共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 671 毫秒
1.
亚毫米波临边探测发展现状 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
临边探测为中、高层大气探测,主要针对海拔约10—100 km的大气层进行观测,与垂直观测相比,具有更高的垂直分辨率。亚毫米波（0.1—1.0 mm或300 GHz—3 THz）临边探测对臭氧层的大气环保监控具有特殊的意义。本文分析比较了Odin/SMR、EOS AURA/MLS、JEM/SMILES、MASTER与SOPRANO这5个亚毫米波临边探测仪的特性,并介绍了亚毫米波临边探测大气反演系统中的正向模型与反向模型。亚毫米波临边探测器具有较高的光谱分辨率及较宽的波段宽度,其光谱分辨率能达到1 MHz甚至1 MHz以下,波段宽度能达到几个GHz。另外,大气中的许多分子在亚毫米波波段有特征吸收线,可以反演许多痕量气体垂直廓线。在亚毫米波临边探测下,可以获得氯族成分及BrO的廓线数据。HCl、ClO等氯族成分的反演误差可以小于10%,但BrO的反演误差达50%以上。亚毫米波临边探测的正向模型需要考虑云的多次散射;5个亚毫米波临边探测器的反演算法均采用基于高斯-牛顿或Levenberg-Marquardt迭代的最优反演算法。 相似文献
2.
臭氧(O_3)是平流层大气最重要的成分之一,而随着人类活动增加的影响,平流层O_3不断减少。在O_3的衰减循环中,Cl化合物是最主要的介质,而氯化氢(HCl)是活性氯的储存库,因此同时探测O_3与HCl对进一步认清平流层O_3的源与汇具有重要意义。本文基于太赫兹临边探测辐射传输软件包ARTS(Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator),模拟研究太赫兹临边探测O_3与HCl的敏感因子量化大气辐射传输及其他大气成分对O_3和HCl的影响。结果表明:(1)在太赫兹波段,O_3与HCl分别在切高大于8 km与大于10 km处,具有很高的敏感性,可以探测O_3与HCl垂直廓线;(2)太赫兹临边探测对于探测目标O_3和HCl,在10 km及以下高度,对目标的浓度变化不敏感,而在中高空则很敏感;温度与水汽的变化对O_3与HCl的探测影响不大,而传感器的天线半带宽及光谱分辨率对于O_3与HCl的探测有一定的影响。 相似文献
3.
临边探测器垂直分辨率高,辐射信号的变化主要受大气参数影响,且辐射校准后几乎不受背景辐射影响,对痕量气体可探测性强,探测高度约为10—100 km,对臭氧层的大气遥感监测具有特殊意义。红外临边传感器经过40余年的发展过程,在通道数目、信噪比、可探测目标种类、冷冻技术、在轨寿命方面都有明显改进。本文以平流层O_3及其相关的痕量气体为中心,按照传感器搭载的卫星平台及卫星发射时间的先后顺序,比较了国际上已有的LRIR、LIMS、SAMS、ISAMS、CLAES、MIPAS、HIRDLS、TES共8个星载红外临边探测器的特性、探测目标、技术改进、性能提升等;介绍了红外临边探测大气成分的反演原理;总结了红外临边探测器在痕量气体,平流层云与气溶胶,重力波与极涡,非局部热力学平衡效应4个方面的应用成果。最后对红外临边探测的前景趋势提出了思考。 相似文献
4.
