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1.
泥石流多发区蒋家沟流域的下渗与产流特点 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在云南东川蒋家沟泥石流源区多个典型点,进行野外下渗试验得出蒋家沟流域宽级配土的下渗特征。试验发现:1.下渗曲线皆较好满足霍顿下渗公式;2.下渗率比较大,主要土壤红黄壤的各种土地利用类型的稳定下渗率都在0.08 mm/s以上;3.不同土壤类型的稳定下渗率按大小排序依次为:砾石土>红黄壤>燥红土,红黄壤的各种土地利用类型的稳定下渗率按大小排序依次为:耕地>林地>灌木丛>裸地(滑坡后壁)>草地。蒋家沟流域宽级配土决定了降雨时壤中流产流占有很大比例,在径流场进行人工降雨,采集前期土壤水、壤中流和降雨样品,通过测试其中的稳定同位素浓度,利用同位素分割径流的原理,发现前期土壤水在壤中流产流中起着不可忽略的作用。降雨时,大量雨水下渗入土体,使孔隙水压力增加,前期土壤水位于湿润峰的前端,因此壤中流产流初期,前期土壤水占有很大的比例,达到86.46%,随着降雨时间的持续,雨水逐渐取代前期土壤水的作用,导致产流中本次降雨的比例逐渐升高,试验结束时达到85.63%。可以推断,短历时暴雨时,降雨强度大于下渗率,该流域以超渗产流为主,易发生坡面泥石流;长时间小强度降雨时,该流域以蓄满产流为主,壤中流占有很大比例,本次降雨是泥石流暴发的诱发因素,但不一定是水量的主要供给源。 相似文献
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云南东川蒋家沟宽级配砾石土原位渗透试验初步研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
土体的渗透试验是研究滑坡转化泥石流起动过程和机理的重要研究手段。选择泥石流典型流域——云南东川蒋家沟的泥石流源地土体和堆积土体进行原位土体渗透试验。由于宽级配砾石土的与众不同的特征，表现出特殊的渗透特性。通过试验发现：1．泥石流源地土体的渗透特性的原位渗透系数依次由大到小顺序为林地→耕地→灌丛→荒地→滑坡前缘；2．有表层的堆积土体的渗透性比去除了表土层的渗透性小得多；3．堆积土体的侧渗性很大。结合蒋家沟径流与人工降雨实验，发现在宽级配砾石土体中渗流出的浑水中有许多细颗粒土体，可以认为宽级配砾石土体的渗流不同于一般的渗透，其伴随有细颗粒土体的运移，随时间发展土体渗透性在空间上和时间上都在不断变化。 相似文献
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在分析土力类泥石流的产流特征和规律，尤其是土源与水源关系的基础上，将水文学上常用的等流时线法的基本原理应用于小流域土力类粘性泥石流的汇流计算。在具体的计算中，以滇东北蒋家沟的一支沟－大凹子沟1994－06－16的泥石流为例进行泥石流汇流流量过程的试算。计算的结果应用观测的一些数值及现象和弯道超高的最大流量计算值检验，结果表明此计算大体可以定量地反映该流域流量的过程。通过此汇流计算还可以了解阵性泥石流与连续泥石流的产生关系和机理，也可以了解降雨时段与产流时段及汇流过程时段的差别。该研究的结果也存在主客观的局限性，这一局限性反映了进一步探讨流域的产流量规律、流域等流时区划分的规律、大流域汇流计算和泥石流的波坦化规律的必然性。 相似文献
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《山地学报》2016,(1)
