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1.
Hittelman Allen M. Lockridge Patricia A. Whiteside Lowell S. Lander James F. 《Natural Hazards》2001,23(2-3):315-338
The primary use of the natural hazards data archived at the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and co-located World Data Center for Solid Earth Geophysics (WDC for SEG) is for the mitigation of future disasters. Among the responsibilities of NGDC/WDC for SEG is archiving and disseminating hazards data to city planners, educators, engineers and others engaged in mitigation efforts (approximately 150,000 users per week on our web site). Therefore, it is the purpose of this paper to educate the hazards' community about some of the limitations of these data. It is hoped that enlightened users would have a greater appreciation of data errors and possible sources of misinterpretation of the data.Personnel at NGDC/WDC for SEG are in a unique position to discuss the limitations of hazards data since we compile data from original and secondary sources. We are also in direct contact with the data users and know the applications that they make of hazard data, and the misjudgments that often occur when data limitations are not known.Most hazard catalogs cover periods of less than 200 years and are reasonably complete and accurate for only the past 20 to 50 years. Such catalogs are not sufficient to investigate long term hazard variations. Earthquake, tsunami, and volcano data catalogs, acquired and integrated at NGDC/WDC for SEG, illustrate artificial long-term variations created by cultural and scientific reporting changes, which can introduce unanticipated non-random variations into the catalogs. Inconsistencies are often related to changes in the way magnitudes are calculated, evolving network equipment, and network discontinuities of operation and personnel, among other error sources.Before statistical hazard studies can be done, catalogs need to be clearly understood to identify systematic patterns of an observational nature. 相似文献
2.
Kristen M. Tappenden 《Natural Hazards》2014,72(2):481-501
This paper examines the public involvement processes contained within the Landslide Management Strategy for the District of North Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada. Following a fatal landslide in the Berkley neighborhood in 2005, the District of North Vancouver convened a community-based Natural Hazards task force to establish risk-tolerance criteria for natural hazards. This paper describes the community task force approach and evaluates it against four criteria for successful public involvement: representative participation; early involvement; information availability; and impact on policy. It is identified that the District could have incorporated a broader understanding of risk, allowing public perspectives to influence the initial framing of the risk issue before charging the Natural Hazards task force to arrive at quantitative risk-tolerance criteria. The District could also have sought to engage a somewhat more representative portion of the population to serve on the Natural Hazards task force, seeking to incorporate a broader set of public values and types of knowledge. Notwithstanding, the Natural Hazards task force successfully utilized social, legal, and scientific information for informed decision-making, and their recommended risk-tolerance criteria were enacted into policy by the District of North Vancouver as a result of the process. The paper also investigates the District’s ongoing public involvement and education efforts with respect to landslide risks, considering information accessibility and its usefulness for increasing individual capacity and community resilience. Overall, the District’s ongoing, dynamic approach to risk management promises to empower individuals and foster resilient communities in the aftermath of the tragic Berkley landslide. 相似文献
3.
China has experienced considerable migration from inland to coastal areas since the reforms of 1978, with migrants becoming
an important population in many coastal cities. Compared with non-migrants (long-term residents), migrant vulnerability to
typhoons is considered high due to limited access to job opportunities, social security, information, and other resources;
however, there is no research on vulnerability of this population sector to natural hazards. This initial study analysed the
perceptions and personal experiences of migrants living in Shanghai of typhoon hazards. During May 2010, empirical data were
collected using an online questionnaire and face–face interviews. Response data indicated that risk knowledge of migrants
was significantly lower than among non- migrants; differing risk perceptions between the groups were consistent with levels
of personal typhoon experience; statistically significant differences in hazard knowledge within the sample also related to
education and occupation; a variety of strategies to cope with typhoon hazards was being applied by residential committees;
and that migrants were not generally recognised as a vulnerable group requiring special consideration in hazard risk management.
To reduce the vulnerability of migrants to typhoons, we recommend expanding the range of accessible communication technologies
distributing warning information; organising more educational and training programmes, at government and corporate level,
to increase community awareness of natural hazards; encouraging local residential committees to promote social networks and
engagement for migrants; and providing corporate incentives to develop insurances specifically for migrant needs. Further
research is necessary to assess the differences in vulnerability between different types of migrants. 相似文献
4.
