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1.
Climatic causes of ecological and environmental variations in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers of China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers of China, glaciers, frozen ground, the hydrological system, and alpine
vegetation have changed over the past decades years. Climatic causes of these variations have been analyzed using mean monthly
air temperature and monthly precipitation between 1956 and 2000, and monthly evaporation from φ20 evaporation pans between
1961 and 1996. In the source region of the Yangtze River, lower temperature and plentiful precipitation during the 1960s and
continuing into the early 1980s triggered a glacier advance that culminated in the early 1990s, while a robust temperature
increase and precipitation decrease since 1986 has forced glaciers to retreat rapidly since 1995. Permafrost degradation is
another consequence of the climatic warming. The variations in the hydrological system and alpine vegetation are controlled
mainly by the climate during the warm season. Warmer and drier summer climate is the major cause of a degradation of the vegetation,
desiccation of the high-cold marshland, a decrease in the areas and numbers of lakes and rivers in the middle and north source
regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, and a reduction in surface runoff in the source region of the Yangtze River for
the last 20 years. The causes of eco-environmental change in Dari area, near the outlet from the source area of the Yellow
River, are different from those elsewhere in the study area. A noticeable reduction in runoff in the source region of the
Yellow River and degradation of alpine vegetation in Dari area are closely related to the permafrost degradation resulting
from climate warming. 相似文献
2.
在长江和黄河源区的左冒西孔曲和纳通河、垮热洼尔玛河流域的不同植被覆盖下建立了天然径流观测场,利用观测天然降水和人工模拟降水,初步研究了江河源区不同植被覆盖下降水的产流产沙效应。结果表明,长江黄河源区的3个小流域内,在典型高寒草甸草地30°坡面上,退化较为严重的30%覆盖度以下的场地内,地表径流产出量明显大于覆盖度较好的95%、92%和68%场地,同时产沙量显著高于这3个场地,其平均单次降水形成的泥沙量是这三种盖度的2~4倍,由此造成地表侵蚀量平均为这3种盖度的3~10倍。通过对几次典型的降水形态的分析,在长江黄河源区高寒草甸草地的坡面上,不但降水量影响着产流产沙量,降水形态也影响着产流产沙量,降雨仍是引起水土流失的主要降水形态,在降水量相同的条件下,降雪可比降雨和雨加雪增加产流量2.1~3.5倍,可比降雨减少泥沙侵蚀45.4%~80.3%。人工模拟结果表明:对于覆盖度为5%和30%的强度退化草地,次降水量在3.5 mm时,就形成了较为明显的径流和产沙效应,当次降雨量达到7 mm,降雨持续时间15 min,5 m2场地内就会形成1 400 mL以上的径流量;在地表土壤含水量(FDR测0~5 cm平均含水量为36.7%)较高的情况下,次降雨量达4mm,降雨强度超过0.4 mm/min,在5 m2场地内历时5 min就能形成1 060 mL的地表径流,每100 mL径流中含泥沙高达1.6 g。这一试验结果在长江黄河源区3个不同的河源小流域是一致的。 相似文献
3.
Study on the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation in headwater areas of the Yangtze River and Yellow River,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Natural runoff observation fields with different vegetation coverage were established in the Zuomaoxikongqu River basin in
the headwater area of the Yangtze River, and in the Natong River basin and the Kuarewaerma River basin in the headwater area
of the Yellow River, China. The experiments were conducted using natural precipitation and artificially simulated precipitation
between July and August to study the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation under the conditions of the same
slope and different alpine meadow land with coverage in the headwater areas. The results show that, in the three small river
basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers, the surface runoff yield on the 30° slope surface of the
alpine meadow land with a vegetation cover of 30% is markedly larger than that of the fields with a vegetation cover of 95,
92, and 68%. Furthermore, the sediment yield is also obviously larger than the latter three; on an average, the sediment yield
caused by a single precipitation event is 2–4 times as large as the latter three. Several typical precipitation forms affecting
the runoff yield on the slope surface also influence the process. No matter how the surface
conditions are; the rainfall is still the main precipitation form causing soil erosion. In some forms of precipitation, such
as the greatest snow melting as water runoff, the
sediment yield is minimal. Under the condition of the same precipitation amount, snowfall can obviously increase the runoff
yield, roughly 2.1–3.5 times as compared to the combined runoff yield of the Sleet or that of rainfall alone; but meanwhile,
the sediment yield and soil erosion rate decrease, roughly decreasing by 45.4–80.3%. High vegetation cover can effectively
decrease the runoff-induced erosion. This experimental result is consistent in the three river basins in the headwater areas
of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. 相似文献
4.
