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1.
潜流构建湿地氮素转化运移的理论模型研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
宋新山  邓伟  夏永云 《地球科学进展》2007,22(10):1041-1047
构建湿地中氮素的主要存在形态为有机氮和无机氮,无机态氮主要包括氨态氮和硝态氮两种形态。一方面,这些氮素之间通过矿化、氨同化、硝化、反硝化、吸附交换、植物吸收等物理、化学及生物学过程相互联系并相互转化;另一方面在构建湿地污水处理系统中,从进水到出水,这些不同形态的氮素又随多孔介质中的饱和流发生运移。根据氮素的转化机理和溶质运移理论,以构建湿地中氮素的溶质运移模型为基础,将氮素转化的机理过程作为源汇项包括到基本模型中,由不同形态氮素的运移转化模型相联合形成构建湿地中氮素转化运移的理论模型系统。根据文献调研,给出模型系统参数的参考值,并简要介绍了模型系统的计算机语言求解方法。该模型为深入研究构建湿地中污水脱氮综合机理提供工具,其结果为以脱氮为目的的构建湿地的设计提供科学参考。  相似文献   

2.
通过对曝气系统的调节,微压流化式复合生物反应器(MP-FHBR)内可以实现好氧区和缺氧区共存,利用这一特点和MP-FHBR中同时存在的活性污泥﹑悬浮生物膜复合生物体系,进行了同步脱氮的试验研究。结果表明,MP-FHBR在好氧-缺氧条件下,实现了同步脱氮过程,TN和COD的平均去除率分别达到77.5%和98.3%。降低DO质量浓度使反应器内形成完全缺氧环境,对MP-FHBR同步脱氮效果没有显著影响,但会降低系统去除COD的效果;而提高DO质量浓度使反应器内形成完全好氧环境,MP-FHBR同步脱氮效果显著下降。在一定范围内提高进水COD/TN有利于提高MP-FHBR同步脱氮效果,COD/TN 由2升高到10,TN平均去除率由58.4%提高到78.8%,而继续提高COD/TN对系统同步脱氮效果的影响并不明显。在反应器允许的条件下,提高污泥质量浓度(MLSS)有利于提高系统反硝化脱氮效果,TN去除率随MLSS的增加而提高。  相似文献   

3.
兴隆水利枢纽对汉江河岸带氮素分布特征的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
河岸带作为地表水和地下水的连接枢纽,主要通过反硝化等作用控制着二者之间的氮循环。水利工程会显著改变河流区域水文环境,进而影响河岸带氮素的分布和循环,探明水利工程对河岸带氮循环的影响机制对了解区域氮素的控制及利用具有重要意义。以兴隆水利枢纽为对象,在枢纽上、下游沉积物样品进行了总氮、“三氮”(铵态氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮)及相关土壤理化性质的分析。结果表明:(1)水利枢纽上游河岸带沉积物氮素含量显著高于下游,上游A剖面总氮、“三氮”平均含量是下游B、C剖面的1.12~3.27倍;(2)水平方向上,3个剖面的河岸带的总氮、“三氮”含量变化具有相似性,即同一剖面上总氮含量在堤内较高,且“三氮”含量均会在堤内靠近堤防的采样点发生突变(剧增或锐减);(3)垂向上总氮、“三氮”分布规律相似,即0~60 cm氮素含量迅速减少,60 cm以下呈不规则变化,总体上氮素含量呈自上而下减少的趋势。兴隆大坝主要影响其上游,通过蓄水抬升了上游河岸带地下水位,沉积物长期处于被淹没状态导致其脱氮能力下降。此外,同一剖面由于堤防导致的微地貌差异,堤内的地下水埋深较堤外的浅,堤内沉积物脱氮能力弱于堤外。  相似文献   

4.
分级式除磷脱氮工艺探讨   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3  
综合考虑生物除磷与脱氮对环境条件的要求,提出了分级式除磷脱氮的工艺模式,旨在将聚磷菌与硝化菌分别控制在两级反应器中优势生长,以解决硝化菌与其他细菌混合生长系统在除磷与脱氮过程中存在的矛盾关系,达到优化除磷脱氮目的.探讨了分级式除磷脱氮的工艺流程、优化除磷脱氮的可行性及研究要点.  相似文献   