This study is part of the hazards mitigation education program “research on teaching resources development and curriculum
promotion on natural hazards mitigation at high school level.” This study demonstrated the implementation of a newly developed
earth science curriculum module of typhoon hazards mitigation in a 10th grade high school classroom in Taiwan. The curriculum
module design is a response to the calls for better natural hazards mitigation education in the school systems in Taiwan.
Findings show that the curriculum module has resulted in the positive learning outcomes in both students’ learning achievement
and attitude toward typhoon hazards mitigation. Findings also suggest that group discussion activities could enhance students’
thinking and experience sharing on the perceptions about typhoon hazards preparedness and mitigation. This study suggests
that the hazards mitigation curriculum module to be added as a topic in the national high school curriculum guidelines. 相似文献
5.
Carlos Moreira Souza Jr. Kátia Pereira Victor Lins Sanae Haiashy Daniel Souza 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(4):205-215
A web GIS (WGIS) system for the Brazilian Amazon, named ImazonGeo and based on open source and public domain data, is presented.
ImazonGeo was built following three principles. First, the system is based on Spatial Data Infrastructure architecture and
web interface built using free software and public domain data. Second, we went beyond visualization of maps and spatial queries
by providing information obtained with spatial analysis models. To do that, we designed a database that stores the results
of previously defined spatial analyses and developed customized reports and query tools to facilitate fast access of information
by end-users. Finally, the system is application-oriented in the areas of forest monitoring, conservation and forest law enforcement,
meaning that it aims to contribute to support the protection of Brazilian Amazon forests. We illustrate these principles by
presenting ImazonGeo’s technology, architecture, content and tools. Moreover, we present two successful cases to demonstrate
how the system is being used. We conclude the paper discussing the challenges and potential solutions to turning our WGIS-SDI
system into an internet hub of geo-information about the Brazilian Amazon. 相似文献
6.
Castañeda Javiera V. Bronfman Nicolás C. Cisternas Pamela C. Repetto Paula B. 《Natural Hazards》2020,103(2):1881-1904
Natural Hazards - Understanding the culture of preparedness is essential to improve public policies and programs aimed to promote population preparedness to cope with natural hazards. The present... 相似文献
7.
Hsien-Tang Tsai Cheng-Jui Tseng Shian-Yang Tzeng Tung-Ju Wu Jen-der Day 《Natural Hazards》2012,62(1):83-91
Typhoon Morakot hit Taiwan in 2009, severely damaging the Alishan National Forest Recreation Area, a famous tourist resort
in Taiwan. The only highway to this area was under repair for 10 months after the typhoon. Consequently, Alishan’s tourism
industry suffered losses estimated at NT$1 billion. This work investigates the impacts of natural hazards on Taiwan’s tourism
industry. First, government, university, and industry experts were invited to a focus-group interview to update criteria for
tourism development in Taiwan. Next, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to rank the proposed criteria. Last,
two tourist attractions, one urban and one rural, are discussed in detail. This work proposes three novel dimensions for Taiwan’s
tourism development—destination attraction, destination arrangement, and contingency planning for natural hazards—which comprise
nine criteria. Analytical results will provide Taiwan’s tourism industry with references for future policy-making and sustainable
development. 相似文献
8.
9.
Li Junli Wu Wenjun Ye Xinxin Jiang Hao Gan Ruijie Wu Heli He Jinglei Jiang Yuelin 《Natural Hazards》2019,95(3):677-720
Natural Hazards - China is a country where the agricultural areas are frequently affected by natural hazards, and comprehending the change trends of natural hazards is of great significance to... 相似文献
10.
Youth gambling has become an important public health issue in Canada and elsewhere owing to the known associations between
gambling and delinquency, family dysfunction and suicide. Modern electronic and virtual gambling activities like video lottery
terminals (VLTs) may have particular appeal to youth who have been raised in social environments that are increasingly dependent
on information and communication technologies. The main objective of the study was to explore why youth gamble and what makes
gambling activities like VLTs popular to youth in the places where youth live, study and play. The research is framed within
a population health perspective that recognizes the role of social and physical environments in influencing health-related
behaviours. Group discussions were conducted with youth to explore the popularity and appeal of gambling and VLTs, and how
gambling fits into the daily routines of youth and the spaces they occupy. Methodologically, this research was conscious of
responding to calls in the literature to analyze focus groups as an interactive group process rather a collection of individual
responses, and to exercise analytic rigour by explicitly making the research team’s positionality and the data collection
process transparent. Group discussions revealed gender differences in the appeal of particular gambling activities with young
males being more likely to discuss poker, dice, sports-betting and online gambling as exciting social activities, while females
described lottery and scratch (instant win) tickets as fun solitary activities. Substantive results point to the need for
interventions to address social aspects of gambling that appeal, in particular, to young males potentially through increased
provision of healthier alternatives to social engagement and greater attention to young people’s use of space. 相似文献
11.
