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1.
Spatially distributed and varying natural phenomena encountered in geoscience and engineering problem solving are typically
incompatible with Gaussian models, exhibiting nonlinear spatial patterns and complex, multiple-point connectivity of extreme
values. Stochastic simulation of such phenomena is historically founded on second-order spatial statistical approaches, which
are limited in their capacity to model complex spatial uncertainty. The newer multiple-point (MP) simulation framework addresses
past limits by establishing the concept of a training image, and, arguably, has its own drawbacks. An alternative to current
MP approaches is founded upon new high-order measures of spatial complexity, termed “high-order spatial cumulants.” These
are combinations of moments of statistical parameters that characterize non-Gaussian random fields and can describe complex
spatial information. Stochastic simulation of complex spatial processes is developed based on high-order spatial cumulants
in the high-dimensional space of Legendre polynomials. Starting with discrete Legendre polynomials, a set of discrete orthogonal
cumulants is introduced as a tool to characterize spatial shapes. Weighted orthonormal Legendre polynomials define the so-called
Legendre cumulants that are high-order conditional spatial cumulants inferred from training images and are combined with available
sparse data sets. Advantages of the high-order sequential simulation approach developed herein include the absence of any
distribution-related assumptions and pre- or post-processing steps. The method is shown to generate realizations of complex
spatial patterns, reproduce bimodal data distributions, data variograms, and high-order spatial cumulants of the data. In
addition, it is shown that the available hard data dominate the simulation process and have a definitive effect on the simulated
realizations, whereas the training images are only used to fill in high-order relations that cannot be inferred from data.
Compared to the MP framework, the proposed approach is data-driven and consistently reconstructs the lower-order spatial complexity
in the data used, in addition to high order. 相似文献
2.
Direct Multiple-Point Geostatistical Simulation of Edge Properties for Modeling Thin Irregularly Shaped Surfaces 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Thin, irregularly shaped surfaces such as clay drapes often have a major control on flow and transport in heterogeneous porous
media. Clay drapes are often complex, curvilinear three-dimensional surfaces and display a very complex spatial distribution.
Variogram-based stochastic approaches are also often not able to describe the spatial distribution of clay drapes since complex,
curvilinear, continuous, and interconnected structures cannot be characterized using only two-point statistics. Multiple-point
geostatistics aims to overcome the limitations of the variogram. The premise of multiple-point geostatistics is to move beyond
two-point correlations between variables and to obtain (cross) correlation moments at three or more locations at a time using
training images to characterize the patterns of geological heterogeneity. Multiple-point geostatistics can reproduce thin
irregularly shaped surfaces such as clay drapes, but this is often computationally very intensive. This paper describes and
applies a methodology to simulate thin, irregularly shaped surfaces with a smaller CPU and RAM demand than the conventional
multiple-point statistical methods. The proposed method uses edge properties for indicating the presence of thin irregularly
shaped surfaces. Instead of pixel values, edge properties indicating the presence of irregularly shaped surfaces are simulated
using snesim. This method allows direct simulation of edge properties instead of pixel properties to make it possible to perform multiple-point
geostatistical simulations with a larger cell size and thus a smaller computation time and memory demand. This method is particularly
valuable for three-dimensional applications of multiple-point geostatistics. 相似文献
3.
4.