5.
天然降雨径流是灌区农田非点源氮污染形成的主要动力因素,研究降雨径流中农田氮素的流失规律及模拟方法对中国灌区非点源氮的综合治理具有重要意义.从农田氮素流失机理、影响因素以及预测方法等几个方面概述了水文过程中灌区农田非点源氮素归趋的研究进展,其中着重分析了水文过程中农田氮素流失预测的"黑箱"法、"解剖"法的优缺点和适用范围;并在此基础上,提出了中国开展灌区农田非点源氮污染研究的重点,包括典型研究单元选择、尺度界定以及不同水文路径中农田氮素流失的耦合模拟等.  相似文献   

6.
不同碳源对缺氧生物滤池生物脱氮的试验研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
针对生活污水的特点,采用曝气生物滤池技术对不同碳源(甲醇、乙酸钠和葡萄糖)条件下的生物脱氮效果进行了试验研究。结果表明,在C/N为3∶1~4∶1、滤速为1.0 m/h时,不同碳源对缺氧生物滤池的生物脱氮效果影响很大,其中以甲醇和乙酸钠作为外碳源时,脱氮效果较好,而以葡萄糖为碳源时的脱氮效果明显逊于二者。  相似文献   

7.
海洋生态系统中的氮素生物地球化学循环主要是由微生物的代谢过程来驱动的,包括氮固定、氮同化、硝化以及反硝化和厌氧氨氧化过程,这些过程都伴随着不同程度的氮氧同位素的分馏,直接影响着海洋硝酸盐中的氮氧稳定同位素组成.因此,通过检测海洋硝酸盐中的氮氧稳定同位素信号,就可以捕捉到海洋中发生的具体氮素循环过程.细菌反硝化法是这一研究最有力的手段,通过细菌的作用把硝酸盐中记录的氮氧稳定同位素信号转化到N2O中,再通过痕量N2O的同位素质谱测定和分析,准确地反映海洋中发生的氮素转化过程.硝酸盐氮氧稳定同位素分馏过程为深入理解海洋氮循环提供了一个重要的工具,有力推动了海洋氮素生物地球化学的研究,在近10年来取得了重要进展.  相似文献   

8.
海岸带潮滩生源要素生物地球化学循环过程是国际地圈生物圈计划(IGBP)、海岸带陆海交互作用(LOICZ)研究的重要内容,也是全球变化区域响应研究中的重要组成部分。在过去的10~20年之间,潮滩生源要素氮的生物地球化学循环研究得到了长足的发展。基于此,较为全面、系统地总结和分析了有关潮滩氮营养盐的来源、潮滩氮素的物理、化学和生物迁移转化过程及氮素地球化学循环过程中底栖生物效应等一系列研究成果,并提出了今后潮滩生源要素氮的生物地球化学循环研究重点和发展趋向。  相似文献   

9.
在地表水-地下水作用带内,水流途径、流速、滞留时间的差异及地表水-地下水的交换量从不同方面控制着氮素污染物的反应迁移过程,并影响污染物在地表水与地下水间的通量。因此,精细刻画地表水-地下水作用带内的水流模式是研究氮素污染物反应迁移及归宿的关键问题。受含水介质异质性、水流模式的复杂性及其与地球化学和生物地球化学过程的耦合作用影响,地表水-地下水作用带内氮素污染物的反应迁移和归宿极为复杂,研究十分困难。水流和污染物反应迁移耦合模型可将地下水流、污染物的物理迁移过程及其地球化学和生物化学过程有机整合在一起,能更好地揭示氮素污染物反应迁移的过程和机理,预测其发展趋势,可为研究地表水-地下水作用带内氮素污染物的反应迁移和归宿提供有力工具。  相似文献   

10.
干湿交替的回灌方法常被用于解决地面回灌补给地下水的堵塞问题。研究干湿交替条件下地面回灌对地下水的影响对于指导再生水回灌地下水具有重要实际意义。通过室内土柱模拟实验,在入渗强度为10.5 mm/h的条件下,日均进水量3 888 mL;用干湿交替的地面回灌模式持续运行136 d,累计灌入氨氮含量为5 mg/L的模拟再生水23 894 L,研究包气带土柱对氨氮的去除效果及氮素在包气带中的迁移转化规律。研究表明,充分利用包气带的好氧、兼氧和厌氧环境,生物脱氮是地下水回灌过程中脱氮的主要途径。包气带对氨氮的去除机理主要为土壤对氨氮的吸附作用和微生物的降解作用。回灌过程中累积在土颗粒表面的氨氮在干期发生硝化作用,干湿交替会加强氮素在包气带的迁移转化,导致干期后的回灌初期大量硝态氮迁移到饱和带地下水中。  相似文献   