对116条泥石流沟取样,所取土样共182个,通过室内颗分试验得到其颗粒组成特征,以此为基础引入分形理论计算各土样的分维值,并分析分维值与级配特征之间的关系。分析发现:泥石流源区砾石土以一重分形特征为主,分维值介于2.250~2.798之间,分维值大的砾石土颗粒组成较为均匀,分维值减小,砾石土中的细颗粒含量逐渐降低。基于砾石土分维值分布区间,在野外配置土样开展泥石流启动试验,综合分析试验现象、孔隙水压力及含水量变化情况得到以下结论:形成泥石流的砾石土具有临界特征,分维值小于2.4的砾石土不易形成泥石流;分维值介于2.4~2.6时,以土力类泥石流为主,泥石流重度较高且规模较大;分维值介于2.6~2.7时,以水力类泥石流为主,泥石流的重度较低,以稀性泥石流为主,并伴有明显的阵性特征。分维值及降雨条件相同时,土体变形(未启动形成泥石流)或破坏启动形成泥石流的时间与密度呈正相关关系。 相似文献
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《山地学报》2017,(4)
虽然汶川震区的松散砾石土历经近10年的自然固结过程,坡面植被恢复良好,但灾后持续活跃的泥石流等地质灾害告诉我们,了解这类因地震产生的砾石土的力学性状,仍然是理解灾区地质灾害肆虐的最重要的方面之一。本文以汶川县映秀镇牛圈沟泥石流源区的砾石土为研究对象,采用人工水槽模型试验与三轴测试,观察泥石流起动时砾石土的宏细观现象,分析粗细颗粒含量变化对砾石土干密度的影响,并从临界状态土力学角度,探讨了泥石流起动时砾石土的力学性状,提出砾石土临界状态数学表达式。结果表明:(1)泥石流起动时间、模式与初始干密度密切相关,其过程伴随着干密度和孔隙比的变化;(2)细颗粒迁移与粗细颗粒含量调整引起土体内部细观结构重组是干密度与孔隙比变化的主要原因;(3)相同级配的砾石土在等同围压条件下排水剪切,会近似达到一个临界孔隙比;(4)砾石土力学性状可根据其状态参数(e,p')与e_c-p'平面临界状态线的相对位置来判断;(5)砾石土边坡在降雨淋溶下失稳形成泥石流,坡体内同时存在剪胀与剪缩两种力学性状,且以剪胀为主。本文研究成果一方面能对泥石流起动机理的理论体系进行完善与补充,另一方面能为震区砾石土泥石流的防治预警预报提供初步依据。 相似文献
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泥石流形成与崩滑土体的存在密切相关,大量崩滑土体堆积在泥石流源区,为泥石流形成提供了丰富的固体物质。通过对云南东川蒋家沟泥石流源区崩滑土体的粒度特征分析,探讨了源区崩滑土体粒度特征与泥石流颗粒组成的关系。结果表明,源区崩滑土体和泥石流机械组成相似,粒度分布主要为单峰分布,说明泥石流粒度组成继承了源区崩滑土体的性质。同时对源区崩滑土样进行室内小型水槽冲刷实验,研究其产沙特性,分析表明:一定流量的径流冲刷作用下,崩滑土体的产沙过程满足关系式y=a+bt-1+ct-2,土体的抗冲系数k与大于2 mm的砾石含量和小于0.005 mm的黏粒含量相关,呈现出分别随着二者含量的增加而先增大后减小的变化趋势。 相似文献
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强震导致崩塌与滑坡碎屑物在泥石流流域内广泛堆积,挤压侵占天然沟道,完全改变了沟床物源级配构成,泥石流激发降雨临界值急剧降低。震后泥石流物源粒径和沟道宽度的变化直接改变了震后泥石流启动过程及机制。泥石流预警模型并未考虑震后泥石流物源组成的动态变化作为主控因素,需要进一步改进。