Marijke Huysmans Philippe Orban Elke Cochet Mathias Possemiers Benedicta Ronchi Katherine Lauriks Okke Batelaan Alain Dassargues 《Mathematical Geosciences》2014,46(5):519-537
This study investigates the effect of fine-scale clay drapes on tracer transport. A tracer test was performed in a sandbar deposit consisting of cross-bedded sandy units intercalated with many fine-scale clay drapes. The heterogeneous spatial distribution of the clay drapes causes a spatially variable hydraulic conductivity and sorption coefficient. A fluorescent tracer (sodium naphthionate) was injected in two injection wells and ground water was sampled and analyzed from five pumping wells. To determine (1) whether the fine-scale clay drapes have a significant effect on the measured concentrations and (2) whether application of multiple-point geostatistics can improve interpretation of tracer tests in media with complex geological heterogeneity, this tracer test is analyzed with a local three-dimensional ground-water flow and transport model in which fine-scale sedimentary heterogeneity is modeled using multiple-point geostatistics. To reduce memory needs and calculation time for the multiple-point geostatistical simulation step, this study uses the technique of direct multiple-point geostatistical simulation of edge properties. Instead of simulating pixel values, model cell edge properties indicating the presence of irregularly shaped surfaces are simulated using multiple-point geostatistical simulations. Results of a sensitivity analysis show under which conditions clay drapes have a significant effect on the concentration distribution. Calibration of the model against measured concentrations from the tracer tests reduces the uncertainty on the clay-drape parameters. The calibrated model shows which features of the breakthrough curves can be attributed to the geological heterogeneity of the aquifer and which features are caused by other processes. 相似文献
5.
Designing an optimal multivariate geostatistical groundwater quality monitoring network using factorial kriging and genetic algorithms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The optimal selection of monitoring wells is a major task in designing an information-effective groundwater quality monitoring network which can provide sufficient and not redundant information of monitoring variables for delineating spatial distribution or variations of monitoring variables. This study develops a design approach for an optimal multivariate geostatistical groundwater quality network by proposing a network system to identify groundwater quality spatial variations by using factorial kriging with genetic algorithm. The proposed approach is applied in designing a groundwater quality monitoring network for nine variables (EC, TDS, Cl−, Na, Ca, Mg, SO
4
2−
, Mn and Fe) in the Pingtung Plain in Taiwan. The spatial structure results show that the variograms and cross-variograms of the nine variables can be modeled in two spatial structures: a Gaussian model with ranges 28.5 km and a spherical model with 40 km for short and long spatial scale variations, respectively. Moreover, the nine variables can be grouped into two major components for both short and long scales. The proposed optimal monitoring design model successfully obtains different optimal network systems for delineating spatial variations of the nine groundwater quality variables by using 20, 25 and 30 monitoring wells in both short scale (28.5 km) and long scale (40 km). Finally, the study confirms that the proposed model can design an optimal groundwater monitoring network that not only considers multiple groundwater quality variables but also monitors variations of monitoring variables at various spatial scales in the study area. 相似文献
6.
Snehamoy Chatterjee Hussein Mustapha Roussos Dimitrakopoulos 《Computational Geosciences》2016,20(3):399-420
Spatial uncertainty modelling is a complex and challenging job for orebody modelling in mining, reservoir characterization in petroleum, and contamination modelling in air and water. Stochastic simulation algorithms are popular methods for such modelling. In this paper, discrete wavelet transformation (DWT)-based multiple point simulation algorithm for continuous variable is proposed that handles multi-scale spatial characteristics in datasets and training images. The DWT of a training image provides multi-scale high-frequency wavelet images and one low-frequency scaling image at the coarsest scale. The simulation of the proposed approach is performed on the frequency (wavelet) domain where the scaling image and wavelet images across the scale are simulated jointly. The inverse DWT reconstructs simulated realizations of an attribute of interest in the space domain. An automatic scale-selection algorithm using dominant mode difference is applied for the selection of the optimal scale of wavelet decomposition. The proposed algorithm reduces the computational time required for simulating large domain as compared to spatial domain multi-point simulation algorithm. The algorithm is tested with an exhaustive dataset using conditional and unconditional simulation in two- and three-dimensional fluvial reservoir and mining blasted rock data. The realizations generated by the proposed algorithm perform well and reproduce the statistics of the training image. The study conducted comparing the spatial domain filtersim multiple-point simulation algorithm suggests that the proposed algorithm generates equally good realizations at lower computational cost. 相似文献
7.