11.
A denitrifying biocathode in a microbial fuel cell was developed to investigate the replacement of the costly Pt-coated abiotic cathodes for electricity generation. The denitrifying biocathode was sandwiched between the dual-anode systems. The study investigated the performance for simultaneous treatment of wastewater on the anode, biological denitrification on the cathode and the potential recovery of electrical energy. Autotrophic biofilms performed denitrification on the cathode using supplied electrons by the biodegradation of organics on the anode. Graphite granules were used as electrodes for biofilm attachment, and nafion membranes were used as separators between electrodes. The system achieved a volumetric power of 7 ± 0.4 W m?3 net cathodic compartment (NCC) with the simultaneous removal of 229.5 ± 18 mg L?1 COD on anode and 88.9 g m?3 NCC day?1 nitrogen on cathode, respectively. The columbic efficiency for cathodic and anodic reactions was 98.9 ± 0.57 and 23.54 ± 0.87 %, respectively. This is a combined study for domestic wastewater treatment and biological denitrification in a compact MFC reactor. Further optimization of the system is desired to improve its performance and applicability.  相似文献   

12.
One of the technologies used for wastewater nitrogen removal consists in simultaneous nitrification–denitrification. The low microbial growth rate and the low availability of organic material for the denitrification stage make it necessary to study new operational conditions and the use of microbial supports. The aim of this study was to evaluate the operational behavior of a simultaneous nitrification–denitrification process in a sequential batch reactor utilizing zeolite as a biomass support and step-feed strategy. Two reactors of 2 L were used, one with zeolite and another without zeolite, both operated at constant temperature (31 °C), varying nitrogen loading rate (NLR) from 0.041 to 0.113 kg total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN/m3/day). After 209 days, removals higher than 86 and 96 % in nitrogen compounds and organic matter were obtained, respectively. There was not accumulation of nitrate and nitrite in any case; this means that there was a simultaneous nitrification–denitrification in the reactors. The incorporation of zeolite in the system held higher concentration of biomass in the reactor; this led to reduce start-up to 21 days and to improve 11.31 % removal kinetic. The use of a step-feed strategy prevents events of inhibition by substrate, even duplicating tolerance to higher NLR for the same operation time.  相似文献   

13.
The carbon source plays an important role in denitrification for nitrogen removal from wastewater. In this study, the denitrification performance and nitrous oxide (N2O) generation in four sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) fed with methanol, ethanol, sodium acetate and glucose were investigated. The maximum N2O generation was achieved when glucose was used as the carbon source, with a N2O conversion ratio of 56%. The high conversion ratio was contributed from the organic carbon of glucose and the glucose-acclimated denitrifiers. The nitrite accumulation and N2O generation during denitrification with glucose as the carbon source increased with increasing chemical oxygen demand to nitrogen ratios in the range of 2–8. The microbial community and their relative abundances varied greatly in the four reactors, and a low abundance of Thauera was found in the glucose-fed SBR, which might contribute to the greater N2O production. Practical strategies for N2O generation from the denitrification process using glucose as the carbon source were proposed so as to achieve energy recovery from nitrogen in wastewater.  相似文献   

14.
河流渗滤系统对入渗的地表水有一定的净化作用,过去人们很少从理论上研究河流渗滤系统对污染河水的净化作用。本文采用室内土柱实验装置来模拟渭河渗滤系统,研究了硝态氮污染的河水在该系统中的环境行为及净化机制,其环境行为主要为反硝化作用。其净化程度与该渗滤系统的渗滤介质有关,如果渗滤介质为粘土,其净化率达到100%。若介质为粗砂粒物质,其净化程度较低。  相似文献   

15.
包气带土层防护地下水污染的反硝化测定影响综述   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
施加氮肥是农业增产的有效途径,土壤反硝化作用可使其中的剩余、淋洗氮素得到消散和净化,使地下水免受污染。但影响包气带土层中反硝化测定的因素较复杂,目前还没有较完善的测定方法。文章在论述包气带土层反硝化作用的实质与影响因素基础上,总结了现行反硝化测定方法的影响与不足。结合现有监测技术的发展及对包气带土层中物质、能量的转化和分布认识,探讨分析了适宜于研究包气带土层防护地下水污染的反硝化测定方法,为相关学科研究提供借鉴。  相似文献   

