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1.
The redox state of the continental lithospheric mantle of the Baikal-Mongolia region 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
L. P. Nikitina A. G. Goncharov A. K. Saltykova M. S. Babushkina 《Geochemistry International》2010,48(1):15-40
The thermal and redox state of the upper mantle beneath the Baikal-Mongolia region was estimated on the basis of the investigation
of the chemical composition (including iron oxidation state) of major minerals (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and
spinel) in spinel and garnet-spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Cenozoic alkali basalts of the volcanic fields of the Dariganga
Plateau, Tariat Depression, and Vitim Plateau. At temperatures of 1030–1500°C and pressures of 29–47 kbar, the Δlog$
f_{O_2 }
$
f_{O_2 }
values relative to the FMQ buffer (calculated using the olivine-spinel oxygen barometer) range from −0.9 to −1.7 for the
xenoliths of the Dariganga Plateau, from −0.9 to −1.8 for the Tariat Depression, and from −0.8 to −0.1 for the Vitim Plateau.
The oxygen fugacity of peridotites from all of the areas is, in general, lower than that of the WM buffer. Oxygen fugacity
is usually below the CCO and EMOD/G buffers in the peridotites of the Dariganga Plateau and the Tariat Depression and higher
than these buffers in the peridotites of the Vitim Plateau. The T-PΔlog$
f_{O_2 }
$
f_{O_2 }
relationships in the xenoliths suggest the existence of spatial heterogeneity in the thermal and redox state of the upper
mantle of the Baikal-Mongolia region. This heterogeneity is probably related to the influence of the plume that was responsible
for the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic intraplate magmatism of this region and reflects the different distance of the respective mantle
domains from the plume head. The C-O-H fluids in equilibrium with the upper mantle peridotites are composed mainly of water
and carbon dioxide. The mantle of the Dariganga Plateau and the Tariat Depression (Δlog$
f_{O_2 }
$
f_{O_2 }
< −0.9) is characterized by the dominance of H2O, whereas CO2-rich fluids are characteristic of the more oxidized mantle of the Vitim Plateau (Δlog$
f_{O_2 }
$
f_{O_2 }
is mostly higher than −0.8). 相似文献
2.
O. Yu. Plotinskaya E. O. Groznova V. A. Kovalenker K. A. Novoselov R. Seltmann 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2009,51(5):371-397
The Bereznyakovskoe ore field is situated in the Birgil’da-Tomino ore district of the East Ural volcanic zone. The ore field
comprises several centers of hydrothermal mineralization, including the Central Bereznyakovskoe and Southeastern Bereznyakovskoe
deposits, which are characterized in this paper. The disseminated and stringer-disseminated orebodies at these deposits are
hosted in Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous dacitic-andesitic tuff and are accompanied by quartz-sericite hydrothermal alteration.
Three ore stages are recognized: early ore (pyrite); main ore (telluride-base-metal, with enargite, fahlore-telluride, and
gold telluride substages); and late ore (galena-sphalerite). The early and the main ore stages covered temperature intervals
of 320–380 to 180°C and 280–300 to 170°C, respectively; the ore precipitated from fluids with a predominance of NaCl. The
mineral zoning of the ore field is expressed in the following change of prevalent mineral assemblages from the Central Bereznyakovskoe
deposit toward the Southeastern Bereznyakovskoe deposit: enargite, tennantite, native tellurium, tellurides, and selenides
→ tennantite-tetrahedrite, tellurides, and sulfoselenides (galenoclausthalite) → tetrahedrite, tellurides, native gold, galena,
and sphalerite. The established trend of mineral assemblages was controlled by a decrease in $
f_{S_2 }
$
f_{S_2 }
, $
f_{Te_2 }
$
f_{Te_2 }
and $
f_{O_2 }
$
f_{O_2 }
and an increase in pH of mineral-forming fluids from early to late assemblages and from the Central Bereznyakovskoe deposit
toward the Southeastern Bereznyakovskoe deposit. Thus, the Central Bereznyakovskoe deposit was located in the center of an
epithermal high-sulfidation ore-forming system. As follows from widespread enargite and digenite, a high Au/Ag ratio, and
Au-Cu specialization of this deposit, it is rather deeply eroded. The ore mineralization at the Southeastern Bereznyakovskoe
deposit fits the intermediate- or low-sulfidation type and is distinguished by development of tennantite, a low Au/Ag ratio,
and enrichment in base metals against a lowered copper content. In general, the Bereznyakovskoe ore field is a hydrothermal
system with a wide spectrum of epithermal mineralization styles. 相似文献
3.
