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1.
Variations in Caspian Sea level are examined by using its water balance equation. Two important problems of modern hydrology are solved. The first problem consists in determining the transition probabilities from a fixed sea level to its upper (lower) equilibrium level, and the second problem involves the determination of the appropriate transition times. Detail solutions of both problems are given. 相似文献
2.
Macrophytes play important roles in maintaining ecosystem health and stability of shallow lakes. Better understanding of their long-term dynamics has important theoretical and practical significance for both lake ecosystem restoration and eutrophication control. However, the knowledge about the historical status and changing patterns of macrophytes in China's shallow lakes is still controversial and lacks systematic research. Here, we reviewed and synthesized the published records of submerged macrophytes from 14 typical shallow lakes in the eastern plain covering the past 100 years. The results suggest that submerged macrophytes have experienced three clear stages of change: rare period(the 1900 s–the 1950 s), growth period(the1950 s–the 1980 s), and recession period(the 1980 s–now). This finding is different from the traditional understanding that submerged macrophytes were abundant in the early 20 th century and have been degrading since then. On this basis, we proposed the possible evolution pattern(less-more-less) of submerged macrophytes in the eastern plain lake region over the past 100 years,which provides new perspectives about the long-term evolution process of macrophytes in shallow lakes. Furthermore, we found that the decline of submerged macrophytes during the regime shift shows a gradual process at the interdecadal scale; this finding contradicts the classical regime shift theory that macrophytes decline sharply during the critical transition. This study has important theoretical value for the restoration of the eastern plain lakes in China from "turbid lake" to "clear lake", especially for establishing the historical reference condition and restoration path of macrophytes. 相似文献
3.
Weiping Qin 《地震科学（英文版）》1992,5(1):177-185
This paper gives a complete commentary on some popular gradings which based on the 2×2 contingency table, for one—dimensional seismologic prediction. It contains:
- In view of the statistical correlation, the Wallen gradingV=√QS is the most equitable one amomg all gradings.
- Each one of the three gradings: Zhenchao Gu gradingS, Obuhov gradingQ and Shaoxie Xu gradingR, has its own inadequacy although they are so easy for use.
- A set of gradings can be derived fromV. The harmonic mean ofS andQ, H(S,Q) and the Hedike gradingS H are the members of this set. The order of some popular gradings are given in Theorem 5. 3.
- In view of the measure of the overlapping part a gradingW is introduced. Another set of gradings may be derived from it. The index of efficiencyh is the severest one among this set.
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E. V. Pomozov 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2014,54(1):127-134
In the used model, the quasistationary electric field in the atmosphere of the Earth is obtained by solving the conductivity equation. The penetration characteristics of the electric field from the Earth’s surface into the ionosphere depend on both atmospheric and ionosphere conductivity. The ionosphere is taken into account by setting a special condition on the upper boundary of the atmosphere. The influence of the atmospheric surface layer with a reduced conductivity on the penetration of the electric field from the surface of the Earth into the ionosphere is analyzed. 相似文献
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Water Resources - Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been studied in suspended matter and bottom sediments at the geochemical barrier the Northern Dvina–Dvina Bay during... 相似文献
7.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Macroscopic discontinuous structures observed in the solar wind are considered in the framework of magnetic hydrodynamics. The interaction of strong discontinuities is... 相似文献
8.
The atmosphere is a kind of fluid surrounding therotating earth, and its state can be described by thevelocity vector v, the temperature T, the density ρ, andthe pressure p at each point. Its evolution process isessentially governed by the Navier-Stockes equationand the temperature equation. Due to the specialty andthe complexity of the atmospheric problem, althoughsome modified and simplified work have made onthese fluid mechanics and temperature equations, theyare still a very complex forc… 相似文献
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The volume of Earth's oceans may be determined by a dynamic mechanism involving exchange of water between the crust and the mantle. Fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges are currently submerged to a depth at which the pressure is close to the critical pressure for seawater. This ensures optimal convective heat transport and, hence, maximal penetration of hydrothermal circulation along the ridge axes. The oceanic crust is hydrated to a depth of a kilometer or more and can therefore carry a substantial flux of water to the upper mantle when it is subducted. The current ingassing rate of water by this process is probably at least sufficient to balance the outgassing rate. If the oceans were shallower, as they may have been in the distant past, convective heat transport would be reduced and the depth of hydrothermal penetration and crustal hydration would decrease. Outgassing would exceed ingassing and ocean volume would increase. The system is self-stabilizing as long as the depth of the oceans does not exceed its present value. This mechanism could explain why continental freeboard has remained approximately constant since the Archean despite probable increases in continental area. 相似文献
11.