Natural Hazards - Building damage probabilities are invaluable for assessing short-term losses from natural hazards. In many countries however, the individual building level data required for... 相似文献
12.
As the collection of Earth science datasets continues to grow, so too grows the challenge in the ability to collect, interpret,
assimilate, compare, and combine them. Stores of data, already enormous, continue to amass. New instruments are built that
introduce differences in measurements and retrieval algorithms from previous ones. Data are rarely collocated either spatially
or temporally, and rarely represent equivalent quantities even for similarly named parameters. Uncertainties must be understood
and accounted for. Formats differ. In the realm of diverse data sources, the analyst each time must become an expert in the
data from each source, and that expertise is disseminated in the form of publications (if at all), but analysis tools are
not, and must be continually redeveloped. AMAPS addresses each of these areas in a way that provides a breakthrough in the
analyst’s ability to efficiently and effectively make use of the vast wealth of data that continues to accumulate. AMAPS is
targeted to aerosol data acquisition and analysis. Data from disparate aerosol sources, including the Multi-angle Imaging
SpectroRadiometer (MISR), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), and the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET),
are efficiently retrieved and transformed behind the scenes to a common format via SciFlo. Analysis algorithms for collocation
and comparison between sources are generalized so that researchers have access to a common set of tools applied consistently
to each data source. AMAPS has established a successful track record in supporting scientific research. 相似文献
13.
David Morrill Anderson Bruce A. Bauer Charles R. Buckner Edward Gille Wendy S. Gross Michael Hartman Carrie Morrill Anju M. Shah Eugene R. Wahl 《Earth Science Informatics》2011,4(4):161-167
Reducing uncertainty in global temperature reconstructions of the past millennium remains the key issue in applying this record
to society’s pressing climate change problem. Reconstructions are collaborative, built on the research of hundreds of scientists
who apply their diverse scientific expertise and field and laboratory skill to create the individual proxy reconstructions
that underlie the multi-proxy, global average temperature time series. Web 2.0 features have enabled collaborative efforts
that improve the characterization of uncertainty. Raw data shared via a repository (the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology)
enable new reconstructions from the collection of user-generated data. Standards propagated by expert communities facilitate
quality control and interoperability. Open access to data and computer code promote transparency and make the science accessible
to a broader audience. Blogs, wikis, and listservs share background information and highlight contentious as well as unique
aspects of paleo science. A novel approach now underway, titled the Paleoclimate Reconstruction Challenge, and based on the
sharing of simulated data (pseudo-proxies) and reconstruction results, seeks to facilitate method development, further reducing
uncertainty. Broadly-useful aspects of the Challenge may find application in other fields. 相似文献
14.
Chakraborty Jayajit McAfee Ashley A. Collins Timothy W. Grineski Sara E. 《Natural Hazards》2021,106(3):2185-2205
Natural Hazards - This article contributes to research on social vulnerability to natural hazards by analyzing the relationship between spatial patterns of flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey and... 相似文献
15.
Self-protective behavior by residents of flood-prone urban areas can reduce monetary flood damage by 80%, and reduce the need
for public risk management. But, research on the determinants of private households’ prevention of damage by natural hazards
is rare, especially in Germany. To answer the question of why some people take precautionary action while others do not, a
socio-psychological model based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) is developed, explaining private precautionary damage
prevention by residents’ perceptions of previous flood experience, risk of future floods, reliability of public flood protection,
the efficacy and costs of self-protective behavior, their perceived ability to perform these actions, and non-protective responses
like wishful thinking. The validity of the proposed model is explored by means of representative quantitative telephone surveys
and regression analyses, and compared with a socio-economic model (including residents’ age, gender, income, school degree
and being owner or tenant). Participants were 157 residents of flood-prone homes in Cologne, Germany, a city that has traditionally
been subject to minor and major flood events. Results of the study show the explanatory power of the socio-psychological model,
with important implications for public risk communication efforts. To motivate residents in flood-prone areas to take their
share in damage prevention, it is essential to communicate not only the risk of flooding and its potential consequences, but
also the possibility, effectiveness and cost of private precautionary measures. 相似文献
16.