A. D. Edgar 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1979,71(2):171-175
Compositions of the major phenocryst minerals (olivine, phlogopite) and groundmass minerals (olivine, phlogopite, kalsilite), and a glass phase have been determined from a biotite mafurite occurring as an ejected block in the highly K-rich ultramafic rocks of south west Uganda. Comparison of the phenocryst mineral compositions with those determined from recent high pressure experiments on biotite mafurite composition suggests this rock may have formed by partial melting of a K-enriched mantle source containing both H2O and CO2 at approximately 1,250 ° C and 30 kb. The absence of crystalline leucite but its presence as a major component of the glass phase and textural relations in the groundmass indicate that the final consolidation of the biotite mafurite took place at pressures greater than atmospheric. The presence of phlogopite, olivine, kalsilite, and glass mainly of leucite composition may suggest that consolidation took place under the conditions where these phases were in equilibrium. Based on the experimentally determined conditions for the reaction of phlogopite break down to olivine+kalsilite +liquid+vapor, a crude estimation of the consolidation conditions for ejected blocks of biotite mafurite are 1,150 °–1,180 ° C at a
of 1–2 kb. 相似文献
4.
S. A. Novikova 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2009,51(8):800-811
Fayalite is a common mineral of Fe-rich paralavas related to spontaneous combustion of coal seams. Fayalite has also been
found in parabasalts from burned coal waste piles of the Chelyabinsk coal basin. Among paralavas from different combustion
metamorphic (CM) complexes of the world, fayalite is the most widespread in the fused rocks of the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass)
and the Ravat area in Tajikistan. The optimal conditions for fayalite formation as products of coal fires in the Kuzbass and
Ravat resulted from a favorable combination of the composition of fused protolith (parental rocks) composed of pelitic and
Fe-rich sediments and the redox conditions of the deep subsurface ($
f_{O_2 }
$
f_{O_2 }
is lower than the QFM buffer). In the Kuzbass, fayalite is commonly hosted in high-silica aluminous Fe-rich paralavas composed
of Fe-cordierite (sekaninaite), tridymite, hercynite-magnetite, cristobalite, aluminous clinoferrosilite, and Al-K silicic
glass. The composition of all Kuzbass fayalites is close to the Fe2SiO4 end member. Kuzbass fayalites are characterized by a negligibly low CaO content and higher MnO and P2O5 contents like fayalites from burned rocks of other CM complexes. In Kuzbass paralavas, Fe-olivine is the late phase that
crystallized after sekaninaite and tridymite, immediately before melt quenching. 相似文献
5.
The experimental distribution coefficient for Ni/ Fe exchange between olivine and monosulfide (KD3) is 35.6±1.1 at 1385° C, \(f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } = 10^{ - 8.87} ,f_{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}} } = 10^{ - 1.02} \) , and olivine of composition Fo96 to Fo92. These are the physicochemical conditions appropriate to hypothesized sulfur-saturated komatiite magma. The present experiments equilibrated natural olivine grains with sulfide-oxide liquid in the presence of a (Mg, Fe)-alumino-silicate melt. By a variety of different experimental procedures, K D3 is shown to be essentially constant at about 30 to 35 in the temperature range 900 to 1400° C, for olivine of composition Fo97 to FoO, monosulfide composition with up to 70 mol. % NiS, and a wide range of \(f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) and \(f_{{\text{S}}_{\text{2}} } \) . 相似文献
6.
N. I. Strel’tsova 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2009,51(5):398-413
The results of thermodynamic modeling of equilibriums between Cu, Fe, and Zn sulfides and oxides pertaining to the Cu-Fe-Zn-S-O2 system in water and aqueous chloride solution are presented. The system comprises solid phases of constant composition: pyrite,
pyrrhotite, hematite, magnetite, wüstite, γ-iron, chalcocite, covellite, cuprite, native copper, chalcopyrite, and bornite,
as well as more than 100 ions, complexes, and molecules in an aqueous solution.
The GIBBS program with the UNITHERM thermodynamic dataset used in calculations allows numerical analysis of phase assemblages
in a dry system and in equilibrium with an aqueous solution. How the temperature, pressure, and the composition of the solution
in the system opened for oxygen and sulfur affects the composition of phase assemblages was considered in temperature and
pressure ranges of 50–350 C and 100–1000 bar, respectively. Decrease in temperature leads to a shift in stability fields of
the studied phases toward the region of elevated oxygen and sulfur partial pressures. Variation of temperature is an important
factor affecting precipitation of ore minerals, primarily, Cu- and Zn-bearing. The calculation results are presented in tables
and diagrams. Each point in the $
(\log m_{S_{tot} } - \log f_{O_2 } )
$
(\log m_{S_{tot} } - \log f_{O_2 } )
diagram is characterized by a single possible assemblage of phases equilibrated with a solution of the given composition
within the considered temperature and pressure range. Since the composition of the mineral assemblage is controlled by physicochemical
conditions at the moment of mineral formation, comparison of the calculation results with mineral assemblages at ore deposits
makes it possible to estimate the parameters of ore deposition at the early stage of investigation, including oxygen and sulfur
activity and, occasionally, the composition and salinity of the solution. These parameters control the formation of such assemblages. 相似文献
7.
