型进行井中低频声激发极化电场的模拟计算得到了井中低频声激发极化过程中电能体密度与声波频率与地层参数的相关关系. 相似文献
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过套管电阻率测井是在金属套管井中测量地层电阻率的一种电法测井技术,其测量结果受套管、层厚/围岩、水泥环等井眼环境因素的影响,所以在进行过套管电阻率测井资料解释时必须进行测井环境影响因素校正.本文在论述过套管电阻率测井原理的基础上,针对大庆油田引进的俄罗斯过套管电阻率测井仪器ECOS,分别考察了层厚/围岩、水泥环对测量结果的响应规律,利用正演模拟方法研制完成了层厚/围岩影响校正图版以及水泥环影响校正图版.在计算机上实现了层厚/围岩、水泥环影响校正的算法,并利用模型算例和测井实例验证了本文方法的合理性.该方法能够减少水泥环的影响,提高层厚小于1.0 m薄层电阻率的测量精度,为过套管电阻率测井资料正确解释提供了保障. 相似文献