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1.
K. B. Singh T. N. Singh D. P. Singh J. L. Jethwa 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1994,12(1):43-62
Summary The influence of discontinuities on coal measures is manifested in the form of roof and side falls, caving of the roof and sometimes in subsidence of the ground surface. This review paper is confined to roof falls due to major geological discontinuities (such as faults, joints, cleats and bedding planes) and to possible ways and means to prevent these falls. Faults with an increased frequency of joints and cleats around them, slips and slickensides play a major role in coal-mine-roof instability. Joints and cleats running parallel to roadways and thinly bedded strata in the immediate roof area also contribute to strata-instability problems. A roof-fall index has been developed relating roof instability to the presence of geological discontinuities. Significant control of such instabilities is possible by orienting roadways across the geological discontinuities and by increasing the quality and density of the supports. 相似文献
2.
断裂结构面对回采工作面矿压及顶板稳定性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对现场观测和数值模拟分析,系统研究了断裂结构面对回采工作面矿压分布和顶板稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,回采工作面顶板断裂结构面有3种典型组合类型,即“正三角形”结构、“川字形”结构和“倒三角形”结构。在工作面开采过程中,“正三角形”结构顶板稳定性差;“倒三角形”结构顶板稳定性好;而“川字形”结构顶板能形成结构平衡且稳定。由于断层使介质不连续,导致初始应力场挠动,局部产生附加应力,在断层带附近形成低压力区和高应力集中区带,比较明显的影响范围距断层面大约10~30 m。当工作面推进到高应力集中区带时,工作面前方煤(岩)体中支承压力明显增大,支承压力峰值位置向前方煤岩体中转移,易于发生冒顶事故和其他矿井动力地质现象;当工作面推进到低应力区带时,压力峰值降低,顶板稳定性差。 相似文献
3.
岩溶土洞演化及其数值模拟分析 总被引：7，自引：7，他引：0
土洞是覆盖型岩溶区一种隐伏的不良地质现象。土洞在水的作用下发育演化最终形成塌陷,可通过地下水位的变化来研究土洞发育和塌陷的形成。同时土洞的演化会造成覆盖土体不均匀位移和应力重分布,可通过覆盖土体位移和应力变化来进行研究土洞演化过程。采用FLAC3D三维有限差分程序,分析覆盖层垂向位移场表明:最大垂向位移出现在土洞顶部,使拱顶出现拉张破坏,并可根据洞顶土层位移的数值模拟结果,划分“等沉面”确定土洞扰动的土层深度。分析覆盖层剪切应力场表明:在土洞拱趾部位出现剪应力集中,会造成拱趾的剪切破坏,并可根据洞顶“剪应力低值区”,判断覆盖层中土拱效应的存在。分析覆盖层塑性区表明:较为坚硬的黏土层中,土洞以拱顶塌落和拉张破坏为主,最终可以形成坑壁较为陡直的桶状或坛状塌坑。土层较为松散时,以拱趾的剪切破坏为主,最终可以形成锥碟形塌陷坑。利用“剪应力低值区”,“等沉面”和“塑性区”可综合判断土洞的稳定性以及覆盖层所能形成的极限土洞大小。岩溶土洞演化规律及数值模拟研究对岩溶塌陷（土洞）早期监测和评价有着重要的理论及工程意义。 相似文献
4.
Most coal mines in China use the longwall mining system. High stresses are frequently encountered around development entries at deep mines. This paper presents an alternate longwall mining layout for thick coal seams to minimize ground control problems. In a conventional longwall panel layout, development entries on both ends of the panel are located along the floor, and a coal pillar (chain pillar) is left between adjacent panels to ensure stability. Gateroads on either end of a longwall panel using the layout proposed in this paper are located at different vertical levels within a thick coal seam or in a geologically split coal seam for improved stability. The headgate entry/ies are driven along the floor while the tailgate entry/ies are driven along the roof. Therefore, a longwall face has a gradually elevated or curved section on one end of the panel. For the adjacent panel, the development entry may be located directly below the development entry of the previous panel or may be offset horizontally with respect to it. Based on physical and numerical modeling approaches, it is demonstrated that the stress environment for development entries employing the longwall layout is significantly improved; ground control problems are therefore minimized. 相似文献
5.
