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1.
A general framework for error analysis in measurement-based GIS Part 4: Error analysis in length and area measurements 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
This is the final of a series of four papers on the development of a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographic information systems (MBGIS). In this paper, we discuss the error analysis problems in length and area measurements under measurement error (ME) of the defining points. In line with the basic ME model constructed in Part 1 of this series, we formulate the ME models for length and area measurements. For length measurement and perimeter measurement, the approximate laws of error propagation are derived. For area measurement, the exact laws of error propagation are obtained under various conditions. An important result is that area measurement is distributed as a linear combination of independent non-central chi-square variables when the joint ME vectors of vertices coordinates are normal. In addition, we also give a necessary and sufficient condition under which the area measurement estimator is unbiased. As a comparison, the approximate law of error propagation in area measurement is also considered and its approximation is substantiated by numerical experiments.This project was supported by the earmarked grant CUHK 4362/00H of the Hong Kong Research grant Council. 相似文献
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A general framework for error analysis in measurement-based GIS Part 1: The basic measurement-error model and related concepts 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
This is the first of a four-part series of papers which proposes a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographical information systems (MBGIS). The purpose of the series is to investigate the fundamental issues involved in measurement error (ME) analysis in MBGIS, and to provide a unified and effective treatment of errors and their propagation in various interrelated GIS and spatial operations. Part 1 deals with the formulation of the basic ME model together with the law of error propagation. Part 2 investigates the classic point-in-polygon problem under ME. Continuing to Part 3 is the analysis of ME in intersections and polygon overlays. In Part 4, error analyses in length and area measurements are made. In this present part, a simple but general model for ME in MBGIS is introduced. An approximate law of error propagation is then formulated. A simple, unified, and effective treatment of error bands for a line segment is made under the name of covariance-based error band. A new concept, called maximal allowable limit, which guarantees invariance in topology or geometric-property of a polygon under ME is also advanced. To handle errors in indirect measurements, a geodetic model for MBGIS is proposed and its error propagation problem is studied on the basis of the basic ME model as well as the approximate law of error propagation. Simulation experiments all substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical construct.This project was supported by the earmarked grant CUHK 4362/00H of the Hong Kong Research grants Council. 相似文献
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A general framework for error analysis in measurement-based GIS Part 2: The algebra-based probability model for point-in-polygon analysis 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
This is the second paper of a four-part series of papers on the development of a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographic information systems (MBGIS). In this paper, we discuss the problem of point-in-polygon analysis under randomness, i.e., with random measurement error (ME). It is well known that overlay is one of the most important operations in GIS, and point-in-polygon analysis is a basic class of overlay and query problems. Though it is a classic problem, it has, however, not been addressed appropriately. With ME in the location of the vertices of a polygon, the resulting random polygons may undergo complex changes, so that the point-in-polygon problem may become theoretically and practically ill-defined. That is, there is a possibility that we cannot answer whether a random point is inside a random polygon if the polygon is not simple and cannot form a region. For the point-in-triangle problem, however, such a case need not be considered since any triangle always forms an interior or region. To formulate the general point-in-polygon problem in a suitable way, a conditional probability mechanism