YIN Hongfu CHEN Guojin LI Chang抋n & WEI Yuan . School of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan China . Hydrogeological Team Hubei Bureau of Geology Mineral Resources Jingzhou China . Geological Survey of Jiangxi Province Nanchang China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,47(5)
1 Origin, process and method of the research Silt deposition created the fertile Dongting and Jianghan Plains of the middle Yangtze drainage, but has become a main cause of the deteriorating flooding along the middle Yangtze. The history of flood and waterlog of the Yangtze River in last century, esp. the disastrous 1998 flood, has proved that the key to the Yangtze flood control is its middle reach, especially the Jingjiang Segment. To study the silt deposition of the middle Yangtze and … 相似文献
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The suprabenthos comprises all bottom-dependent animals, mainly crustaceans (including decapods and peracarids), which perform--with varying amplitude, intensity and regularity--seasonal or daily vertical migrations above the sea floor. The presence of organisms in the Benthic Boundary Layer is determined by two general factors: (1) organism behaviour, which depends on the light penetration in the water column and (2) boundary-layer hydrodynamics. In the coastal zone of the eastern English Channel, during the spring Phaeocystis bloom, the presence of gelatinous colonies modifies the penetration of light in the water column, which may seriously affect the abundance and/or the behaviour of the suprabenthos community. To clarify this point, 19 suprabenthic hauls were taken with a modified Macer-GIROQ sledge both during the day and during the night, from March to June 2002 (i.e., before, during and after the bloom). Two sites, located in the coastal and offshore areas of the Ophelia medium sand macrobenthic community were investigated. The bloom had no effect on species richness and abundance in either site. However, the diel migrations of some dominant species--such as the cumaceans Pseudocuma longicornis and Pseudocuma similis, the mysid Gastrosaccus spinifer and the amphipod Stenothoe marina--were modified. During the bloom, diurnal and nocturnal suprabenthic abundances were similar, and in the absence of bloom, species remained benthic during the day. The permanent presence of suprabenthic species in the Benthic Boundary Layer could have a consequence on their predation by fish (mainly juveniles which preferentially consume small crustaceans in their diet), unless fish behaviour and predation efficiency--especially for visual predators--are also disturbed by changes in light intensity. 相似文献
13.
LI Qiugen LIU Shuwen HAN Baofu WANG Yueran & DANG Qingning The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts Crustal Evolution Ministry of Education School of Earth Space Sciences Peking University Beijing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(10)
Clastic sedimentary rocks record a number of in-formation about the compositions and paleoweathering conditions of the source areas, and the tectonic setting of the depositional basin[1―6]. The traditionallypetrological study commonly utilizes the major com-ponents (Quartz, Feldspar and Lithics) of the silici-clastic sedimentary rocks to investigate the source rock composition and tectonic setting[7]. However, thepetrological method is somewhat limited, because many of the mafic components f… 相似文献
14.
V. V. Adushkin N. G. Gamburtseva M. A. Nesterkina I. A. Sanina D. D. Sultanov O. A. Usol’tseva 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(3):244-256
The results of long-term sounding of the lithosphere by seismic waves from the deep-focus Hindu Kush earthquakes are presented.
The travel time series of the first longitudinal wave on a fixed base are constructed for six seismic observation stations
(SS) located on the Russian Platform (the Obninsk SS), on the Siberian Platform (the Eltsovka SS), on the Cis-Ural Trough
(the Arti SS), in the Central-Ural Megazone (the Sverdlovsk SS), in the Transbaikalia (the Bodaibo SS), and in the Northern
Tien Shan (the Przhevalsk SS). The time series duration in years for these stations ranged from 1964–1970 to 2007. The travel
time series of seismic waves for the stations indicated are characterized by multi-slope negative linear trends caused by
changes in the stress-strain state of rocks. From the comparison of the trend slopes at different stations it follows that
the changes in the stress conditions within the lithosphere are relatively weak in the aseismic regions of the Russian and
Siberian Platforms and in the Ural Megazone, whereas in the seismically active regions of Tien Shan, Transbaikalia and the
Cis-Ural Trough they are more pronounced. The correlation has been observed between the time series trends of the average
annual travel times of seismic waves and the time series of the Earth’s rotation speed. The strongest correlation between
the series can be seen for the stations, located on the platforms with weak manifestations of both seismicity and active geodynamic
processes. Within the long-term periods of deceleration and acceleration of the Earth’s rotation, travel times of seismic
waves are decreased and increased, respectively. 相似文献
15.
