共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The diurnal structure of the boundary layer during Indian summer monsoon period is studied using a one-dimensional meteorological
boundary layer model and the observations collected from the Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment conducted in 1990 at
Jodhpur, India. The model was initialized with the observed temperature profiles at 0530 LST on 17 July, 1990 at Jodhpur and
was run for 26 hours. The study is carried out with a geostrophic wind speed of 9.5 m s−1 corresponding to the strong wind simulation. The mean thermodynamic and wind structure simulated by the model are in good
agreement with those observed from 30 m tower. The computed surface layer characteristics such as the surface fluxes, TKE
and standard deviations of velocity components are found to be reasonably in good agreement with those based on turbulence
measurements. The shear and buoyancy budget computed from the model are also compared with the turbulence measurements. The
integrated cooling budget in the nocturnal boundary layer is examined. 相似文献
2.
Nocturnal low-level jet over a shallow slope 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A simple theory is presented for a nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ) over a planar slope. The theory extends the classical inviscid
inertial-oscillation model of LLJs to include up- and downslope motion in the boundary layer within a stably stratified environment.
The particular scenario considered is typical of LLJs over the Great Plains of the United States: southerly geostrophic wind
over terrain that gently slopes down toward the east. First, an initial value problem for the coupled equations of motion
and thermodynamic energy is solved for air parcels suddenly freed of a frictional constraint near sunset. The solution is
an oscillation that takes, on the hodograph plane, the form of an ellipse having an eastward-oriented major axis and an eccentricity
that increases with increasing stratification and slope angle. Next, the notion of a tilted residual layer (TRL) is introduced
and used to relate initial (sunset) air parcel buoyancy to free-atmosphere stratification and thermal structure of the boundary
layer. Application of the TRL-estimated initial buoyancy in the solution of the initial value problem leads to expressions
for peak jet strength and the slope angle that maximizes the jet strength. Analytical results are in reasonable qualitative
agreement with observational data. 相似文献
3.
Effects of shear in the convective boundary layer: analysis of the turbulent kinetic energy budget 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Effects of convective and mechanical turbulence at the entrainment zone are studied through the use of systematic Large-Eddy
Simulation (LES) experiments. Five LES experiments with different shear characteristics in the quasi-steady barotropic boundary
layer were conducted by increasing the value of the constant geostrophic wind by 5 m s-1 until the geostrophic wind was equal to 20 m s-1. The main result of this sensitivity analysis is that the convective boundary layer deepens with increasing wind speed due
to the enhancement of the entrainment heat flux by the presence of shear.
Regarding the evolution of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) budget for the studied cases, the following conclusions are
drawn: (i) dissipation increases with shear, (ii) the transport and pressure terms decrease with increasing shear and can
become a destruction term at the entrainment zone, and (iii) the time tendency of TKE remains small in all analyzed cases.
Convective and local scaling arguments are applied to parameterize the TKE budget terms. Depending on the physical properties
of each TKE budget contribution, two types of scaling parameters have been identified. For the processes influenced by mixed-layer
properties, boundary layer depth and convective velocity have been used as scaling variables. On the contrary, if the physical
processes are restricted to the entrainment zone, the inversion layer depth, the modulus of the horizontal velocity jump and
the momentum fluxes at the inversion appear to be the natural choices for scaling these processes. A good fit of the TKE budget
terms is obtained with the scaling, especially for shear contribution. 相似文献
4.
J.W. Deardorff 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(3-4):377-410
Abstract The nonlinear equations of motion are integrated numerically in time for a region of x‐y‐z space of volume 3h × h × h, where h turns out to be a height slightly above the level where the wind first attains the geostrophic flow direction. Only the ideal case is treated of a horizontal lower boundary, neutral stability, horizontal homogeneity of all dependent mean variables except the mean pressure, and statistically steady state. The resulting flow patterns are turbulent and the eddies transport required amounts of momentum vertically. Topics which are investigated include the relative directions of stress, wind shear and wind; differences in Ekman wind spirals for the neutral numerical case and a stable atmospheric case; profiles of dimensionless turbulence statistics; effect of allowing the mean density to be either constant or to decrease with height; effect of the wind direction or latitude upon the turbulence intensities; and characteristic structure of the eddies in the planetary boundary layer. 相似文献
5.