断层面摩擦强度是评价煤炭开采中应力扰动诱发断层滑动危险性的依据。依托晋城矿区成庄井田,采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了断层面摩擦强度对深部地应力的约束机制,研究了成庄井田F13断层及其在不同摩擦强度条件下对回采工作面顶板稳定性、超前支承压力分布和断层滑动的影响规律。研究结果表明:地壳深部最大与最小主应力比值受断层面摩擦强度的限制,当其达到临界方向断层的摩擦强度极限时,断层就会发生滑动;断层破碎带的存在导致初始应力场扰动,形成断层带低应力区及高应力集中区,在回采过程中将直接影响煤层顶板移动变形和采动应力分布;断层面摩擦强度较小时,工作面开采至断层附近顶板下沉量及断层上下盘错动位移较大,支承压力峰值由大变小明显,断层面上剪应力与正应力的比值易达到断层面的摩擦系数,断层滑动的危险性较大。 相似文献
6.
近距离上保护层开采瓦斯运移规律数值分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
采动裂隙是瓦斯运移的通道,搞清瓦斯运移规律是瓦斯治理的前提。在考虑岩石动态破坏过程和含瓦斯煤岩渗流-应力-损伤耦合的基础上,结合平煤五矿实际地质条件和开采工艺,建立了数值计算模型,应用RFPA-Gas程序模拟了近距离上保护层采动顶底板岩层变形破坏、裂隙演化规律与瓦斯运移规律。模拟结果较好地再现了保护层开采过程中煤岩层应力变化、顶底板损伤及裂隙演化过程,得到了上覆岩层移动的“上三带”（冒落带、裂隙带和弯曲下沉带）和底板变形的“下两带”（底板变形破坏带和弹塑性变形带）。得到了被保护层瓦斯流量分布、瓦斯压力分布和透气系数的变化规律,卸压煤层瓦斯透气性增大了2 500倍,得到了煤壁下方压缩区和膨胀区之间的张剪瓦斯渗流通道,并将保护层底板压缩区和膨胀区的瓦斯渗流特征提炼出来：压缩区对应的是渗流减速减量区、膨胀区由卸压膨胀陡变区和卸压膨胀平稳区组成,分别对应着渗流急剧增速增量区和渗流平稳增量区。指出卸压膨胀陡变区是瓦斯突出危险区,为近距离保护层开采瓦斯治理指明了方向。实践表明,瓦斯治理效果显著。 相似文献
7.
An underground investigation has been performed in a subbituminous coal seam exhibiting a particular cleat pattern in the Kushiro coalfield, Japan. The coal cleat pattern shows some analogy to isolated straight joints, and is believed to have been formed during the late Tertiary period by a compressive tectonic stress, roughly in the east–west direction. Three cylindrical coal specimens representing the three orthogonal axes of the coal seam with respect to the bedding plane and its associated cleat were cored from a large block of coal. Gas permeabilities of the three coal specimens were measured under the same hydrostatic pressure conditions. Results clearly revealed anisotropy in permeability of the coal seam under relatively low confining pressures of less than about 12 MPa. The specimen cored parallel to both the bedding plane and cleat strike showed the highest permeability, even though the cleats were partly filled with calcite and clay minerals. The permeability in this direction was 2.5 times higher than perpendicular to the bedding plane, and 3 times higher than in the direction parallel to the bedding plane but perpendicular to the cleat strike. This suggests that the cleats play a greater role than bedding planes in controlling fluid flow in the coal seam. The permeability in the three orientations, however, converged to the same value at confining pressures above about 16 MPa. This may suggest that both cleats and bedding planes in a coal seam can close due to earth pressure if the coal seam is located below a certain depth. It further indicates that the traditional view that gas permeability is always greater parallel to the coal bedding than perpendicular to it should be reconsidered. 相似文献
8.