本文现场调查了泸定9·5地震后泥石流沟的形成区及流通堆积区松散堆积物组成,采用无人机航测采集岩土粒径,结合PCAS软件进行泥石流粒径识别,分别通过系统误差、高度误差及坡度误差三个方面进行误差分析,探讨无人机航测泥石流形成区沟道粒径方法的准确性;对泸定大渡河流域得妥乡内的洛进沟和两岔河沟进行粒径测量,结合泥石流1 h预报模型和改进的精细化泥石流1 h预报模型,得到这两条沟震前震后的综合降雨临界值,发现强震后泥石流流域颗粒粒径明显减小,两条泥石流沟的激发临界降雨量都大幅降低;通过误差分析,得到无人机近地观测结合软件测量研究区域内泥石流沟道形成区物源粒径的方法与人工现场测量之间的误差较小,可以用于泥石流物源粒径识别,且由于强震后泥石流的激发降雨临界值是一个动态变化过程,采用无人机可以高效识别泥石流沟道物源的变化。 相似文献
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坡面侵蚀水沙流时间变化特征的模拟实验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
多坡段实验模型以黄土丘陵沟壑区垂向上梁峁坡面与沟谷坡面构成的坡沟系统为原型,采用人工降雨模拟实验方法,对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀链内降雨径流产沙随时间变化的规律进行了系统的研究。结果表明:雨强29 7mm/h时36′40″开始产流,60 5mm/h时3′43″产流,90 2mm/h时2′30″产流。雨强29 7mm/h时侵蚀过程以面蚀为主,产沙起伏20min出现一次。60 5mm/h时以面蚀与细沟蚀为主,35°陡坡伴有崩塌、滑塌等重力侵蚀,产沙波动平均12min出现一次。雨强90 2mm/h时坡面上细沟发育充分,有细沟合并及出现浅沟侵蚀现象,35°坡崩塌、滑塌剧烈,产沙过程波动频繁,每10min一次。雨强29 7mm/h时单位流量的产沙量为0 10kg/L;雨强60 5mm/h时为0 30kg/L;雨强90 2mm/h时为0 41kg/L。流量的大小影响了侵蚀方式和形态分异的程度,使产沙过程出现强弱相间的波动性特点。 相似文献
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汶川震区北川县城魏家沟暴雨泥石流灾害调查分析 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
2008-09-24强降雨过程导致汶川震区北川县城魏家沟泥石流暴发,对老北川县城造成了严重的破坏.由于这场泥石流灾害发生在汶川地震高烈度区,是地震与降雨共同作用下的结果,研究其形成与成灾过程,对于进一步认识强震区泥石流发育特征具有萤要的意义.根据现场调查和高分辨率航空图像解译,分析了魏家沟泥石流流域特征,特别是地震条件下的泥石流物源特征,在此基础上讨论了泥石流起动过程和堆积过程.魏家沟泥石流典型实例表明了汶川震区泥石流已进入一个新的活跃期.因此,应该开展对汶川地震区的泥石流风险评估和监测、早期预警等研究,采取有效的工程措施控制泥石流的发生和危害. 相似文献
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以19条泥石流沟源区75个砾石土试样的颗分数据为基础,应用分形理论研究泥石流沟源区砾石土粒度组成特征,并对粒度分形特征与土体颗粒组成的关系进行了讨论。结果表明:1.粒度分布具有分形特征,以一重分形特征为主;2.一重分形特征表明土体各粒组的含量连续分布性较好;二重分形表明土体各粒组的含量连续分布相对较差,某一粒组含量存在突变;3.所研究的沟道平均粒度分维值Da在2.45～2.78间,且平均粒度分维值Da随粘粒含量Pc增加逐渐增大,具有一重分形特征的沟道二者满足关系式Da=0.108ln(Pc)+2.511。最后探讨了研究源区砾石土粒度分形特征的意义。 相似文献
11.