— The process of dispersion of air pollutants, in a broad sense, can be considered as the net outcome of various mechanisms involved in the transport of air pollutants from the source to the receptor. The major mechanisms are: (1) advection of pollutants by mean air motion, (2) mixing of pollutants by atmospheric turbulence and (3) mass diffusion due to concentration gradients. In addition, the physical and chemical nature of the effluent, the location of the stack and the nature of the terrain downwind from the stack, effect the dispersion of the pollutants. Various physical and mathematical aspects related to the transport and diffusion of air pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer are discussed here. Further, some aspects of dispersion in a weak wind stable boundary layer are described. Finally, the current issues in the modeling of weak wind boundary layer are illustrated. 相似文献
6.
Turbulence flux measurement above the overstory of a subtropical Pinus plantation over the hilly region in southeastern China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Continuous turbulence flux measurement using the eddy covariance (EC) technique was made from January 1 to December 31 in 2003 at two and three canopy heights of a subtropical Pinus plantation on the red earth hilly region in southeastern China. To be able to make sure that the measured turbulence flux will equal the net ecosystem/atmosphere exchange, the quality of the data has to be assessed. Three criteria were investigated here, including the power spectra and cospectra analyses, flux variance similarity (integral turbulence test) and energy balance closure. The spectral analyses suggested that above-canopy power spectral slopes for all velocity components and scalars such as CO2, H2O and air temperature followed the expected -2/3 power law in the inertial subrange, and their cospectral slopes were close to -4/3 power law in the inertial subrange. The important contribution of large-scale motions to energy and mass transfer above the canopy at higher measurement level was also confirmed by the spectral analyses. The eddy covariance systems have the ability to resolve fluctuations associated with small-scale eddies and did not induce an obvious underestimation of the measured turbulence flux. The Monin-Obukhov similarity functions for the normalized standard deviation of vertical wind speed and air temperature were well-defined functions of atmospheric stability at two heights above the forest canopy, which indicated that turbulence flux measurements made at two heights were within the surface layer. Nocturnal flux underestimation and departures of this normalized standard deviation of vertical wind speed similarity function from that expected from Monin-Obukhov theory were a function of friction velocity. Thus, an optimal criterion of friction velocity was determined to be greater than 0.2-0.3 m s-1 for nocturnal fluxes so that the eddy covariance flux measurement was under high turbulent mixing conditions. Energy balance closure reached about 72%-81% at the studied site, which was comparable to the 10%-30% of energy imbalance reported in the literature. However, the energy balance closure could be only used as a useful reference criterion. 相似文献
7.
Influence of the surface roughness, geostrophic wind speed and initial stable stratification on surface layer scales, namely the friction velocity, temperature scale and the Monin-Obukhov length, and on non-dimensional profiles has been studied in quasi-stationary PIAPBLM (Prague Institute of Atmospheric Physics Boundary Layer Model) runs. Modifications of the stability functions, of the non-local mixing length concept, and of surface layer parametrization have improved the model results. With the ground temperature kept constant in time, the boundary layer is subjected to a turbulent cooling induced by surface roughness and to a counteracting turbulent heat transfer directed downwards. If the wind speed is lower, a rather mixed layer develops capped by a more stable layer. The estimated Monin-Obukhov length then slightly increases and the non-dimensional gradients overpredict the empirical values even more. 相似文献
8.
首次用验证时间序列中是否存在动力非平稳性的一种简单图示方法——space time index法来分析大气边界层湍流的动力平稳性特征.本文以取自淮河流域和威斯康星森林下垫面条件下的三维高精度风速和温度、湿度湍流脉动资料对大气边界层湍流的平稳性特征进行了分析.结果表明space time index方法能有效地检验大气边界层湍流信号中是否存在动力平稳性.另外,均匀下垫面条件（水稻田）及复杂下垫面条件（森林）下的大气边界层湍流信号中几乎都存在动力非平稳性,大气湍流动力学非平稳性可能是边界层湍流信号相当普遍具有的一种特性.大气边界层湍流中的间歇性和相干结构使得其非平稳性图形的特征不同于一般时间序列非平稳性图形的“V”型特征;森林下垫面条件下的湍流信号比相对均匀下垫面（水稻田）下的湍流信号更有组织性,相干结构更强. 相似文献
10.