Corinne Dorais Antonio Simonetti Loretta Corcoran Tyler L. Spano Peter C. Burns 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(1):125-132
There is currently a lack of well‐characterised matrix‐matched reference materials (RMs) for forensic analysis of U‐rich materials at high spatial resolution. This study reports a detailed characterisation of uraninite (nominally UO2+x) from the Happy Jack Mine (UT, USA). The Happy Jack uraninite can be used as a RM for the determination of rare earth element (REE) mass fractions in nuclear materials, which provide critical information for source attribution purposes. This investigation includes powder X‐ray diffraction (pXRD) data, as well as major, minor and trace element abundances determined using a variety of micro‐analytical techniques. The chemical signature of the uraninite was investigated at the macro (cm)‐scale with micro‐X‐ray fluorescence (µXRF) mapping and at high spatial resolution (tens of micrometre scale) using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analyses. Based on EPMA results, the uraninite is characterised by homogeneous UO2 and CaO contents of 91.57 ± 1.49% m/m (2s uncertainty) and 2.70 ± 0.38% m/m (2s), respectively. Therefore, CaO abundances were used as the internal standard when conducting LA‐ICP‐MS analyses. Overall, the major element and REE compositions are homogeneous at both the centimetre and micrometre scales, allowing this material to be used as a RM for high spatial resolution analysis of U‐rich samples. 相似文献
8.
Summary The geometry of the rock joint is a governing factor for joint mechanical and hydraulic behaviour. A new method for evaluating
the aperture distribution, based on measurement of joint surfaces and three dimensional characteristics of each surface, is
developed. This method allows one to determine and visualize the aperture distribution under different normal stresses and
shear displacements, which is difficult to observe experimentally. A new laser scanner system is designed and developed for
joint surface measurements. Special attention is paid to both surfaces’ data gained by measurements and processing, such as
x-y coordinate table modification, data referencing, and matching between upper and lower surfaces. The surfaces of an artificial
joint in granite are measured, processed, analyzed and three dimensional approaches are carried out for surface characterization.
Parameters such as “asperity’s heights”, “slope angles”, and “aspects” distribution at micro scale, local concentration of
elements and their spatial localization at local scale are determined by Geographic Information System (GIS). These parameters
are used for joint surfaces matching and its real behavior quantitative analysis. The upper surface is brought down to make
contact with the lower surface and the distance between the two surfaces is evaluated from the joint mean experimental aperture,
which is obtained from normal and shear tests. Changes of aperture distribution at different normal stresses and various shear
displacements are visualized and interpreted. Increasing normal load causes negative changes in aperture frequency distribution
which indicates high joint matching. However, increasing shear displacement causes a rapid increase in the aperture and positive
changes in the aperture frequency distribution, which could be due to un-matching, surface anisotropy and spatial localization
of contact points with proceeding shear.
Author’s address: Mostafa Sharifzadeh, Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of
Technology, Hafez 424, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran 相似文献
9.
Jens Götze Lutz Nasdala Reinhard Kleeberg Marita Wenzel 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,133(1-2):96-105
Agate/chalcedony samples of different origin were investigated by performing Raman, X-ray diffraction (using Rietveld refinement),
and cathodoluminescence measurements. These analyses were performed to measure the content and spatial distribution of the
silica polymorph moganite, which is considered to represent periodic Brazil-law twinning of α-quartz at the unit-cell scale
in agate/chalcedonies. Homogeneous standard samples including the nearly α-quartz free moganite type material from Gran Canaria
were analysed in order to compare results of the X-ray diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy techniques and to provide a calibration
curve for the Raman results. However, due to the different length scales analysed by the two techniques, the “moganite content”
in microcrystalline SiO2 samples measured by Raman spectroscopy (short-range order) was found to be considerably higher than the “moganite content”
measured by X-ray diffractometry (long-range order). The difference is explained by the presence of moganite nanocrystals,
nano-range moganite lamellae, and single Brazil-law twin-planes that are detected by vibrational spectroscopy but that are
not large enough (in the sense of coherently scattering lattice domains) to be detected by X-ray diffractometry. High resolution
Raman analysis provides a measure of the moganite content and its spatial variation in microcrystalline silica samples with
a lateral resolution in the μm-range. Variations in the moganite-to-quartz ratio are revealed by varying intensity ratios
of the main symmetric stretching-bending vibrations (A1 modes) of α-quartz (465 cm−1) and moganite (502 cm−1), respectively. Traces of Raman microprobe analyses perpendicular to the rhythmic zoning of agates revealed that the moganite-to-quartz
ratio is often not uniform but shows a cyclic pattern that correlates with the observed cathodoluminescence pattern (colour
and intensity). Data obtained from an agate sample from a fluorite deposit near Okorusu, Namibia and from a volcanic agate
from Los Indios, Cuba were selected for detailed presentation. Variations of cathodoluminescence and Raman data between single
bands in agates suggest alternating formation of fine-grained, highly defective chalcedony intergrown with moganite, and coarse-grained
low-defect quartz. Multiple zones indicate dynamic internal growth during a self-organizational crystallization process from
silica-rich fluids.