处于薄—中层倾斜层状岩体中的深埋隧道常会产生地质顺层偏压的问题,导致隧道局部塌方、偏压变形及支护结构破坏。本文以郑万线某隧道为例,采用理论分析、数值模拟方法对深埋顺层隧道的破坏机理及不同结构面参数下的破坏规律展开了研究。研究结果表明:（1）深埋顺层偏压隧道洞周围岩将根据其切向应力与结构面夹角的不同发生岩层拉裂破坏、结构面剪切破坏及岩体自身破坏,其中切向应力与结构面平行位置,即反倾侧拱腰及顺倾侧拱脚位置主要发生拉裂破坏,此处围岩塑性区范围最广,围岩位移最大,围岩处于极不稳定状态;（2）顺层偏压隧道的破坏规律与结构面强度参数有直接关系,围岩塑性区范围及围岩位移均随着结构面摩擦角的增大而降低,且降低趋势逐渐放缓,当结构面摩擦角达到岩体摩擦角后,结构面摩擦角继续增加对围岩稳定性影响较小;（3）围岩塑性区及围岩位移场偏压分布特征随结构面倾角的变化而整体旋转,且对于隧道底部而言,结构面最不利倾角为0°,此时隧底最大上鼓量大于其他倾角下的最大上鼓量;对于隧道拱部而言,最不利倾角为40°,此时洞周最大收敛值大于其他倾角下的最大收敛值,最不利位置位于反倾侧拱腰。 相似文献
9.
S. Lin 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1993,11(1):37-50
Summary The results of physical model tests are analysed with special attention to the development of displacement discontinuities (bed separations) at the two stages of roof stratum movement over a longwall coal face. The relationships between roof displacement and stress concentration or relief are explored. The stress-displacement relationship is further examined by an analytical model, based on the assumption of laminated rock beams, which is used to identify possible displacement discontinuities in the roof strata which would form water inflow passages from an ovelying aquifer. Also demonstrated is the potential of the analytical model for serving as a theoretical approach or, at least, a complement to empirical methods in estimating the critical and the safe distance of mining under an aquifer. 相似文献
10.
Summary Two faults related to the Pine Mountain overthrust sheet near Buchanan County, Virginia, were investigated to determine their effect on ground control and to develop recognition criteria for prediction. Both faults are right lateral, strike-slip faults overprinted simultaneously with thrust faulting. Offsets of the coal seam due to thrust faulting average 6 ft with severe roof conditions (20 ft high roof falls) occurring through an average 30 ft wide zone of disturbance. Recognition criteria include characteristic overthrusting, coalbed swag, bedding plane slippage, and fault gouge. Ground control strategies include mine designs that minimize fault exposure. 相似文献
11.
Al-Amri Abdullah M. Abdelrahman Kamal Mellors Robert Harris David 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2020,13(8):1-11
Influenced by mining activities in adjacent coal seams, stresses on rocks surrounding roadway were redistributed, and the roadways in lower coal seam were subjected to the asymmetrical roof falling and roof sagging. Considering stresses effect on the plastic zone around the roadway, numerical models were carried out by FLAC to investigate plastic zone with respect to stress ratio and direction of stresses. The relationship between the properties of surrounding rock and plastic zone boundary was also investigated by another numerical model and analytical study, whereby the tailgate stability of panel 30,501 in Tashan coal mine was implemented. It is shown that the rocks surrounding a roadway in the lower coal seam were subjected to unequal stresses, and the principal stress direction was deflected from the original direction. High stresses and big stress ratio can produce butterfly-shaped or X-shaped plastic zone. The direction of stresses was deflected, causing the plastic zone around the roadway to be transferred from the shoulder to the roof of the roadway. Consequently, asymmetrical stresses produce asymmetrical plastic zone. On this basis, the tailgate should be assigned conditions of the stresses and stress ratio at a low level. In this way, the tailgate was arranged at the position where the horizontal distance from the roadway in the lower seam to the centre line of the coal pillar in the upper seam (x) is 52.5 m, and was stable relatively. 相似文献
12.
深部大断面厚顶煤巷道围岩稳定原理及控制 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
针对深部高地应力、大断面、厚顶煤巷道围岩控制难题,采用理论分析、数值计算等方法研究了其变形破坏机制及其控制技术。研究结果表明,深部大断面厚顶煤巷道顶煤塑性区呈“拱形”或上宽下窄的“倒梯形”形态,直接顶塑性区则呈“矩形”形态,且存在肩角稳定区域。提出了“倒梯形”塑性区形成的层理面剪切破坏作用机制：在深部高应力（尤其是高水平应力）以及顶煤较大下沉产生的附加水平应力作用下,顶煤和直接顶之间的层理面发生剪切破坏,并引起其附近煤体破坏,促进了顶煤“倒梯形”塑性区的形成。基于此,提出了高强高预紧力锚杆和斜拉锚索梁联合支护围岩控制技术,认为斜拉锚索可锚固在肩角稳定区域,并起到限制顶煤与直接顶岩层之间层理面的剪切变形、阻止顶煤塑性区由“拱形”向“倒梯形”发展的作用。研究成果成功应用于工程实践 相似文献
13.