R.D. Pingree G.T. Mardell P.M. Holligan D.K. Griffiths J. Smithers 《Continental Shelf Research》1982,1(1):99-116
Vertical sections of temperature and chlorophyll a across the slopes and shelf of the Celtic Sea in the summer show the characteristic regimes; oceanic, slope, shelf, frontal, and mixed. Increases of surface chlorophyll a are commonly observed along the shelf tidal fronts where the thermocline outcrops at the surface, and also at the shelf-break. The variations in phytoplankton biomass are most readily interpreted in terms of the effects of physical mixing processes due to wind and tide on the availability of inorganic nutrients and light energy. On the shelf, mixing processes, both due to internal waves, inertial currents, and to boundary induced turbulence caused by tidal shear associated with the sea floor, play an important role in determining the observed vertical structures. A numerical model is used to define regions where tidal mixing processes are likely to be relatively important and provides the physical framework for interpreting the temperature and chlorophyll a profiles. 相似文献
11.
The SOFIA (Surface of the Ocean: Flux and Interaction with the Atmosphere) experiment, included in the ASTEX (Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition EXperiment) field program, was conducted in June 1992 in the Azores region in order to investigate air-sea exchanges, as well as the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer and its capping low-level cloud cover. We present an analysis of the vertical structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), and especially of its turbulence characteristics, deduced from the aircraft missions performed during SOFIA. The meteorological situations were characteristic of a temperate latitude under anticyclonic conditions, i.e., with weak to moderate winds, weak surface sensible heat flux, and broken capping low-altitude cloud cover topped by a strong trade inversion. We show that the mixed layer, driven by the surface fluxes, is decoupled from the above cloud layer. Although weak, the surface buoyancy flux, and the convective velocity scale deduced from it, are relevant for scaling the turbulence moments. The mixed layer then follows the behavior of a continental convective boundary layer, with the exception of the entrainment process, which is weak in the SOFIA data. These results are confirmed by conditional sampling analysis, which shows that the major turbulence source lies in the buoyant moist updrafts at the surface. 相似文献
12.
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of simulating the profiles of the mean velocity and turbulence intensities for the steep open channel flows over a smooth boundary using artificial neural networks. In a laboratory flume, turbulent flow conditions were measured using a fibre‐optic laser doppler velocimeter (FLDV). One thousand and sixty‐four data sets were collected for different slopes and aspect ratios at different locations. These data sets were randomly split into two subsets, i.e. training and validation sets. The multi‐layer functional link network (MFLN) was used to construct the simulation model based on the training data. The constructed MFLN models can almost perfectly simulate the velocity profile and turbulence intensity. The values of correlation coefficient (γ) are close to one and the values of root mean square error (RMSE) are close to zero in all conditions. The results demonstrate that the MFLN can precisely simulate the velocity profiles, while the log law and Reynolds stress model (RSM) are less effective when used to simulate the velocity profiles close to the side wall. The simulated longitudinal turbulence intensities yielded by the MFLN were also fairly consistent with the measured data, while the simulated vertical turbulence intensities by the RSM were not consistent with the measured data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
利用中尺度气象数值模式（Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF）模拟风场,结合兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站（Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University,SACOL）湍流观测资料,分析了黄土高原复杂地形上稳定边界层低空急流对近地层湍流活动的影响.黄土高原复杂地形上稳定边界层低空急流的形成与地形作用引发的局地环流有关.低空急流对近地层湍流活动有强烈影响,剪切作用使小尺度湍涡活动加剧,湍动能增大,同时非平稳运动被压制.低空急流发生时,观测数据有87.3%是弱稳定情形（梯度理查森数小于0.25）;而无低空急流时,对应时段的观测表明65.4%属于强稳定层结（梯度理查森数大于0.3）,非平稳运动造成湍流功率谱在低频端迅速增大.与无低空急流和弱低空急流情形相比,强低空急流发生时,近地层湍动能增大1倍,湍动能在垂直方向上的传递增大1个量级,且方向向下,约为-3 × 10-3 m3·s-3,湍流在上层产生并向下传递. 相似文献
14.