Received: 4 December 1997 / Accepted 19 June 1998 相似文献
10.
Hydrodynamic models have been widely used in urban flood modelling. Due to the prohibitive computational cost, most of urban flood simulations have been currently carried out at low spatial resolution or in small localised domains, leading to unreliable predictions. With the recent advance in high-performance computing technologies, GPU-accelerated hydrodynamic models are now capable of performing high-resolution simulations at a city scale. This paper presents a multi-GPU hydrodynamic model applied to reproduce a flood event in a 267.4 km2 urbanised domain in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. At 2 m resolution, the simulation is completed in nearly real time, demonstrating the efficiency and robustness of the model for high-resolution flood modelling. The model is used to further investigate the effects of varying spatial resolution and using localised domains on the simulation results. It is recommended that urban flood simulations should be performed at resolutions higher than 5 m and localised simulations may introduce unacceptable numerical errors.
相似文献11.
Yu Liu Qiu‐Li Li Guo‐Qiang Tang Xian‐Hua Li 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(3):421-437
A combined geochronological and geochemical investigation for the same domain of zircon provides valuable information on timing and genesis, particularly in the case of multi‐growth metamorphic zircon. A high spatial resolution concurrent analytical method for zircon U‐Pb age and rare earth element content was successfully achieved in this study, using a multi‐collector secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) at a ~ 8 μm diameter scale. Special instrument parameters were employed, including a high mass resolution of approximately 15000 applied to replace the previous energy filter method, and a dynamic multi‐collector mode used to reduce the measurement time to 18 min per analysis. Six zircon reference materials yielded precise and accurate 206Pb/238U ages, which are comparable to those obtained by the ordinary mono‐collector method, but with 2–3 times higher spatial resolution. All zircon grains measured in this study showed enriched heavy‐REE (HREE) contents consistent with previously reported values determined by LA and solution ICP‐MS methods. The light‐REE (LREE) mass fractions measured using both SIMS and LA‐ICP‐MS methods in this study, although with quite different volume, show consistent results within uncertainties. 相似文献
12.
Sub-micron scale distributions of trace elements in zircon 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Amy E. Hofmann John W. Valley E. Bruce Watson Aaron J. Cavosie John M. Eiler 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,158(3):317-335
Sub-micron scale zoning of Ti concentrations and correlations between concentrations of Ti and other trace elements (P, Ce,
and Y) and cathodoluminescent (CL) banding is observed in natural zircons. Ion images were made using the Caltech Microanalysis
Center’s CAMECA NanoSIMS 50L with an O− primary beam focused to ~300 nm on the sample surface. The high spatial resolution of this technique allows for interrogation
of chemical variations at or below the scale of CL banding in natural zircons. Images produced in this manner display two
types of correlations among Ti, P, Ce, and Y (which appears to be a proxy for CL intensity): strong (correlation coefficients
>0.8) and subtle (correlation coefficients ~0.15–0.4). Strongly correlated images, which display Ti variations of ca. a factor
of 3 between adjacent CL bands and overall elevated trace element concentrations in CL-dark bands, were found within an oscillatory-zoned,
trace element enriched sector of a CL sector-zoned zircon. Three possible causes for such correlations include: temperature-dependent
equilibrium partitioning, trace element partitioning limited by diffusion in the host melt and surface-controlled, non-equilibrium
growth. Comparison of our data with the expected results of these processes suggests that: (1) Ti partitioning in zircon is
dependent upon non-equilibrium effects in addition to temperature and/or (2) the incorporation of elements that co-vary with
Ti in zircon (e.g., Y, P and Ce) is also temperature-dependent. Sub-micron scale, high-Ti regions are also found within Proterozoic
Adirondack and >4 Ga Jack Hills zircons as well as trace element enrichments (including Ti) along cracks within Jack Hills
zircons. 相似文献
13.