XU Jing-Ji YANG Cong LIU Chang-Meng SONG Xian-Fang HU Shan-Shan LI Fa-Dong TANG Chang-Yuan 《地理学报》2009,30(4):461-470
Simulated rainfall is a valid tool to examine the runoff generation on the slope.13 simulated rainfall experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations are completed in a 5 m ×10 m experimental plot in mountainous area of North China.Simultaneously,rainfall,surface runoff,soil-layer flow,mantel-layer flow and soil moisture are monitored respectively.From the results,it is found that the hydrographs in all layers have the characteristics of rapid rise and fall.The recessions of surface flow and soil-layer flow are much faster than that of mantel-layer flow.Surface flow,the main contributor,makes up more than 60% of the total runoff in the study area.It even exceeds 90% in the cases of high intensity rainfall events.Runoff coefficient(ratio of total runoff to rainfall amount) is mainly influenced by rainfall amount,rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture,and the relationship can be well expressed by a multiple linear regression function α = 0.002P + 0.182i + 4.88Wa-0.821.The relation between the rainfall intensity and the lag time of three flows(surface runoff,soil-layer flow and mantel-layer flow) is shown to be exponential.Then,the result also shows that the recession constant is 0.75 for surface runoff,is 0.94 for soil-layer and mantel-layer flow in this area.In this study area,the dominant infiltration excess runoff is simulated by Horton model.About 0.10 mm/min percolation is observed under the condition of different rainfall intensities,therefore the value is regarded as the steady infiltration rate of the study area. 相似文献
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华北山区坡地产流规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Simulated rainfall is a valid tool to examine the runoff generation on the slope. 13 simulated rainfall experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations are completed in a 5 m ×10 m experimental plot in mountainous area of North China. Simultaneously, rainfall, surface runoff, soil-layer flow, mantel-layer flow and soil moisture are monitored respectively. From the results, it is found that the hydrographs in all layers have the characteristics of rapid rise and fall. The recessions of surface flow and soil-layer flow are much faster than that of mantel-layer flow. Surface flow, the main contributor, makes up more than 60% of the total runoff in the study area. It even exceeds 90% in the cases of high intensity rainfall events. Runoff coefficient (ratio of total runoff to rainfall amount) is mainly influenced by rainfall amount, rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture, and the relationship can be well ex-pressed by a multiple linear regression function a = 0.002P + 0.1821 + 4.88Wa - 0.821. The relation between the rainfall intensity and the lag time of three flows (surface runoff, soil-layer flow and mantel-layer flow) is shown to be exponential. Then, the result also shows that the recession constant is 0.75 for surface runoff, is 0.94 for soil-layer and mantel-layer flow in this area. In this study area, the dominant infiltration excess runoff is simulated by Horton model. About 0.10 mm/min percolation is observed under the condition of different rainfall intensities, therefore the value is regarded as the steady infiltration rate of the study area. 相似文献
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坡面径流过程中的流量自动观测是目前野外实验的难点问题。通过室内试验和野外人工模拟降雨径流场试验,分析了翻斗式雨量计与20°和30°三角堰中自记水位计在测量15l/min以下的小流量上的差异。获得了不同流量条件下20°和30°堰角的流量系数。以该系数的计算结果与实测流量对比表明,随水头的减小和堰角的增大而误差增加。野外实验结果表明,自记水位计测定小流量的结果偏低约15%,在流量很小时无法记录到数据,不能完整记录整个退水过程。依据试验结果,实现了以翻斗式流量计与自记水位计相结合的组合式流量监测方法的设计,为精确测量低含沙的小流量和变化流量的流域水文实验提供了监测手段。 相似文献
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强震区泥石流启动机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
地震区的泥石流物源主要来源于滑坡、崩塌等松散体,具有结构疏松,密实度低,堆积时间短等特点,与非地震环境中的滑坡、崩塌堆积体的结构有所不同,堆积体的物理力学性质发生了改变,堆积体转换为泥石流所需的外界条件也相应的改变。以汶川地震区都江堰市龙池镇典型泥石流灾害为例,分析了地震滑坡、崩塌松散体的堆积形态和堆积体的应力环境。从静力学和动力学角度分析堆积体在强降雨条件下的起动特征,探讨了降雨作用形成的地表径流水深与堆积体失稳时的应力极限状态的关系。分析得出沟道岸坡滑坡堆积体发生侵蚀时的地表径流力为F=(τ1f-f1sinα)/cos(α-26.65),并建立径流水深与地表径流力的关系:H=F/4ρsgJ。分析在动量守恒条件下,堆积体单位时间内的侵蚀体积dV=dM/γs模型。为了进一步探讨在实际现场的应用,以汶川地震区都江堰市的水打沟泥石流为例,分析发生泥石流时的地表径流水深为0.011 m,其结论与实际调查结果基本一致。 相似文献
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华北石质山区坡地产流模型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