长江黄河源区积雪空间分布与年代际变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用长江黄河源区及其周边地区16个气象站逐日积雪资料,分析了长江黄河源区积雪的空间分布和年代际变化特征.结果表明:以巴颜喀拉山主峰为中心的黄河源头和长江源东南部地区是年积雪深度高值中心,黄河源头以西和五道梁以东的长江源东北部和黄河源西北部广大地区是低值中心.冬春累积积雪深度占年累积积雪深度的比例>71.0%,夏半年(6~9月)对其的贡献小,但夏半年的积雪日数占年积雪日数的1/3.曲麻莱达日一线以南地区积雪主要发生在1月份,以北地区一年有两个高值期:前冬10~11月和春季3~5月.长江源和黄河源头地区积雪建立早,积雪季节长,结束晚,消退过程缓慢;而黄河源东部地区,积雪建立稍晚,积雪发展比较缓慢,消退过程迅速.近40 a来长江黄河源区积雪呈确定的增长态势,长江源区冬春积雪增长了62.11%,黄河源区增长了60.18%.但二者积雪变化位相基本相反,变化幅度长江源大起大落,而黄河源比较平缓,多雪年份出现也不一致.整个源区20世纪60年代至70年代初为积雪偏少期,70年代中期至90年代是积雪偏多期.从20世纪70年代中至80年代末,积雪明显增加,90年代积雪增加速度有所放慢,近40 a江河源区平均冬春累积积雪深度增加了60.95%.长江源区对整个源区积雪变化起主导作用,源区平均冬春累积积雪深度变化主要表现长江源的特征. 相似文献
5.
植被和活动层水热关系是青藏高原冻土生态环境的重要组成部分,对气候变化和工程活动积极响应,是目前全球变化研究的热点之一.为了解植被差异对活动层水热过程的影响,以场地监测和植被调查数据为基础,分析了黄河源区高温高海拔多年冻土区同一地貌单元内局地条件相似而植被差异显著的3个场地活动层温度和水分变化.初步结果表明:植被盖度较低时,活动层水分含量也低,且含水量高值区趋于中下部;植被盖度较高时,冷季地气温差和温度位移都减小,暖季地气温差增大;随着植被盖度增大,冻融开始和结束时间明显滞后,冻融持续时间延长.初步揭示了黄河源区地表植被对活动层水分和温度的影响过程,对研究和保护高寒生态环境稳定具有重要意义. 相似文献
6.
近22年长江源区植被覆盖变化规律与成因 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用GIMMS-NDVI遥感数据以及植被类型等专题信息,结合遥感图像处理以及地理信息系统技术,统计分析了1982—2003年长江源地区时间和空间上植被覆盖变化规律,并分析了植被覆盖变化的地形地貌因素与人为因素影响。结果表明:近22a,长江源植被覆盖呈总体增加趋势,而高寒草甸退化较严重,喜湿植被退化快于耐干旱植被,植被的生存环境趋于干旱化。研究结果表明,植被退化受到海拔、坡向、人类活动和地下水位的影响。海拔4400～4600m的较低海拔地带退化最强烈,主要为高寒草甸与高寒沼泽草甸受牧业影响较大;牧业影响半径为24km;道路的影响范围为24km,道路的修建加速了人类对高原植被的破坏作用;阳坡植被呈现趋于稳定和退化的趋势,阴坡植被表现为增长的趋势,降水量增加是源区植被,尤其是阴坡植被变好的重要原因,而太阳光照增强是导致阳坡干旱和植被趋于退化的潜在原因;近河床区地下水位埋深较浅,植被生长具有稳定的地下水源;在远离河床的一定区域内,地下水易于疏干,植被易于退化,河流影响范围为24km。 相似文献
7.