星载红外高光谱传感器温度廓线反演综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
全球变暖是当前国际社会的热点话题,温度廓线是大气热力状态的重要参数,准确高效地获取其时空分布信息是天气预报和气候变化研究的前提。与传统的地面观测方式相比,卫星探测数据具有高空间、时间分辨率的优势,为气象观测提供了数据支持。本文分别针对星载红外高光谱传感器3种常见观测模式(天底、掩星及临边观测模式)下的国外7个传感器代表(IMG、AIRS、IASI、HALOE、TES、MIPAS、ACE-FTS)及国内大气探测卫星(风云系列和高分系列)在参数、性能和用途等3个方面进行介绍,得出当前国际上天底观测可提供垂直方向1 km内温度产品精度小于1 K,TES临边观测模式可提供的对流层温度廓线产品精度最高可达0.5 K,均满足NWP精度要求,可有效的用于天气预报及气候变化研究;由辐射传输方程出发,对气温廓线反演的3种常用方法 (统计回归、物理及人工神经网络反演)的基本原理、特点及发展历程进行了对比分析。同时,就温度廓线反演算法的关键问题及可能的解决方案进行了阐述;并对误差(平滑、模型参数及测量误差)产生及其传播原理进行系统地归纳总结。最后,提出现阶段气温探测过程中存在的问题。 相似文献
5.
6.
75~115 km的大气层中存在Na、Fe、K、Ca等多种金属成分,通常认为这些金属成分来自宇宙尘埃和流星烧蚀的产物。大量宇宙尘埃和流星进入地球大气,会对地球气候有重要影响,大气金属层是宇宙尘埃和流星进入地球大气的示踪物。同时研究表明,大气金属层所在区域的大气对全球气候变化的响应很敏感,是全球气候变化的示踪物。大气金属层物质沉降,是夜光云凝聚核的主要来源,对临近空间飞行器具有重要影响。但目前对75~115 km的大气金属层探测和研究还很不够,为此,本文在国际上首次提出专门针对大气金属层探测的卫星概念。在大气金属层探测卫星中,提出以主动探测技术为主要探测手段的载荷配置,包括星载钠激光雷达、大气激光掩星探测仪、空间微流星体探测仪、星载F-P测风仪、金属层气辉成像仪5种先进载荷。大气金属层探测卫星将能够对大气金属层进行全面探测,并取得重大科学创新成果。 相似文献
7.
8.
遥感探测到的小目标信号一般是弱信号,利用传统的高光谱异常变化检测方法直接抑制背景来突出异常变化目标,往往导致小目标弱信号同时被抑制,造成目标探测率低、虚警率高。基于独立成分分析方法,研究了弱信号小目标的高光谱变化检测模型,该模型首先通过投影寻踪将异常变化影像投影到独立成分,突出异常变化目标,然后再抑制背景,从而达到异常变化目标和背景的有效分离。该模型可以有效降低虚警率,提高探测率。利用模拟数据和真实数据进行了精度验证,结果表明,利用模拟数据得到的探测精度为99%,利用真实数据得到的检测精度为86%,与传统异常变化检测算法相比,精度最高提高了9%。本文研究方法适用于弱信号小目标的高光谱异常变化检测。 相似文献
9.
爆炸现象的模拟在虚拟现实领域中有广泛应用。碎片飞散效果的表现是爆炸模拟的重要方面。通过简化冲击波传播过程,将爆炸解释为高浓度气体产物作剧烈扩散的过程。根据气体浓度的变化建立描述爆炸气流运动的流场模型。基于该模型刻画的流场状态,对碎片运动的两种分解形式平动和翻转分别制定控制策略,提出了模拟飞散过程的实时处理算法。实验结果表明,该算法具有较强真实感且满足实时性要求。 相似文献
10.
11.
利用云下阴影实现陆地上空气溶胶和地表反射率的同时反演—理论方法和模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
卫星探测信号包含大气中分子和粒子的散射贡献以及地表反射的贡献,在陆地上空二者的贡献相当,并且陆地地表反射率在时间和空间上极度不均一,因此,很难区分二者的各自贡献从而定量提取大气气溶胶和地表反射率,陆地上空气溶胶的反演也一直是一个极具挑战性的课题.而高分辨率卫星资料如TM5的可见光通道能够很好地区分云和云下阴影,如果云是不透光的,在阴影上空,卫星信号仅包含大气散射贡献和地表漫反射贡献,而在邻近的非阴影区上空,卫星探测信号还包含地表直接反射的贡献,根据这个原理,利用辐射传输模式分析了阴影区和非阴影区上空卫星探测的辐射量差别与地表反射率和大气气溶胶的关系,提出一种利用云下阴影来同时提取阴影上空大气气溶胶和地表反射率的单波长反演方案,并对气溶胶单次散射反照率,散射相函数,测量精度以及地表反射率的不均一性进行了敏感性分析. 相似文献
12.