Topography perturbs practically every process and variable relevant to land-atmosphere interactions, including radiation, air temperature and saturation deficit, wind and turbulence, cloudiness and precipitation, and properties of the soil and vegetation. We review progress in understanding some of these influences, concentrating on the wind field and the exchanges of scalars (especially sensible and latent heat) over low to moderate hills, both without and with flow separation. The treatment of the wind field is based on a physical division of the flow into inner, outer and wake regions. This framework is used to discuss modelling approaches, measurements of both the mean flow and the turbulence, special processes in the wake region, and the effecs of satisfaction.
Scalar transfer and the surface energy balance are discussed first in terms of a linear theory which accomodates radiative, aerodynamic, and elevation perturbations on the surface energy balance over hills. The linear theory provides general scales for determining the relative magnitudes of these perturbations, but its quantitative predictions are limited to low slopes without separation. Next, wind tunnel experiments are used to study the aerodynamic perturbations on scalar transfer caused by hills in situations outside the scope of the linear theory, such as flows with separation. Finally, the wind tunnel results are extrapolated to the atmosphere, using the framework of a convenience boundary layer model. It is found that, for relatively gentle topography, the regional surface energy balance (spatial averaged over several hills) is insensitive to the presence of the topography. 相似文献
15.
The Ebro river basin, in the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, very often experiences radiation fog episodes in winter that can last for several days. The impact on human activities is high, especially on road and air transportation. The installation in July 2009 of a WindRASS in the area, which is able to work in the presence of fog, now allows inspecting the vertical structure of the temperature and wind profiles across the roughly 300-m-thick fog layer. We present a case study of a long-lasting (60 h) deep radiation fog that took place in December 2009 to obtain a deeper understanding of the dynamic processes governing such persistent fog. Field observations of vertical profiles of temperature, wind and turbulent kinetic energy are compared with a high-resolution mesoscale simulation, satellite imagery of fog distribution and observations taken in the area to understand why the fog is so persistent and how it dissipates only for a short period in the afternoon despite intermittent turbulence within the fog deck. The confinement of the fog inside a practically closed basin allows us to study the relevant physical processes in the establishment and subsequent evolution of the fog episode using a limited-area mesoscale model. The contribution of the WindRASS measurements allowed us to validate the numerical simulations, particularly inspecting the role of turbulence that can link the bottom and top of the fog through moderate episodic mixing. The fog layer has very weak winds inside, but is well mixed and experiences intermittent top-bottom turbulence generated in its upper part by convection due to radiative cooling and by wind shear due to the topographically generated flows that blow just above the top of the fog. 相似文献
16.
南海北部陆坡稳定性定量分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
随着海洋工程的发展,海底滑坡作为一种潜在的地质灾害逐渐成为人们关注的热点.本文采用二维极限平衡法计算并分析了海底斜坡稳定性问题.通过对斜坡模型在各种条件下安全系数的计算,定量分析了斜坡内在因素(如斜坡角度、主要土力学参数)和主要触发机制(地震、快速堆积等)对安全系数的影响.理论计算表明,静态条件下,均质斜坡角度小于20°时,均处于稳定状态;对于含软弱层的斜坡,快速堆积等引起的不排水状态下斜坡安全系数明显降低,斜坡角度大于14°时就会发生失稳.拟静态条件下,当地震动峰值加速度(PGA)小于0.15g时,对于角度小于20°的均质斜坡处于稳定状态,但PGA大于0.25g时,角度大于13°的斜坡即处于失稳状态;对于含软弱层斜坡,PGA为0.1g时,角度大于10°的斜坡即处于不稳定状态;当PGA大于0.3g时,3°以上的海底斜坡即处于失稳状态,发生海底滑坡.结合南海北部陆坡海底地形、地貌特征,在静态条件下,均处于稳定状态;但在地震加载的拟静态下,根据南海北部地震动峰值加速度分布,台湾浅滩段则处于不稳定状态.这解释了该区域大陆坡折带处海底滑坡广泛发育的原因,也表明了地震是引发南海北部滑坡最主要的触发机制之一. 相似文献
17.