三江源地区位于青海南部,是中国三大主要河流长江、黄河和澜沧江的源头汇水区,是中国海拔最高的天然湿地和面积最大的自然保护区。三江源地区生态环境脆弱,评估地下水蒸散量对该地区水循环和水资源量评价有重要作用,对生态环境保护也具有一定意义。基于中等分辨率的MODIS数据,利用表面能量平衡系统对三江源地区2001—2017年的区域蒸散量进行估算,并采用Sen+Mann-Kendall法分析其连续时间序列内的时空变化趋势,讨论其影响因素。结果表明:研究区蒸散量从2001年到2017年总体呈增长趋势;三个源区多年年平均蒸散量值表现为澜沧江源>黄河源>长江源的变化规律;三江源区超过62.62%的地区蒸散量变化呈显著增长趋势,轻微显著增长地区占28.03%,显著减小地区占比极少;蒸散量的变化主要受气候影响,与气温、降水量呈明显正相关关系,其确定系数分别为0.80、0.89;蒸散量与植被指数及土壤湿度也均呈明显正相关关系。 相似文献
8.
长江源区高寒生态与气候变化对河流径流过程的影响分析 总被引：24，自引：5，他引：19
近40 a来长江源区气候变化剧烈,是青藏高原增温最为显著的地区之一,高寒生态系统与冻土环境不断退化.采用多因素逐次甄别方法与半经验理论方法相结合,基于多年冻土的不同植被覆盖降水-径流观测场观测试验结果,分析了长江源区气候-植被-冻土耦合系统中各要素变化对河川径流的不同影响.结果表明:近40 a来长江源区河川径流呈持续递减趋势,年均径流量减少了15.2%,频率>20%的径流量均显著减少,而>550 m3·s-1的稀遇洪水流量发生频率增加;气候变化与高寒草甸覆盖变化对源区径流变化的影响较大,分别占5.8%和5.5%;气候与植被覆盖变化对径流的显著影响是与冻土耦合作用的结果,但冻土环境与冰川变化对径流的贡献尚不能准确评价.高寒沼泽湿地和高寒草甸生态系统对于源区河川径流的形成与稳定起到关键作用,这两类生态系统的显著退化是驱动河川径流过程中变差增大、降水-径流系数减少以及洪水频率增加的主要原因.保护源区高寒草甸与独特的高寒湿地生态,对于维护源区水涵养功能和流域水安全意义重大. 相似文献
9.
黄河源区是我国最大的自然保护区之一,但近年来存在一系列严重的生态环境退化现象。来自地下水的基流量的变化正是植被生长环境变化的直接反映,因此开展基流量变化研究对于高寒干旱区的生态环境变化规律认识与环境恢复都具有重要的科学价值。黄河源区地下水位变化对植被生长具有直接的影响,研究结果表明：1956-1998年来自地下水的基流量总体上呈现枯—丰—枯的变化规律,表明了源区地下水位呈现低—高—低的总体变化规律;源区的基流量与地表植被的生长之间具有良好的相关性,汛期降水之后,地下水对植被生长的影响逐渐增大。 相似文献
10.
黄河源区高寒植被主要特征初探 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
位于青藏高原东北部多年冻土与季节冻土交错带的黄河源区高寒生态环境及其变化一直备受关注. 气候变暖、冻土退化条件下,为了解黄河源区不同冻土区植被状况,在源区布设了4个场地：查拉坪（CLP,源区南部连续低温多年冻土区）;扎陵湖南岸（ZLH,源区中南部岛状多年冻土区）;麻多乡（MDX,源区西部的不连续多年冻土区）;鄂陵湖北岸（ELH,源区中北部季节冻土区）. 结合植被调查和场地监测,分析了源区各冻土区植被的差异. 结果显示：总体上低温多年冻土区植被盖度、多样性指数高,表现为连续多年冻土区（查拉坪）>不连续多年冻土区（麻多乡）>季节冻土区（鄂陵湖北岸）,其中岛状多年冻土区（扎陵湖南岸）例外,该场地平均盖度最低,多样性指数介于查拉坪和麻多乡之间,局部植被退化较严重. 均匀度指数均表现为扎陵湖南岸最高,查拉坪次之. 地上生物量调查结果显示：查拉坪>麻多乡>扎陵湖南岸>鄂陵湖北岸,且鄂陵湖北岸出现指示植被退化的植物. 尽管黄河源区高寒植被研究为理解冻土退化条件下的生态环境变化提供了一些基础数据,评估气候变化和冻土退化的生态和水文效应需要更系统的调查和监测研究. 相似文献
11.