14.
渭北煤田多变形运动期和多组构造叠加孕育出的煤系断层带对煤层瓦斯赋存产生重要影响。采用地质分析、COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场数值模拟和现场数据监测相结合的方法,分析煤系正断层带的应力分布特征及断层之间相互作用关系,研究煤系正断层带影响下的煤层渗透率变化特征,模拟正断层带形成后的瓦斯运移状态和浓度分布情况,基于瓦斯含量和瓦斯涌出量监测结果进一步分析得到煤层瓦斯赋存规律。研究结果表明:煤系断层带的应力集中主要分布在煤层断层面上,应力降产生在岩层、煤层及各断层面交汇点处;煤系断层带影响区域的煤层渗透率由大到小依次为:断层面、区域平均值、断层上盘、断层下盘;随模拟时间增加,煤层瓦斯浓度逐渐减小,煤系正断层带内部地堑、地垒、阶梯状断层瓦斯浓度降低速率略大于两侧边界断块,瓦斯在断层断块内部及正断层带外侧边界表现出明显的积聚特性;煤系正断层带内部瓦斯含量和回采期间回风流瓦斯体积分数平均值分别为2.592 1 m3/t、0.224 0%,断层带外部边界两侧平均值分别为4.480 2 m3/t、0.454 9%,表明煤系正断层带两侧形成新的瓦斯富集区域。 相似文献
15.
为了研究松软煤层复合顶板条件下大跨度切眼支护技术难题,采用数值模拟、理论分析、现场监测方法,分析了切眼巷道变形、位移、破坏特征,确定了围岩类别和支护参数,提出了左旋螺纹钢锚杆+金属网+金属梁+锚索的联合支护技术。研究表明:无支护条件下切眼巷道围岩出现"蝶形"破坏,顶板和两帮是支护的关键部位,支护后切眼巷道顶板和两帮位移大幅度减小,顶板应力释放区垂直应力明显减小,两帮应力集中区垂直应力增加,巷道顶、底角剪应力集中区范围减小。现场监测结果显示支护满足安全生产要求,为类似地质条件巷道支护提供借鉴。 相似文献
16.
Discontinuous Modelling of Stratum Cave-in in a Longwall Coal Mine in the Arctic Area 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Mahdi Shabanimashcool Lanru Jing Charlie C. Li 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2014,32(5):1239-1252
This paper presents a discontinuous numerical approach for studying roof cave-in mechanisms and obtaining the required support capacity of longwall shields in a case study site, the Svea Nord coal mine in Svalbard. The block size in the roof strata and the mechanical parameters of the discontinuities for the numerical model were obtained through back-calculations. The back-calculations were conducted with a statistical method of design of experiment. Numerical simulations revealed that voussoir jointed beams are formed before the first cave-in occurs. The maximum deflection of a roof stratum in the study site prior to the first cave-in is about 70 % of the stratum thickness. The maximum span of the roof strata prior to the first cave-in depends upon the in situ horizontal stress state. The roof beams have a large stable span when they are subjected to high horizontal stress; but horizontal stress would increase the possibility of rock crushing in deflected roof beams. The simulations and field measurements show no periodic weighting on the longwall shields in the study site. Stiff and strong roof beams would result in large first and periodic cave-in distances. As a consequence of having large cave-in distances, the longwall shields must have high load capacity, which can be calculated by the presented numerical approach. 相似文献
17.
穿层压裂是提高煤层顶板水平井产气量的关键技术，而应力干扰对煤层顶板水平井穿层分段压裂效果具有重要影响，为此，建立顶板水平井穿层分段压裂数值模型，研究应力干扰对穿层分段压裂裂缝扩展的影响规律。结果表明:煤层的岩石力学参数、压裂段间距和压裂施工方式是影响顶板水平井穿层压裂段间干扰的3个重要因素，随着煤层泊松比的降低，叠加应力逐渐增加，段间干扰程度增加；随着段间距离的增加，叠加应力逐渐减少、应力干扰逐渐减弱；顶板岩层内的叠加应力和应力干扰程度明显大于煤层；渗流扩散泄压施工产生的叠加应力明显低于连续压裂施工，段间干扰程度明显降低。研究得出连续施工的中硬煤层分段间距在90 m左右，软煤层分段间距在70~80 m较合理。扩散泄压压裂施工段间距相应降低，中硬煤层的分段间距在70 m左右、软煤层分段间距在60 m左右较合理。工程实践表明，顶板水平井分段压裂裂缝穿透了煤层，形成了较长裂缝，取得了较好的产气效果，实现对煤层的高效穿层压裂改造，研究结果为顶板水平井穿层压裂段间距优化提供了理论依据。 相似文献
18.