Nivedita Sanwlani Prakash Chauhan Ranganath R. Navalgund 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2010,38(4):617-626
Space-borne ocean-colour remote sensor-detected radiance is heavily contaminated by solar radiation backscattered by the atmospheric
air molecules and aerosols. Hence, the first step in ocean-colour data processing is the removal of this atmospheric contribution
from the sensor-detected radiance to enable detection of optically active oceanic constituents e.g. chlorophyll-a, suspended sediment etc. In standard atmospheric correction procedure for OCEANSAT-1 Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) data, NIR
bands centered at 765 and 865 nm wavelengths were used for aerosol characterization. Due to high absorption by water molecules,
ocean surface in these two wavelengths acts as dark background, therefore, sensor detected radiance can be assumed to have
major contribution from atmospheric scattering. For coastal turbid waters this assumption of dark surface fails due to the
presence of highly scattering sediments which causes sufficient water-leaving radiance in NIR bands and lead to over-estimation
of aerosol radiance resulting in negative water leaving radiance for λ < 700 nm. In the present study, for the turbid coastal
waters in the northern Bay of Bengal, the concept of spatial homogeneity of aerosol and water leaving reflectance has been
applied to perform atmospheric correction of OCAEANSAT-1 OCM data. The results of the turbid water atmospheric correction
have also been validated using in-situ measured water-leaving radiance. Comparison of satellite derived water-leaving radiance for five coastal stations with in-situ measured radiance spectra, indicates an improvement over the standard atmospheric correction algorithm giving physically
realistic and positive values. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the in-situ measured and satellite derived water leaving radiance for wavelengths 412 nm, 443 nm, 490 nm, 512 nm and 555 nm was found
to be 1.11, 0.718, 0.575, 0.611 and 0.651%, respectively, using standard atmospheric correction procedure. By the use of spatial
homogeneity concept, this error was reduced to 0.125, 0.173, 0.176, 0.225, and 0.290 and the correlation coefficient arrived
at 0.945, which is an improvement over the standard atmospheric correction procedure. 相似文献
13.
卫星遥感大气订正的参数化模式及其模拟应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
发展了一个用于卫星大气订正的参数化模式,包括一个新的程辐射亮度模式和一个参数化的朗伯地表一大气辐射耦合引起的亮度增量模式.应用最小二乘法,程辐射亮度被参数化为大气总光学厚度、一次散射反照率、太阳天顶角、视天顶角、方位角、大气不对称因子的函数.应用这一参数化的亮度模式进行大气订正应用的数值模拟,即进行卫星遥感地表光谱反照率的模拟试验.数值检验结果表明对于865 nm,670nm,550nm和412nm 4个MODIS通道,在0°-70°的太阳天顶角、0°-60°视观测角以及0.05-0.8的地表反照率条件下,参数化的向上辐射亮度的标准差小于4%,由该参数化亮度模式引起的地表反照率解的标准差小于0.03. 相似文献
14.
15.