L. P. Imaeva B. M. Koz’min V. S . Imaev N. N. Grib S. V. Ashurkov 《Journal of Seismology》2017,21(2):385-410
The paper presents the modern structural-tectonic pattern and a tectonodynamic model of the zone of interaction of the most seismically active northeastern side of the Baikal rift zone (BRZ) and the conjugate system of seismogenic structures of the Aldan-Stanovoy block, where disastrous events with M ≥ 6.0 have been reported. Regularities in the structural formation of active faults and their kinematics are discussed. The faults form block structures accumulating significant tectonic strain. Motions between large tectonic blocks cause sudden release of the strain, which results in catastrophic events (M ≥ 6.0) with focal mechanisms of definite kinematic type. 相似文献
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Dynamical diagnosis of the breakup of the stratospheric polar vortex in the Northern Hemisphere 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The research on climate change in polar regions, especially on the role of polar in the global climate system, has gain unprecedented level of interest. It has been the key scientific issue of the International Polar Year program (IPY, 2007―2008). In this paper, we dealt with the debate upon the breakup time of the stratospheric polar vortex in boreal spring. An observational study of the relation between strato- spheric polar vortex breakup and the extra-tropical circulation was performed. The mean breakup date―when the winter westerly at the core of polar jet turns to summer easterly―is about April 10. The breakup time has large interannual variation with a time span of about 2 months. It also has a long-term trend with the 1990s and 2000s witnessing more and more late breakups of polar vortex. Composite of wind speed at the core of polar jet for the extremely early and late breakup years shows that late years have two periods of westerly weakening while early breakup years have only one. The first weakening in the late years happens in middle January with wind speed dropping sharply from more than 40 m s?1 to about 15 m s?1. This is accompanied with anomalous activities of planetary waves in both strato- sphere and troposphere; while the second weakening in the late breaking years is mainly the results of diabatic heating with very weak wave activities. In early breakup years, the transition from westerly to easterly is rapid with wind speed dropping from more than 30 m s?1 to less than ?10 m s?1 within a month. This evolution is associated with a strong bidirectional dynamical coupling of the stratosphere and troposphere. The circulation anomalies at low troposphere are also analyzed in the extremely early and late breakup years. It shows that there are significant differences between the two kinds of extreme years in the geopotential height and temperature composite analysis, indicating the dynamical cou- pling of stratosphere and troposphere with the evolution of stratospheric polar vortex. 相似文献
18.
Analysis of fault outcrops and trench sections indicates fault displacements of 0.2m - 6.0 m on the bottom paleosol layer of the Epipleistocene with the maximum rate of 0.047 mm/a and an average displacement of 1.1 meters. The activity appears as fissures on the fault surface in the late Epipleistocene and there is no obvious displacement. The fault activity is weak and the most active segment is the Bailuyuan segment. 相似文献
19.
S. S. Znatkova E. E. Antonova M. S. Pulinets I. P. Kirpichev 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2013,53(6):699-710
We describe a method for determining the thickness of the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) of the Earth’s magnetosphere at the dayside near the equatorial plane based on the data gathered by a single satellite that traverses the layer and measures the plasma velocity. The method may be applied when the position of the magnetopause and the magnetosheath parameters fluctuate. The necessity of taking the presence of outer and inner LLBL regions into account is analyzed. The developed method is tested using the analysis results of two almost simultaneous close traverses of the magnetopause completed by the THEMIS mission satellites that provided relatively precise data on the LLBL thickness. It is shown that the developed method makes it possible to determine the LLBL thickness with an accuracy of ～10%. 相似文献
20.
The profile crossing the west Kunlun region cov-ers the area between the Tarim Basin and the Kara-korum Fault, which is the highest (~5000 m a.s.l.) andthe most narrow part (400—500 km from north tosouth) of the Tibetan Plateau, thus attracting great at-tention of the geological community because of itsunique tectonic features. The Geological Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Auton-omous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) carried out mineral exploration and geologicalmapping in th… 相似文献