遥感水文应用中的尺度问题 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
遥感技术在水文科学中的广泛应用，极大地拓宽了其研究的领域和范围，增加了其研究的深度。但同时也应该看到，遥感信息的空间分辨率和时间分辨率，以及水文科学自身尺度问题的复杂性，一方面对遥感水文的应用产生困难和问题，限制了水文遥感的应用；另一方面又对水文尺度问题提供了新的技术手段，为遥感水文应用增添了新的亮点。从水文机理与空间尺度、遥感信息的空间分辨率、水文参数的空间延拓，以及遥感技术与水文科学的发展等 4个方面探讨了遥感水文的空间尺度问题；从瞬时遥感信息的时间拓展和遥感信息的时间分辨率 2个方面讨论了遥感水文的时间尺度问题。 相似文献
14.
A shallow landslide erosion and sediment yield component, applicable at the basin scale, has been incorporated into the physically
based, spatially distributed, hydrological and sediment transport modelling system, SHETRAN. The component determines when
and where landslides occur in a basin in response to time-varying rainfall and snowmelt, the volume of material eroded and
released for onward transport, and the impact on basin sediment yield. Derived relationships are used to link the SHETRAN
grid resolution (up to 1 km), at which the basin hydrology and final sediment yield is modelled, to a subgrid resolution (typically
around 10–100 m) at which landslide occurrence and erosion is modelled. The subgrid discretization, landslide susceptibility
and potential landslide impact are determined in advance using a geographic information system (GIS), with SHETRAN then providing
information on temporal variation in the factors controlling landsliding. The ability to simulate landslide sediment yield
is demonstrated by a hypothetical application based on a catchment in Scotland.
Received: 30 October 1996 · Accepted: 25 June 1997 相似文献
15.
A. J. Litta U. C. Mohanty S. Kiran Prasad M. Mohapatra Ajit Tyagi S. C. Sahu 《Natural Hazards》2012,61(3):1219-1242
A severe thunderstorm produced a tornado (F3 on the Fujita-Pearson scale), which affected Rajkanika block of Kendrapara district
of Orissa in the afternoon of March 31, 2009. The devastation caused by the tornado consumed 15 lives and left several injured
with huge loss of property. The meteorological conditions that led to this tornado have been analyzed. An attempt is also
made to simulate this rare event using Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model (NMM) core of the Weather Research and Forecasting
(WRF) system with a spatial resolution of 4 km for a period of 24 h, starting at 0000 UTC of March 31, 2009. The atmospheric
settings resulted from synoptic, surface, upper air, satellite and radar echo studies were favorable for the occurrence of
a severe thunderstorm activity over Rajkanika. The model-simulated meteorological parameters are consistent with each other,
and all are in good agreement with the observation in terms of the region of occurrence of the intense convective activity.
The model has well captured the vertical motion. The core of the strongest winds is shown to be very close to the site of
actual occurrence of the event. The wind speed is not in good agreement with the observation as it has shown the strongest
wind of only 20 ms−1, against the estimated wind speed of 70 ms−1. The spatial distributions as well as intensity of rainfall rates are in good agreement with the observation as model simulated
35.4 mm against the observed rainfall of 41 mm over Chandbali. The results of these analyses demonstrated the capability of
high-resolution WRF–NMM model in simulation of severe thunderstorm events. 相似文献
16.