is first introduced in order to accurately characterize the nature of the problem and establish the basis for further analysis. For the point-in-triangle problem, four quadratic forms in the joint coordinate vectors of a point and the vertices of the triangle are constructed. The probability model for the point-in-triangle problem is then established by the identification of signs of these quadratic form variables. Our basic idea for solving a general point-in-polygon (concave or convex) problem is to convert it into several point-in-triangle problems under a certain condition. By solving each point-in-triangle problem and summing the solutions, the probability model for a general point-in-polygon analysis is constructed. The simplicity of the algebra-based approach is that from using these quadratic forms, we can circumvent the complex geometrical relations between a random point and a random polygon (convex or concave) that one has to deal with in any geometric method when probability is computed. The theoretical arguments are substantiated by simulation experiments.This project was supported by the earmarked grant CUHK 4362/00H of the Hong Kong Research grants Council. 相似文献
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提出一种基于线段操作的简单多边形求差算法。该算法的主要过程为:应用基于单调链的扫描线求交算法,求取交点,该过程减少了求交过程中的比较次数,从而提高了求交效率。基于线段操作的结果多边形连接算法,该过程利用基础的计算几何理论,寻找构成结果多边形的边,得到两个多边形的差。实验表明该算法思路简单,数据结构简单,易于编程实现,对于简单多边形求差问题具有普适性。 相似文献
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The use of sampling-based Monte Carlo methods for the computation and propagation of large covariance matrices in geodetic applications is investigated. In particular, the so-called Gibbs sampler, and its use in deriving covariance matrices by Monte Carlo integration, and in linear and nonlinear error propagation studies, is discussed. Modifications of this technique are given which improve in efficiency in situations where estimated parameters are highly correlated and normal matrices appear as ill-conditioned. This is a situation frequently encountered in satellite gravity field modelling. A synthetic experiment, where covariance matrices for spherical harmonic coefficients are estimated and propagated to geoid height covariance matrices, is described. In this case, the generated samples correspond to random realizations of errors of a gravity field model.
AcknowledgementsThe authors are indebted to Pieter Visser and Pavel Ditmar for providing simulation output that was used in the GOCE error generation experiments. Furthermore, the NASA/NIMA/OSU team is acknowledged for providing public ftp access to the EGM96 error covariance matrix. The two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their valuable comments. 相似文献
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提出了一个鲁棒高效的内存矢量地图叠加分析算法,采用改进的平面扫描算法计算交点,解决了重叠边、交点位于端点等所有特殊情形。利用交点及其携带的信息来构造结果环,并且将没有产生交点的输入环忽略,或者增加到结果的外环(或内环)集合中去。所有结果环都带有标识码,增加该标识码信息可以简化后续的两个过程-内外环的匹配以及属性的继承。与一一循环方法相比,本文方法对任何叠加操作可以一次计算得到所有的交点。此外还实现了叠加分析操作,并且用一组真实地理数据的不同操作与ESRI的ArcGIS的叠加分析操作进行了比较,计算结果的要素数完全一致;计算时间耗费约为ArcGIS时间耗费的50%-60%。 相似文献
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Application of least squares variance component estimation to errors-in-variables models 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
A. R. Amiri-Simkooei 《Journal of Geodesy》2013,87(10-12):935-944
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Compactly supported radial covariance functions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Moreaux 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(7):431-443
The Least-squares collocation (LSC) method is commonly used in geodesy, but generally associated with globally supported covariance
functions, i.e. with dense covariance matrices. We consider locally supported radial covariance functions, which yield sparse
covariance matrices. Having many zero entries in the covariance matrice can both greatly reduce computer storage requirements
and the number of floating point operations needed in computation. This paper reviews some of the most well-known compactly
supported radial covariance functions (CSRCFs) that can be easily substituted to the usually used covariance functions. Numerical
experiments reveals that these finite covariance functions can give good approximations of the Gaussian, second- and third-order
Markov models. Then, interpolation of KMS02 free-air gravity anomalies in Azores Islands shows that dense covariance matrices
associated with Gaussian model can be replaced by sparse matrices from CSRCFs resulting in memory savings of one-fortieth
and with 90% of the solution error less than 0.5 mGal.