Prasun K. Gangopadhyay Freek van der Meer Paul van Dijk 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2009
Over the time-scale, earth's atmospheric CO2 concentration has varied and that is mostly determined by balance among the geochemical processes including burial of organic carbon in sediments, silicate rock weathering and volcanic activity. The best recorded atmospheric CO2 variability is derived from Vostok ice core that records last four glacial/interglacial cycles. The present CO2 concentration of earth's atmosphere has exceeded far that it was predicted from the ice core data. Other than rapid industrialization and urbanization since last century, geo-natural hazards such as volcanic activity, leakage from hydrocarbon reservoirs and spontaneous combustion of coal contribute a considerable amount of CO2 to the atmosphere. Spontaneous combustion of coal is common occurrence in most coal producing countries and sometimes it could be in an enormous scale. Remote sensing has already proved to be a significant tool in coalfire identification and monitoring studies. However, coalfire related CO2 quantification from remote sensing data has not endeavoured yet by scientific communities because of low spectral resolution of commercially available remote sensing data and relatively sparse CO2 plume than other geological hazards like volcanic activity. The present research has attempted two methods to identify the CO2 flux emitted from coalfires in a coalmining region in north China. Firstly, a band rationing method was used for column atmospheric retrieval of CO2 and secondly atmospheric models were simulated in fast atmospheric signature code (FASCOD) to understand the local radiation transport and then the model was implemented with the inputs from hyperspectral remote sensing data. It was observed that retrieval of columnar abundance of CO2 with the band rationing method is faster as less simulation required in FASCOD. Alternatively, the inversion model could retrieve CO2 concentration from a (certain) source because it excludes the uncertainties in the higher altitude. 相似文献
16.
The increasing amount of continuous time series of solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) and vegetation indices (e.g. Photochemical Reflectance Index, PRI) acquired with high temporal (sub-minute) frequencies is foreseen to allow tracking of the structural and physiological changes of vegetation in a variety of ecosystems. Coupled with observations of CO2, water, and energy fluxes from eddy covariance flux towers, these measurements can bring new insights into the remote monitoring of ecosystem functioning. However, continuously changing solar-view geometry imposes directional effects on diurnal cycles of the fluorescence radiance in the observation direction (F) and PRI, controlled by structural and biochemical vegetation properties. An improved understanding of these variations can potentially help to disentangle directional responses of vegetation from physiological ones in the continuous long-term optical measurements and, therefore, allow to deconvolve the physiological information relevant to ecosystem functioning. Moreover, this will also be useful for better interpreting and validating F and PRI satellite products (e.g., from the upcoming ESA FLEX mission).Many previous studies focused on the characterization of reflectance directionality, but only a handful of studies investigated directional effects on F and vegetation indices related to plant physiology. The aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of red (F687) and far-red (F760) fluorescence and PRI anisotropy based on field spectroscopy data and simulations with the Soil-Canopy Observation of Photochemistry and Energy fluxes (SCOPE) model. We present an extensive dataset of multi-angular measurements of F and PRI collected at canopy level with a high-resolution instrument (FloX, JB Hyperspectral Devices UG, Germany) over different ecosystems: Mediterranean grassland, alfalfa, chickpea and rice.We found, that F760 and F687 directional responses of horizontally homogeneous canopies are characterized by higher values in the backscatter direction with a maximum in the hotspot and lower values in the forward scatter direction. The PRI exhibited similar response due to its sensitivity to sunlit-shaded canopy fractions.As confirmed by radiative transfer forward simulations, we show that in the field measurements leaf inclination distribution function controls the shape of F and PRI anisotropic response (bowl-like/dome-like shapes), while leaf area index and the ratio of leaf width to canopy height affect the magnitude and the width of the hotspot. Finally, we discuss the implications of off-nadir viewing geometry for continuous ground measurements. F observations under oblique viewing angles showed up to 67 % difference compared to nadir observations, therefore, we suggest maintaining nadir viewing geometry for continuous measurements of F and vegetation indices. Alternatively, a correction scheme should be developed and tested against multi-angular measurements to properly account for anisotropy of canopy F and PRI observations. The quantitative characterization of these effects in varying illumination geometries for different canopies that was performed in this study will also be useful for the validation of remote sensing F and PRI products at different spatial and temporal scales. 相似文献
17.