The 137Cs tracer technique was used to study soil erosion of alpine meadow grassland in two small river basins in the headwater region
of the Yellow River. The results show that the levels of 137Cs in soil samples from this alpine meadow vegetation zone exhibit an exponential distribution, generally within a depth of
approximately 20 cm. Due to strong winds, freeze-thaw cycles and water, soil erosion was found to be stronger on the upper
slope than on the lower slope, and except for the slope crest, the intensity of soil erosion at other sites was as follows:
upslope < midslope < downslope. There was a significant negative correlation between the intensity of soil erosion and the
extent of alpine meadow vegetation cover (P < 0.01). The mean soil erosion modulus exhibited a linear reduction trend with an increase in vegetation cover, and the correlation
coefficient R
2 was ≥ 0.997. The higher the degradation degree of the alpine meadow grassland, the greater is the soil erosion. The mean
erosion modulus in the severely degraded meadow zone was 2.23 times greater than the one in the slightly degraded zone, and
the maximum erosion modulus reached 2.96 × 106 kg/km2/a. 相似文献
12.
黄河源区冻土对植被的影响 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
黄河源区由于近年来气候变化的影响,打破了高寒植被与冻土环境之间稳定的适应性关系,由此引发了一系列生态环境退化的现象.在黄河源区多年野外工作的基础上,定量分析了冻土与植被之间的关系.研究表明:多年冻土埋深通过影响浅层土壤含水量影响植被生长的,多年冻土的埋深与浅层土壤含水率和植被的覆盖率具有良好的相关性规律.冻土埋深<2 m时,冻土埋深决定浅层土壤含水率,成为影响植被的生长主要因素;埋深>2 m时,冻结层上水水位低、补给量少,冻结层上水水量小,毛细上升高度不能达到植被根系分布的浅层土壤中,植被生长环境干旱化,多数植被生长受限制,这时只有少量根系发达的耐旱植被存活,覆盖率小,一般不超过35%.因此,2 m的多年冻土埋深为“生态冻土埋深”.近20 a来,黄河源区地温长期处于增温状态,多年冻土出现表层融化,形成深埋的或少冰的冻土等现象;部分地带完全融化消失,连续多年冻土变成不连续冻土或岛状冻土.多年冻土退化后,土壤含水量减少,导致植被物种更替、“黑土滩”等退化现象. 相似文献
13.