This article is dedicated to Cerbère. 相似文献
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Lq估计的渐近方差-协方差矩阵及其特点 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
针对由独立同分布误差膨胀而成的独立不等精度误差,根据未知参数的M估计的Bahadur型线性表达式,本文导出了由观测量、残差向量、参数估计量和观测量平差向量组成的基本向量的Bahadur型表达式.进一步地,根据方差传播定律导出了M估计的基本向量的渐近方差-协方差矩阵,该矩阵由3个多余参数决定,第三多余参数由本文定义.对Lq范估计,分别计算了误差分别为正态分布和q范分布时的3个多余参数,以及相应的基本向量的方差协方差矩阵.对最小二乘估计,残差向量与参数估计量和观测量的平差向量统计独立,相应的协方差矩阵为零,这一性质与误差分布无关.对正态分布的Lq估计,残差向量与参数估计量和观测量平差向量的协方差不为零;而对q范分布的Lq估计,即是相应的极大似然估计,残差向量与参数估计量和观测量平差向量的协方差为零.文中所得公式和结论可用于统计分析. 相似文献
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To determine the distribution of positional error of a line segment, Monte Carlo approach is applied to simulate the probability density function of a line segment with the assumption that the error of endpoints in a line segment follows a two-dimensional normal distribution. For such purpose, a stochastic generator used for uncertain endpoints with the two-dimensional normal distribution is presented. This forms the basis of the generation of random line segment for the simulation of the error model of a whole line segment. The error models cover the cases where two endpoints are either independent or dependent to each other, also including a special case that the distance between two random endpoints in a line segment is close enough. 相似文献
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The demand for analysis of large‐scale data has increased with increased access to spatial vector data. Polygon overlay of vector data in a virtual globe requires proprietary data structures and proprietary analysis algorithms. A vector data structure is designed for rapid polygon overlay in a virtual globe by recording the metadata of the triangles (TriMeta) that constitute polygons. A polygon overlay algorithm is proposed based on this data structure. The overlay of two complex GIS polygons is transformed into the intersection computation of their 3D triangular presentations. The intersection computation of two sets of triangles is reduced considerably by utilizing TriMeta to filter out the disjoint triangle pairs and rapidly identify the contained triangle. The new method improves the overlay efficiency in a virtual globe because the amount of computation required to calculate the intersections of two large polygons and drape the intersections onto a terrain surface is reduced. 相似文献
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Kimfung Liu Wenzhong Shi 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2009
This paper presents a study on the modeling of fuzzy topological relations between uncertain objects in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Based on the recently developed concept of computational fuzzy topological space, topological relations between simple fuzzy spatial objects are modeled. The fuzzy spatial objects here cover simple fuzzy region, simple fuzzy line segment and fuzzy point. To compute the topological relations between the simple spatial objects, intersection concepts and integration methods are applied and a computational 9-intersection model are proposed and developed. There are different types of intersection, and we have proposed different integration methods for computation in different cases. For example, surface integration method is applied to the case of the fuzzy region-to-fuzzy region relation, while the line integration method is used in the case of fuzzy line segment-to-fuzzy line segment relation. Moreover, this study has discovered that there are (a) sixteen topological relations between simple fuzzy region to line segment; (b) forty-six topological relations between simple fuzzy line segments; (c) three topological relations between simple fuzzy region to fuzzy point; and (d) three topological relations between simple fuzzy line segment to fuzzy point. 相似文献
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本文提出了协方差阵奇异时广义权阵的概念,给出了适用于设计阵列满秩或降秩、协方差阵奇异或非奇异的所有情况下测量平差的统一准则,并利用这一准则研究了协方差阵奇异时的参数估计问题,证明了其结果和Rao最小二乘统一理论等价。本文利用矩阵的平行加性质,推导了奇异协方差传播时广义权阵的计算公式,最后介绍了广义权阵在系统误差补偿的平差中及变形参数估计中的几个实际应用。 相似文献
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采用了双向链表这种数据结构,对两简单多边形的顶点及交点进行存储,在对交点进行插入时,可直接插入链表中,避免了利用单向链表或数组进行存储时对点的重复查找。通过遍历两个顶点、交点混合表,可得到两多边形的交及多边形的顶点,从而得到两多边形的交集。相对其他类似的算法,该算法具有较快的计算速度和较高的效率。 相似文献