Arnold A Kadik 《Journal of Earth System Science》1990,99(1):141-152
The oxygen fugacity condition of equilibration has been carefully determined from a spinel lherzolite from Mongolia, olivine xenocrysts from chrome pyrope-bearing peridotite nodules from kimberlites of Yakutia, and basaltic samples from ocean floor, iron arcs and the continental areas. These indicate that the spinel lherzolites occurring within alkali basalts from Mongolia, equilibrated under an \(f_{O_2 } \) condition similar to that of WM buffer. The diamond and chrome pyrope-bearing peridotites from the kimberlite pipes equilibrated between IW and WM buffers. Some of the ilmenite-bearing peridotite crystallized under \(f_{O_2 } \) conditions similar to that between WM and QFM buffers and chondrites equilibrated below the QFI buffer. It is concluded that during geochemical processes in the upper mantle the \(f_{O_2 } \) conditions vary broadly, and are similar to that between FMQ and IW buffers. There is a dramatic change in the composition of the kimberlitic fluid, which is CH4-bearing at an early stage, but is in equilibrium with H2O and CO2 at a later stage. This is related to mass transfer of fluids from the lower part of the mantle with a low oxidation state to the upper part having a higher \(f_{O_2 } \) condition. 相似文献
8.
V. A. Glebovitsky L. P. Nikitina A. B. Vrevskii Yu. D. Pushkarev M. S. Babushkina A. G. Goncharov 《Geochemistry International》2009,47(9):857-881
The paper reports data on the chemical composition of mantle peridotite xenoliths from kimberlites and alkaline basalts that
represent the continental lithospheric mantle (CLM) beneath Early Precambrian and Late Proterozoic-Cenozoic structures, respectively.
In order to identify compositional trends during the melting of primitive material and propose the most reliable criteria
for constraining the conditions of this process and its degree, we analyzed literature data on the melting of spinel and garnet
peridotites within broad temperature and pressure ranges. It was determined that the degree of melting (F%) of pristine peridotite
of composition close to that of the primitive mantle (PM) can be deduced from the Mg/Si and Al/Si ratios in the residue; an
equation was proposed for evaluating F from the Mg/Si ratio. The Ca/Al ratio of residues at low (1–1.5 GPa) pressures and
degrees of melting from 2–3 to 20–25% increases several times but decreases with increasing F at pressures higher than 3 GPa.
The Na partition coefficient between melt and residue decreases at increasing pressure and approaches one at a pressure close
to 20 GPa. Residues after low-degree melting are strongly depleted in Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb but are enriched in Cr. The application
of these criteria to the composition of xenoliths brought to the surface from the mantle occurring beneath tectonic structures
of various age led us to conclude that compositional heterogeneities of CLM (particularly the variations in the concentrations
of major and certain siderophile elements) are controlled, first of all, by the melting of the mantle source material. These
processes occurred under various thermodynamic conditions (T, P, and $
f_{O_2 }
$
f_{O_2 }
) and differed in their intensity, and this predetermined the compositional diversity of the residual mantle material (its
concentrations of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Na, K, Ni, Co, V, and Cr). Our results are principally consistent with the hypothesis of
the global magmatic ocean. It is thought that the early phases of its consolidation were variably controlled by the fractionation
of minerals, for example, majorite. Moreover, heterogeneities in the distribution of siderophile elements could be partly
predetermined by changes in the properties of these elements at ultrahigh temperatures and pressures. The processes of partial
melting were the most intense during the early evolution of the mantle (perhaps, in the Early Precambrian), and hence, the
mantle has different chemical composition beneath Archean cratons and Phanerozoic foldbelts. 相似文献
9.
Synthetic spinel harzburgite and lherzolite assemblages were equilibrated between 1040 and 1300° C and 0.3 to 2.7 GPa, under
controlled oxygen fugacity (f
O
2). f
O
2 was buffered with conventional and open double-capsule techniques, using the Fe−FeO, WC-WO2-C, Ni−NiO, and Fe3O4−Fe2O3 buffers, and graphite, olivine, and PdAg alloys as sample containers. Experiments were carried out in a piston-cylinder apparatus
under fluid-excess conditions. Within the P-T-X range of the experiments, the redox ratio Fe3+/ΣFe in spinel is a linear function of f
O
2 (0.02 at IW, 0.1 at WCO, 0.25 at NNO, and 0.75 at MH). It is independent of temperature at given Δlog(f
O
2), but decreases slightly with increasing Cr content in spinel. The Fe3+/ΣFe ratio falls with increasing pressure at given Δlog(f
O
2), consistent with a pressure correction based on partial molar volume data. At a specific temperature, degree of melting
and bulk composition, the Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio of a spinel rises with increasing f
O
2. A linear least-squares fit to the experimental data gives the semi-empirical oxygen barometer in terms of divergence from
the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) buffer:
相似文献
10.
The solubility of pentatungstate of sodium (PTS) Na2W5O16 · H2O and sodium tungsten bronzes (STB) Na0.16WO3 in acid chloride solutions containing 0.026, 0.26, and 3.02m NaCl have been studied at 500°C, 1000 bar, given fO2 (Co-CoO, Ni-NiO, PTS-STB buffers), and constant NaCl/HCl ratio (Ta2O5-Na2Ta4O11 buffer). Depending on experimental conditions, the tungsten content in the solutions after experiments varied from 10−3 to 2 × 10−2 mol/kg H2O. Obtained data were used to calculate the formation constants of predominant tungsten complexes (VI, V): H3W3VIO123−, W3VO93−, [WVW4VIO16]3−, for reactions
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