A multi-scale study on land use and land cover quality change: The case of the Yellow River Delta in China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
This paper presents a case study of the Yellow River Delta in China, to trace land use and land cover changes during the past
20 years, with an emphasis on land quality changes. Three sets of data are used in this case study: remote sensing data derived
from satellite images; crop yield data from statistics; and soil data collected by the researchers in the field. Our study
reveals that at the regional scale, LUCC has taken place in a positive direction: vegetation cover has been expanding and
crop yields per hectare have been on rise. However, while the overall eco-environment has improved, the improvement is uneven
across the Delta region. At local levels, some areas show signs of increased salinization and declining organic content. Both
natural forces and human activities are responsible for the LUCC, but human activities play a more important role. While some
impacts of human activities are positive, the damages are often long-lasting and irreversible. We also conclude that it is
necessary to use both macro data (such as remote sensing data) and micro data (data collected in the field) to study land
quality change. The former are efficient in examining land quality changes at the regional scale, the latter can serve to
verify ground patterns revealed from macro data and help to identify local variations, so as to get a comprehensive understanding
of LUCC and promote sustainable land use and land management.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Hongchang Hu Genxu Wang Guangsheng Liu Taibing Li Dongxing Ren Yibo Wang Huiyan Cheng Junfeng Wang 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(6):1391-1397
The alpine ecosystem is very sensitive to environmental change due to global and local disturbances. The alpine ecosystem
degradation, characterized by reducing vegetation coverage or biomass, has been occurring in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which
alters local energy balance, and water and biochemical cycles. However, detailed characterization of the ecosystem degradation
effect is lack in literature. In this study, the impact of alpine ecosystem degradation on soil temperature for seasonal frozen
soil and permafrost are examined. The vegetation coverage is used to indicate the degree of ecosystems degradation. Daily
soil temperature is monitored at different depths for different vegetation coverage, for both permafrost and seasonal frozen
soils. Results show that under the insulating effort of the vegetation, the freezing and thawing process become quicker and
steeper, and the start of the freezing and thawing process moves up due to the insulating effort of the vegetation. The influence
of vegetation coverage on the freezing process is more evident than the thawing process; with the decrease of vegetation coverage,
the integral of frozen depth increases for seasonal frozen soil, but is vice versa for permafrost. 相似文献
15.
1996—2015年黄河源区植被覆盖度提取和时空变化分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
研究黄河源区植被覆盖度时空变化对于深入理解青藏高原多年冻土区在气候变化和人类活动双重作用下的植被响应,以及为黄河源区生态环境保护和治理提供决策具有重要的意义。以陆地卫星（Landsat）影像为主要数据源,利用多端元混合像元分解模型（Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis,MESMA）,完成了1996—2015年黄河源区4.4万km2、7个时相的植被覆盖度提取,并基于转移矩阵和一元线性回归趋势法分析了植被覆盖度变化情况。结果表明：黄河源区东南部植被覆盖度较高,西北部植被覆盖度较低,且植被覆盖度在空间上由东南向西北呈递减趋势。1996—2004年植被覆盖度整体呈下降趋势,2004—2015年植被覆盖度呈增加趋势。1996—2015年植被覆盖度呈增加趋势的区域占57.25%,基本不变的区域占16.02%,植被覆盖度呈下降趋势的区域占26.73%。植被覆盖度下降的主要原因是黄河源头及一些河谷地带、环湖地区受人类影响较大,且东南部海拔较低地区受到过度放牧的影响。尽管黄河源区1996—2015年植被覆盖度总体呈改善趋势,但毒杂草的面积也由1996年的16 060 km2增加到2015年的22 942 km2,20年间增加了6 882 km2,毒杂草面积的增加对黄河源区局部地区畜牧业的发展有不利影响。 相似文献
16.
青藏高原中部典型下垫面活动层水热动态及其热扩散率研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
多年冻土活动层, 尤其是浅层土壤的水热传输机制, 以及冻融过程的时空异质性是研究地-气间能水交换的关键。利用位于青藏高原中部的唐古拉和通天河两个活动层观测场2013年的土壤温度和水分数据, 比较了不同下垫面浅层土壤日冻融循环过程的差异, 以及不同冻融阶段的地温日变化及热扩散率特征。结果表明： 根据一日之内地温的正负波动, 浅层土壤的冻融过程可以划分为解冻期、 完全融化期、 始冻期和完全冻结期四个时期, 其中解冻期和始冻期统称为日冻融循环发生期。解冻期的持续天数和深度明显高于始冻期, 高寒草原的日冻融循环天数和发生深度明显高于高寒草甸。浅层土壤（0 ~ 20 cm）日地温变化普遍呈现明显的正弦波动趋势, 且不同冻融阶段的振幅差异较大, 由于相变的缘故, 解冻期的日地温变化振幅最小。高寒草甸的日地温振幅显著低于高寒草原, 说明日地温动态与土壤质地和土壤水分密切相关, 植被作为热绝缘层, 减弱了地温对气温波动的响应。地表下5 ~ 10 cm的热扩散率显著大于10 ~ 20 cm深度, 且5 - 10月融化季的热扩散率显著大于冻结季。热传导对流方程可以描述多年冻土区典型下垫面在季节冻融循环周期内不同月份的水分迁移方向。 相似文献
17.