John A. T. Bye 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1-4):135-166
Abstract A unified analysis is given of the critical conditions for the onset of stratification due to either a vertical or a horizontal buoyancy flux, with tidal or wind stirring. The critical conditions for the onset of stratification with a horizontal buoyancy flux are found to be of the form of ratios of the tidal slope, or wind setup, to the equivalent surface slope due to the lateral density gradient. These ratios, which are easily determined from sea data, indicate that the profiles of critical flux Richardson Number, averaged over the stirring cycle, are similar to those inferred from the laboratory experiments of Hopfinger and Linden (1982) in which there is zero mean shear turbulence with a stabilising buoyancy flux, and also that the efficiency for the conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy for tidal stirring is similar to that for wind stirring. The observed much greater efficiency for wind stirring, compared with tidal stirring with a vertical buoyancy flux, is also consistent with the existence of flux Richardson Number profiles in the sea similar to those occurring in the corresponding laboratory experiments. Using the solution of the turbulent kinetic energy equation for the water column, the relative importance of the production of turbulent kinetic energy, and its diffusion by turbulence are assessed, and the critical conditions for the onset of stratification with a vertical buoyancy flux are shown to reduce the classical Simpson—Hunter form. 相似文献
18.
Robert M. Banta 《Acta Geophysica》2008,56(1):58-87
This paper reviews results from two field studies of the nocturnal stable atmospheric boundary layer (SBL) over the Great
Plains of the United States. Data from a scanning remote-sensing system, a High-Resolution Doppler Lidar (HRDL), provided
measurements of mean and turbulent wind components at high spatial and temporal resolution through the lowest 500–1000 m of
the atmosphere. This data set has allowed the characteristics of the low-level jet (LLJ) maximum (speed, height, direction)
to be documented through entire nights. LLJs form after sunset and produce strong shear in the layer below the LLJ maximum
or nose, which is a source of turbulence and mixing in the SBL. Simultaneous HRDL measurements of turbulence quantities related
to turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) has allowed the turbulence in the subjet layer to be related to LLJ properties. Turbulence
structure was found to be a function of the bulk stability of the subjet layer. For the strong-LLJ (> 15 m s−1), weakly stable cases the strength of the turbulence is proportional to the strength of the LLJ. For these cases with nearly
continuous turbulence in the subjet layer, low-level jet scaling, in which lengths are scaled by the LLJ height and velocity
variables are scaled by the LLJ speed, was found to be appropriate. For the weak-wind (< 5 m s−1 in the lowest 200 m), very stable boundary layer (vSBL), the boundary layer was found to be very shallow (sometimes < 10
m deep), and turbulent fluxes between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere were found to be essentially shut down. For more
intermediate wind speeds and stabilities, the SBL shows varying degrees of intermittency due to various mechanisms, including
shearinstability and other gravity waves, density currents, and other mesoscale disturbances. 相似文献
19.
S.I. Braginsky 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1976,11(3):191-199
A short review of the present state of the nearly axially-symmetrical dynamo model is given. A simplified theory for hydromagnetic dynamos taking into account the forces acting in the Earth's core is considered. The role of weak core-mantle friction is discussed and a form of solution is suggested which is characterized by a large geostrophic velocity in the core and by a boundary layer of a new type. The consequences of such a model (called model Z) for the Earth's dynamo are discussed. 相似文献
20.
A. Elkhalfi 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(4):533-546
The hydrostatic model SALSA is used to simulate a particular event observed during the Greenland Ice Margin EXperiment “GIMEX” (on July 12th, 1991). The time evolution of the large-scale flow was incorporated in the model through time dependent boundary conditions which were updated using the closest upwind sounding. A turbulent scheme for the stable boundary layer and an appropriate parametrization of the surface fluxes implemented in the same model, are used for this study. The simulation results are discussed and compared to the available observations. The computed turbulent fluxes are correctly estimated. The model predicts a mixing zone of about 1500 m high which is in good agreement with tundra site observations. Over the ice cap, the katabatic layer is correctly simulated by the model. Its height of 80–300 m is well estimated. The comparison between the simulation and observations taken at ice cap sites is reasonably valid. The ablation computed along the ice cap corresponds well to the values reconstructed of observations at sites 4 and 9. Finally, a sensibility study to a specified westward geostrophic wind (2 ms−1) shows that the consideration of this latter improves the simulated tundra wind evolution. 相似文献