16.
Denitrification in continental shelf sediments has been estimated to be a significant sink of oceanic fixed nitrogen (N). The significance and mechanisms of denitrification in organic-poor sands, which comprise 70% of continental shelf sediments, are not well known. Core incubations and isotope tracer techniques were employed to determine processes and rates of denitrification in the coarse-grained, sandy sediments of the Georgia continental shelf. In these sediments, heterotrophic denitrification was the dominant process for fixed N removal. Processes such as coupled nitrification-denitrification, anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation), and oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification-denitrification were not evident over the 24 and 48 h time scale of the incubation experiments. Heterotrophic denitrification processes produce 22.8–34.1 μmole N m-2 d-1 of N2 in these coarse-grained sediments. These denitrification rates are approximately two orders of magnitude lower than rates determined in fine-grained shelf sediments. These lower rates may help reconcile unbalanced marine N budgets which calculate global N losses exceeding N inputs.  相似文献   

17.
Coastal upwelling zones support some of the highest rates of primary production in the oceans. The settling and subsequent decomposition of this organic matter promotes oxygen depletion. In the Eastern tropical North and South Pacific and the Arabian Sea, large tracts of anoxic water develop, where intensive N2 production through denitrification and anammox accounts for about 1/3 of the total loss of fixed nitrogen in the marine realm. It is curious that despite extensive denitrification in these waters, complete nitrate removal and the onset of sulfate reduction is extremely rare. A simple box model is constructed here to reproduce the dynamics of carbon, oxygen and nutrient cycling in coastal upwelling zones. The model is constructed with five boxes, where water is exchanged between the boxes by vertical and horizontal mixing and advection. These primary physical drivers control the dynamics of the system. The model demonstrates that in the absence of nitrogen fixation, the anoxic waters in a coastal upwelling system will not become nitrate free. This is because nitrate is the limiting nutrient controlling primary production, and if nitrate concentration becomes too low, primary production rate drops and this reduces rates of nitrate removal through N2 production. With nitrogen fixation, however, complete nitrate depletion can occur and sulfate reduction will ensue. This situation is extremely rare in coastal upwelling zones, probably because nitrogen-fixing bacteria do not prosper in the high nutrient, turbid waters as typically in these areas. Finally, it is predicted here that the chemistry of the upwelling system will develop in a similar matter regardless whether N2 production is dominated by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) or canonical heterotrophic denitrification.  相似文献   

18.
海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
杨志  陈敏 《地球科学进展》2012,27(3):268-275
海洋中氮的生物地球化学循环影响着海洋生态系统的结构和功能,并和全球气候变化有着密切的联系,一直是海洋科学研究的重点和热点。海水硝酸盐的15N/14N和18O/16O比值可以反映海洋中氮循环的主要过程,因而成为研究海洋氮循环的一个重要手段。综述海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的测定方法,同化吸收作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用、生物固氮作用等氮循环过程所导致的氮、氧同位素分馏及其在海洋学研究中的应用。海洋生态系中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素的分布可以提供支持生物生产力的氮来源信息,以及氮在不同储库迁移转化的路径与机制。未来的研究需要发展适用于低含量硝酸盐的同位素测量方法,构筑海洋氮的收支平衡,掌握影响上层海洋硝酸盐氮、氧同位素变化的过程,获取全球海域有关硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的更多数据。  相似文献   

19.
氮氧同位素在河流硝酸盐研究中的应用   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
多年来,世界各地河流普遍存在硝酸盐污染问题。为控制河流的硝酸盐污染,确定河水中硝酸盐的来源以及研究氮的循环过程就显得尤为重要。由于在不同成因下,硝酸盐的δ15N和δ18O存在着较大差异,因此利用氮、氧同位素方法研究河流硝酸盐问题正日益受到国内外研究人员的重视。综述了用硝酸盐中氮、氧同位素来研究河流硝酸盐的不同来源(大气沉降、化肥、牲畜粪、土壤硝酸盐等)和示踪其地球化学循环过程,特别是反硝化过程,这两方面的研究进展,并对我国河流硝酸盐研究现状进行了讨论及提出今后的研究方向。   相似文献   

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