The main goal of the proposed work is to delineate structural boundaries in a very complex geology environment using the spatial
and statistical properties of the potential field data. The analysis is performed using magnetic anomaly of the total field
data over In Ouzzal, an Archaean north–south elongated block belonging to the Hoggar (Algeria). This region is geologically
and geophysically very poorly known except some localized areas. The intrinsic properties of high-frequency signals and the
related causative sources are explored, thanks to two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform. The obtained results, represented
by spatial distribution of the maxima of the modulus of the wavelet transform at each scale, clearly show that the major magnetic
singularities of the field may be related to geological features. Comparison with the Euler’s deconvolution solutions exhibits
a very good correlation. Even though where geological structures are known, our method shows better resolution and accuracy.
The proposed multiscale method proves to be more powerful, easy to use, and versatile where classical methods of potential
field interpretation fail or are very constraining. However, work is still ongoing to try to better and fully characterize
the causative sources of the potential fields. 相似文献
17.
The role of humic substances in the formation of marble patinas under soil burial conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The present work aim to study the effect of burial on the photoluminescnece (PL) spectra of white, crystalline marble surfaces
and the physicochemical processes that take place at the marble—soil interface. The PL was studied by an argon ion laser beam,
focused through a microscope objective onto the sample, offering a spatial resolution of 3 μm. Long-buried (time scale of
1,000 years) surfaces show a red (at 610 nm) emission due to Mn2+, which is also shown on fresh marble spectra and an additional broadband blue-green (380–530 nm) one. Electron paramagnetic
resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) indicate that the
latter emission originates from humate complexes. The complexes are most probably Ca-humates, the humic substances found in
the soil and the divalent calcium cations released by the dissolution of marble calcite. Finally, the examination of recently
(time scale of 50 years) buried surfaces shows that the blue-green emission and consequently the presence of humates in marble
patinas are not affected by the soil organic matter content. Soil acidity however, is a critical factor, with a total absence
of the blue-green emission at pH values lower than 6. 相似文献
18.
The Necessity of a Multiple-Point Prior Model 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Any interpolation, any hand contouring or digital drawing of a map or a numerical model necessarily calls for a prior model
of the multiple-point statistics that link together the data to the unsampled nodes, then these unsampled nodes together.
That prior model can be implicit, poorly defined as in hand contouring; it can be explicit through an algorithm as in digital
mapping. The multiple-point statistics involved go well beyond single-point histogram and two-point covariance models; the
challenge is to define algorithms that can control more of such statistics, particularly those that impact most the utilization
of the resulting maps beyond their visual appearance. The newly introduced multiple-point simulation (mps) algorithms borrow
the high order statistics from a visually and statistically explicit model, a training image. It is shown that mps can simulate
realizations with high entropy character as well as traditional Gaussian-based algorithms, while offering the flexibility
of considering alternative training images with various levels of low entropy (organized) structures. The impact on flow performance
(spatial connectivity) of choosing a wrong training image among many sharing the same histogram and variogram is demonstrated. 相似文献
19.
Application of multiple-point geostatistics on modelling groundwater flow and transport in a cross-bedded aquifer (Belgium) 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Sedimentological processes often result in complex three-dimensional subsurface heterogeneity of hydrogeological parameter values. Variogram-based stochastic approaches are often not able to describe heterogeneity in such complex geological environments. This work shows how multiple-point geostatistics can be applied in a realistic hydrogeological application to determine the impact of complex geological heterogeneity on groundwater flow and transport. The approach is applied to a real aquifer in Belgium that exhibits a complex sedimentary heterogeneity and anisotropy. A training image is constructed based on geological and hydrogeological field data. Multiple-point statistics are borrowed from this training image to simulate hydrofacies occurrence, while intrafacies permeability variability is simulated using conventional variogram-based geostatistical methods. The simulated hydraulic conductivity realizations are used as input to a groundwater flow and transport model to investigate the effect of small-scale sedimentary heterogeneity on contaminant plume migration. Results show that small-scale sedimentary heterogeneity has a significant effect on contaminant transport in the studied aquifer. The uncertainty on the spatial facies distribution and intrafacies hydraulic conductivity distribution results in a significant uncertainty on the calculated concentration distribution. Comparison with standard variogram-based techniques shows that multiple-point geostatistics allow better reproduction of irregularly shaped low-permeability clay drapes that influence solute transport. 相似文献