坡地是流域的基本产流单元。对坡地产流模型的研究,可为研究流域的水文过程奠定基础。本文在认识坡地产流规律的基础上,经过对人工模拟降雨试验中取得的产流各个环节(降雨、出流及土壤含水量变化)的数据的分析,建立了一个具有物理机制的简单的坡面产流模型。其中,使用Horton模型模拟入渗和地表产流过程,用水箱模型模拟壤中流过程。模型能够同时对降雨过程中的地表、地下出流和土壤含水量变化过程进行模拟。计算得到的产流总量的误差较小,但在变化过程线上存在一些差异。这些差异主要是由模型对实际情况的简化和假定、数学模拟的局限性、变雨强降雨过程的复杂性等因素引起的。这种分层组合的坡面产流模型对华北石质山区的上层超渗、下层蓄满的产流特征是可行的。本文所做的工作是对华北石质山区分布式水文模型的产流模块的初步尝试。 相似文献
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Water is well established as a major driver of the geomorphic change that eventually reduces mountains to lower relief landscapes. Nonetheless, within the altitudinal limits of continuous vegetation in humid climates, water is also an essential factor in slope stability. In this paper, we present results from field experiments to determine infiltration rates at forested sites in the Andes Mountains (Ecuador), the southern Appalachian Mountains (USA), and the Luquillo Mountains (Puerto Rico). Using a portable rainfall simulator–infiltrometer (all three areas), and a single ring infiltrometer (Andes), we determined infiltration rates, even on steep slopes. Based on these results, we examine the spatial variability of infiltration, the relationship of rainfall runoff and infiltration to landscape position, the influence of vegetation on infiltration rates on slopes, and the implications of this research for better understanding erosional processes and landscape change.Infiltration rates ranged from 6 to 206 mm/h on lower slopes of the Andes, 16 to 117 mm/h in the southern Appalachians, and 0 to 106 mm/h in the Luquillo Mountains. These rates exceed those of most natural rain events, confirming that surface runoff is rare in montane forests with deep soil/regolith mantles. On well-drained forested slopes and ridges, apparent steady-state infiltration may be controlled by the near-surface downslope movement of infiltrated water rather than by characteristics of the full vertical soil profile. With only two exceptions, the local variability of infiltration rates at the scale of 10° m overpowered other expected spatial relationships between infiltration, vegetation type, slope position, and soil factors. One exception was the significant difference between infiltration rates on alluvial versus upland soils in the Andean study area. The other exception was the significant difference between infiltration rates in topographic coves compared to other slope positions in the tabonuco forest of one watershed in the Luquillo Mountains. Our research provides additional evidence of the ability of forests and forest soils to preserve geomorphic features from denudation by surface erosion, documents the importance of subsurface flow in mountain forests, and supports the need for caution in extrapolating infiltration rates. 相似文献
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《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(2):85-89
Following a period of heavy precipitation, a large and complex mass movement, namely the ?erefiye landslide, occurred in the Black Sea region of northern Turkey on 23 June 2000. This paper describes the conditioning factors of the landslide and interprets the mass transport processes. Geology, geomorphology and tectonics were considered as the conditioning factors of the failure. Observations showed that the sloping (c.9°) area is not covered by forest trees at the crown where the motion initiated. Analysis of the hydrological response of slopes during the rainstorm indicated that the majority of the failures were caused by the development of a perched water table in the thin surface layer of clay origin, due to infiltration during heavy rain. The distance from the crown down to the toe of the landslide was measured at more than 50?m. The landslide has block sliding characteristics in the upper portions and a debris flow/soil flow component around the margins of the sliding blocks in the middle parts and at the toe. The movement was initiated near the crown as a result of the excess water content between the main formation and the clay at the end of three days of heavy rainfall. The early perturbations lasted for five to six hours, after which the central part of the zone started to move as a soil flow, in which very large intact blocks were transported. Even though the movement was very rapid (1.2?m/min), there was no loss of life. However, the movement closed the road link between Sinop and Ayanc?k. 相似文献