Arka Jyoti Das Prabhat Kumar Mandal Satya Prakash Sahu Angad Kushwaha Rana Bhattacharjee Subhashish Tewari 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(6):732-742
The rock mass around an excavation is generally traversed by different geological discontinuities such as faults, folds, slips, joints, etc. Fault is one of the major geological discontinuities which creates lot of difficulties during underground winning of coal. Entire stress regime and ground conditions in the formation are altered in and around the faults. Faults also impose detrimental effects by introducing impurities, including clay and various forms of mineral matter into the coal seams; opening of pathways for the influx of water and gas into the underground workings; displacing the coal seams upward/downwards making the coal seams difficult or sometimes impractical to mine. Appropriate evaluation of the effect of the fault on the stability of the underground workings is a requisite for safe design of the underground mining structures. In this paper, a study has been carried out to assess the effect of the fault on the stability of underground coal mines by numerical simulation with distinct element method (DEM). On the calibrated DEM model, parametric study has been performed by varying the selected parameters, the dip and the friction angles of the fault. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that both the factors have statistically significant effect on the strength of the coal pillar. Similarly, the displacement of the immediate roof and the height of the disturbed strata are evaluated by the DEM modelling and statistical analysis when the fault passes through the middle of the gallery. The results of ANOVA for both cases indicate that the both factors have significant effect on the displacement of the immediate roof and the height of the disturbed strata. It is obtained from the study that the low angle fault causes high instability in the immediate roof. The paper has been supplemented with the field observations where instability in underground roadways of a coal mine in India is caused by the fault. It was observed in VK-7 incline mine of Singareni Collieries Company Limited, India that there was sudden failure of immediate roof of a roadway where a low angle fault crosses the middle of the roadway. The findings of the paper help to understand the behaviour of the coal pillar and the surrounding rock mass in the presence of the fault. The study would also help to take appropriate decisions about the unstable regions of the working safeguarding safety in underground coal mines. 相似文献
19.
针对断层区煤巷顶板破断问题,分别建立了正断层和逆断层构造区的顶板弹性深梁力学模型,研究了顶板应力分布规律,并以Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则为判据,分析了不同顶板压力、支护强度、跨高比等因素下的顶板破断机制。理论分析表明,顶板深梁最大有效剪应力随跨高比增大而增大;其随跨高比不同而呈现出3种不同破断模式;穿越断层的巷道在断层区域应尽早使用强力支护系统,提高支护强度;穿越正断层的巷道在断层面附近应当提高护表效果。根据理论分析结论提出,在煤巷断层区使用让压型锚索箱梁支护系统,可对顶板围岩进行及时强力支护,实现“先控后让再抗”,既能有效发挥支护系统作用,又能充分发挥围岩自承能力。上述支护对策应用于巨野矿区断层区煤巷支护方案设计中,有效防止了顶板事故的发生,验证了理论分析的正确性。 相似文献
20.
针对软弱厚煤层综放开采沿空留巷动压显现明显,顶板易出现不均匀切顶下沉等问题。通过现场调研、理论分析和数值模拟,阐明了软弱厚煤层综放开采沿空留巷动压显现特征和变形机制,提出了软弱厚煤层沿煤层顶板布置沿空留巷变形协同支护体系。研究结果表明：综放开采采出厚度大,沿煤层底板留巷时沿空留巷煤层顶板承载能力差,“底板−巷旁支护体−顶板”支护体系载能力不协调,是造成软弱厚煤层沿空留巷产生大变形的主要原因;沿煤层顶板留巷变形协同支护体系的提出提高了沿空留巷帮部、顶底板及巷旁支护体的协同承载能力,可有效地保证软弱厚煤层沿空留巷的围岩稳定。研究成果在古城煤矿的成功应用,证明了该支护体系在软弱厚煤层综放沿空留巷中的可行性。 相似文献