A digital landslide database has been created for Sichuan province, where a magnitude 8.0 earthquake at 2:28 p.m. on May 12, 2008, to provide the authorities and scientific communities with a tool for landslide risk assessment, emergency management, land-use planning, development of early warning system and enhancement of public awareness of natural hazards. Landslide data have been obtained from a variety of sources including technical reports and landslide inventory maps, and most of which were based on fieldwork and interpretation of aerial photographs. This paper presents the sources of landslide information, database design and the webGIS-based information management system. The database currently contains spatial information for about 9,000 landslides that were mostly triggered by the earthquake. Slide is the most common type of landslide in the database, but other types including rockfall and debris flow have also been identified. The website is an online GIS, providing access to comprehensive landslide information via the Internet. The development of the website allowed us to define the state of knowledge on landslide processes in Sichuan and to provide a preliminary identification of areas affected by landslides. 相似文献
17.
This commentary reflects on Nancy Krieger’s thinking in light of the links between place, ‘race’ and public health from our
vantage points as Maori (indigenous) and Pakeha (settler) researchers in Aotearoa New Zealand. We propose an addition to Krieger’s
list of pathways through which racism impacts upon the health of indigenous peoples: the systematic alienation of indigenous
lands and subsequent degradation of ecosystems that undermine traditional economies. We believe that this proposal, along
with the forging of new community-based research partnerships, will increase the potency of Krieger’s challenge: to name and
claim racism as a public health issue. 相似文献
18.
Nature-triggered hazards and disasters have traditionally been treated only from the lens of geophysical and biophysical processes,
implying that the root cause of large-scale death and destruction lies in the natural domain rather than in a coupled human–environment
system. Conceptually, the physical domain has been seen as discrete and separate from human entities, and solutions were sought
in the technological intervention and control of the physical environment—solutions that often ended up being less effective
than hoped for and sometimes even counter productive. At all levels, institutions have directed and redirected most of their
financial and logistical resources into the search for scientific and engineering solutions without allocating due attention
and resources towards the assessment of effects and effectiveness of the applications of such technological outcomes. However,
over the last two decades, forceful criticisms of the ‘dominant’ technocratic approach to hazards analysis have appeared in
the literature and consequently there has not only been a shift in thinking of causation of disaster loss in terms of human
vulnerability, but also newer questions have arisen regarding distinguishing between the ‘physical exposure’ of people to
threats and societal vulnerability, and linking them with propensity to hazards loss.
Though the vulnerability/resilience paradigm has largely replaced the hazards paradigm within the social sciences and much
of the professional emergency and disaster management communities, this shift of thinking has not progressed to much of the
physical science community, decision-makers and the public, who have not yet accepted the idea that understanding and using
human and societal dimensions is equally or more important than trying to deal and control nature through the use of technology.
This special issue is intended to further the idea that the aspects of community and peoples’ power to mitigate, to improve
coping mechanisms, to respond effectively, and recover with vigor against the environmental extremes are of paramount conceptual
and policy importance. 相似文献
19.
20.
Kalliopi Sapountzaki 《Natural Hazards》2012,60(3):1267-1285
The article decodes and analyzes the standard functions of social and social-ecological systems when they manage their own
vulnerability. The author acknowledges these as “Resilience functions” or “Operational Resilience”. For this purpose, she
follows a “Vulnerability Actor” (V Actor)-based approach. V Actor is considered as a system faced with multiple hazards, carrying
various vulnerability facets (physical, economic, institutional, etc.) and attempting to transform, transfer, rearrange them
in time and space so as to achieve Actor’s own persistence. It is these processes of vulnerability re-arrangement that are
identified by the author as Resilience functions and which change the vulnerability not only of the V Actor performing resilience
but also others’. Performance of Resilience functions presupposes attraction and employment of resources by the Actor, not
only own, current and inherent but also other resources to be found in spatial and temporal scales external to or beyond the
Actor but which the Actor can appeal to. This attraction most probably leads to deprivation of others of the necessary resources
for their persistence, recovery, etc. When somebody’ vulnerability is reduced sometimes somewhere, it is most probable that
others elsewhere are encumbered with extra vulnerability, currently or in the future. Hence, what resilience can only do is
vulnerability re-arrangement, re-setting and management. The proposed systemic approach is documented on current state of
art regarding interactions between vulnerability and resilience to hazards and on empirical evidence from the international
experience of responses to natural hazards. 相似文献