植被退化对高寒土壤水文特征的影响 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：5
在黄河源冻土严重退化地区,采用选择典型区域和样地进行实验和模型模拟的方法,对不同植被退化特征条件下高寒土壤的水分特征曲线、土壤饱和导水率、土壤入渗及土壤水分进行研究.结果表明:Gradner和Visser提出的经验方程θ=AS-B对该地区土壤水分特征曲线有良好的模拟性;不同植被盖度条件下土壤的饱和导水率和土壤入渗有明显的区别,表层0～10cm范围内,黑土滩的饱和导水率和入渗强度最强,30cm以下土层中土壤饱和导水率、入渗强度以及土壤含水量几乎不受植被的影响.随植被退化表层土壤含水量出现明显降低,退化越严重,水分流失越多,最多时能达到38.6%,植被根系最发达的10～20cm范围的土壤含水量流失对高寒草甸土壤环境影响最大,水分流失导致退化草甸恢复难度较大.通过比较研究,在黄河源地区考斯加科夫(Kostiakov)入渗公式f(t)=at-b更适用于该研究区域高寒草甸土壤水分入渗过程的研究. 相似文献
18.
为了解森林退化的原因,利用2000-2015年的MODIS NDVI数据,在分析贵州省植被变化趋势的基础上识别了归一化植被指数（NDVI)显著下降的区域,并在NDVI显著下降区选取面积大于10 km2的森林图斑为兴趣区,分析其内气候变化趋势及对森林NDVI值的影响。研究表明:197个兴趣区主要分布在贵州省西北部的赤水—习水、东北部的梵净山和东南部的非喀斯特区域;区内春、夏季NDVI变化趋势与年NDVI值变化趋势一致,下降速率达到-0.01·yr-1,冬季与其他季节变化趋势相反,呈不显著升高趋势;区内春季和夏季气温升高显著,降水和日照时间无明显变化,整体气候变化呈暖干趋势;夏季温度升高是NDVI降低的主要驱动因素。 相似文献
19.
祁连山大通河源区冻土特征及变化趋势 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
大通河源区位于祁连山中东部, 属高山多年冻土区, 利用源区内冻土钻探及监测资料对源区冻土发育的基本特征及变化趋势进行了分析和探讨. 冻土地温分析表明, 源区冻土年平均地温随海拔的变化梯度约为3.82 ℃·km-1, 且冻土地温与表层覆被条件关系密切. 盆地平原地带多年冻土厚度约为17~86 m, 且以海拔每上升100 m冻土厚度增加约10 m的梯度增加. 多年冻土活动层厚度受海拔地带性作用不显著, 更多地受局地因素的控制, 地表覆被条件成为其主要影响因素. 在气温升高以及人类活动日益增多的影响下, 源区冻土整体处于退化状态, 多年冻土年平均地温以0.0075 ℃·a-1的速率上升. 相似文献
20.
Land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River, northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: classification and evaluation 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Land degradation imposes a great threat to the world. It is not merely an environmental issue, but also a social and economic problem. Land desertification is among the main aspects of environment changes in the source region of the Yellow River. Previous studies focused on water resource utilization and soil erosion, but land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River even the whole Qinghai-Xizang Plateau received little attention. Based on the data obtained by field investigation and TM satellite images of 2000, this study provides the classification and evaluation information of the land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River. There are six types of land degradation in this region: water erosion in the northern mountains around the Gonghe Basin, sandy desertification in the Gonghe Basin and Upland Plain Area, aridization in the lower reaches, salinization in the Gonghe Basin, vegetation degradation in the intramontance basin and freezing and thawing erosion in the high mountains. The total degraded area is 34,429.6 km2, making up 37.5% of the land in the study area. Finally, land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River was evaluated according to changes in the physical structure and chemical component of soils, land productivity, secondary soil salt and water conditions. 相似文献