Barnaby Clark Juha SuomalainenPetri Pellikka 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2011,66(4):429-445
The appropriate utilization of multi-temporal SPOT multispectral satellite imagery in quantitative remote sensing studies requires the removal of atmospheric effects. One widely used and potentially very accurate way of achieving absolute atmospheric correction is the calibration of at-satellite radiance data to field measures of the surface reflectance factor (ρs). There are a number of variations in this technique, which are known collectively as empirical line (EL) approaches. However, the successful application of an EL spectral calibration requires the presence and careful selection of appropriate pseudo-invariant ground targets within each scene area. Real surfaces, even those that are man-made and vegetation-free, display non-Lambertian reflectance behaviour to some extent. Because of the ±31° off-nadir incidence angle range of the SPOT sensors, this is a crucial consideration. In favourable circumstances, it may be possible to utilize a goniometer to collect multiangular ρs measurements, but for widespread lower cost application of EL approaches currently, the use of a handheld spectrometer to measure nadir only ρs is a more realistic proposition. In either case, the selection of targets that have more limited and stable multiangular reflectance behaviour is preferable. Details are given of the reflectance properties of a variety of spectrally bright potential calibration surface types, encompassing sands, gravel, asphalts, and managed and artificial grass turf surfaces, measured in the field using the Finnish Geodetic Institute Field Goniospectrometer (FIGIFIGO). Bright calibration site selection requirements for SPOT data are discussed and the physical mechanisms behind the varying reflectance characteristics of the surfaces are considered. The most desirable properties for useful calibration targets are identified. The results of this study will assist other workers in the identification of likely suitable EL calibration sites for medium and high resolution optical satellite data, and therefore help optimize efforts in the time consuming and costly process of measuring ρs in the field. 相似文献
18.
Barnaby Clark Juha Suomalainen Petri Pellikka 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011
SPOT satellites have been imaging Earth's surface since SPOT 1 was launched in 1986. It is argued that absolute atmospheric correction is a prerequisite for quantitative remote sensing. Areas where land cover changes are occurring rapidly are also often areas most lacking in situ data which would allow full use of radiative transfer models for reflectance factor retrieval (RFR). Consequently, this study details the proposed historical empirical line method (HELM) for RFR from multi-temporal SPOT imagery. HELM is designed for use in landscape level studies in circumstances where no detailed overpass concurrent atmospheric or meteorological data are available, but where there is field access to the research site(s) and a goniometer or spectrometer is available. SPOT data are complicated by the ±27° off-nadir cross track viewing. Calibration to nadir only surface reflectance factor (ρs) is denoted as HELM-1, whilst calibration to ρs modelling imagery illumination and view geometries is termed HELM-2. Comparisons of field measured ρs with those derived from HELM corrected SPOT imagery, covering Helsinki, Finland, and Taita Hills, Kenya, indicated HELM-1 RFR absolute accuracy was ±0.02ρs in the visible and near infrared (VIS/NIR) bands and ±0.03ρs in the shortwave infrared (SWIR), whilst HELM-2 performance was ±0.03ρs in the VIS/NIR and ±0.04ρs in the SWIR. This represented band specific relative errors of 10–15%. HELM-1 and HELM-2 RFR were significantly better than at-satellite reflectance (ρSAT), indicating HELM was effective in reducing atmospheric effects. However, neither HELM approach reduced variability in mean ρs between multi-temporal images, compared to ρSAT. HELM-1 calibration error is dependent on surface characteristics and scene illumination and view geometry. Based on multiangular ρs measurements of vegetation-free ground targets, calibration error was negligible in the forward scattering direction, even at maximum off-nadir view. However, error exceeds 0.02ρs where off-nadir viewing was ≥20° in the backscattering direction within ±55° azimuth of the principal plane. Overall, HELM-1 results were commensurate with an identified VIS/NIR 0.02ρs accuracy benchmark. HELM thus increases applicability of SPOT data to quantitative remote sensing studies. 相似文献