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1.
Sergey Fomel 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(5):1246-1255
In certain seismic data processing and interpretation tasks such as spiking deconvolution, tuning analysis, impedance inversion, and spectral decomposition, it is commonly assumed that the vertical direction is normal to reflectors. This assumption is false in the case of dipping layers and may therefore lead to inaccurate results. To overcome this limitation, we propose a coordinate system in which geometry follows the shape of each reflector and the vertical direction corresponds to normal reflectivity. We call this coordinate system stratigraphic coordinates. We develop a constructive algorithm that transfers seismic images into the stratigraphic coordinate system. The algorithm consists of two steps. First, local slopes of seismic events are estimated by plane‐wave destruction; then structural information is spread along the estimated local slopes, and horizons are picked everywhere in the seismic volume by the predictive‐painting algorithm. These picked horizons represent level sets of the first axis of the stratigraphic coordinate system. Next, an upwind finite‐difference scheme is used to find the two other axes, which are perpendicular to the first axis, by solving the appropriate gradient equations. After seismic data are transformed into stratigraphic coordinates, seismic horizons should appear flat, and seismic traces should represent the direction normal to the reflectors. Immediate applications of the stratigraphic coordinate system are in seismic image flattening and spectral decomposition. Synthetic and real data examples demonstrate the effectiveness of stratigraphic coordinates. 相似文献
2.
初至波走时层析反演技术作为建立近地表速度模型的重要手段,是解决陆地资料复杂静校正问题的关键技术。而折射波广泛发育的海洋地震资料,对折射波信息的关注与运用并没有得到广泛的重视。本文首次将层析反演方法应用于海洋拖缆地震数据的近海底速度模型的建立。本文方法与陆地资料层析反演的主要区别在于:①在震源信号的最小相位化处理后进行初至时间的拾取,避免了混合相位子波初至拾取不准带来的误差;②以海水深度与海水速度作为反演约束条件,减小了迭代误差。实测二维资料的层析反演结果表明,本文方法可反演出较为精确的海洋地层速度结构。 相似文献
3.
Inversion of inline and broadside marine controlled‐source electromagnetic data with constraints derived from seismic data 
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下载免费PDF全文 Torgeir Wiik Janniche Irén Nordskag Eirik Øverland Dischler Anh Kiet Nguyen 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(6):1371-1382
We present a structural smoothing regularization scheme in the context of inversion of marine controlled‐source electromagnetic data. The regularizing hypothesis is that the electrical parameters have a structure similar to that of the elastic parameters observed from seismic data. The regularization is split into three steps. First, we ensure that our inversion grid conforms with the geometry derived from seismic. Second, we use a seismic stratigraphic attribute to define a spatially varying regularization strength. Third, we use an indexing strategy on the inversion grid to define smoothing along the seismic geometry. Enforcing such regularization in the inversion will encourage an inversion result that is more intuitive for the interpreter to deal with. However, the interpreter should also be aware of the bias introduced by using seismic data for regularization. We illustrate the method using one synthetic example and one field data example. The results show how the regularization works and that it clearly enforces the structure derived from seismic data. From the field data example we find that the inversion result improves when the structural smoothing regularization is employed. Including the broadside data improves the inversion results even more, due to a better balancing between the sensitivities for the horizontal and vertical resistivities. 相似文献
4.
南黄海盆地是大型海相中、古生界和陆相中、新生界两期叠合型盆地,本文根据最新地震资料结合钻井资料及与海陆地质资料的对比研究对盆地内地震层序进行了划分,得到了陆相中、新生界盆地基底即中、古生界海相盆地的顶界埋深、三叠系和上二叠统的残留厚度,推断了陆相层基底地层分布,并根据磁力异常资料推测了海相中、古生界盆地结晶基底埋深,推断了海相中、古生界整体残留情况.下三叠统青龙组和上二叠大隆及龙潭组在南黄海盆地南部坳陷及勿南沙隆起广泛存在,而在北部坳陷的分布则狭窄,中部隆起则由于隆起和剥蚀作用导致这两套地层几乎没有残余.对中-古生界海相盆地和中-新生界陆相盆地的基底特征进行了比较,认为海相中、古生界在南黄海地区区域性存在,海相层厚度分布特征受基底起伏控制,同时受到印支板块运动的影响,中部隆起区是海相中、古生界比较稳定的地区.下古生界可能在南黄海盆地广泛分布,但受资料限制,还难以获知其残余地层的特征. 相似文献
5.
A three-dimensional marine seismic survey was conducted in the Gulf of Thailand to aid in the development of a gas field indicated by three wildcat wells. The results and interpretation reported previously demonstrated improved fault resolution and better structural definition. Five successful appraisal wells have now been drilled, and these show that most of the sands have limited extent. Widespread character changes in the seismic data also support stratigraphic variations in many of the sands. Several new methods of 3D stratigraphic interpretation have been developed while investigating the depositional history of this area. Anomalous seismic amplitudes, tied to sands penetrated by wells and mapped from SeiscropTM horizontal sections in time and depth, have indicated the distribution of bars and channels. Horizon Seiscrop sections, each sliced through a single bed, have been used to delineate these depositional features directly. G-LOGTM sections, displaying seismic logs derived by rigorous wave equation inversion, confirm the existence of these features. Sands greater than 10 m thick have proved mappable. 相似文献
6.
The Late Quaternary history of the Caspian Sea remains controversial. One of the major disagreements in this debate concerns the stratigraphic correlation of various deposits in the Caspian Basin. In this paper we identify and date, for the first time, the Enotaevka regression, lying between the two major phases of the largest Late Quaternary Caspian Sea transgression, the Khvalynian transgressive epoch, and provide a minimum estimate of sea level decrease during this regression. The River Volga is the major source of water to the Caspian; the Lower Volga region is unique in its record of palaeogeographic events, and this provides the opportunity to build a single stratigraphic and palaeogeographic history for the Pleistocene of Central Eurasia. Here we use luminescence to establish a new chronology for the largest Late Quaternary transgressive epoch of the Caspian Sea. The existing radiocarbon chronology does not allow the resolution of the two transgressive phases of this epoch (Early and Late Khvalynian). Based on clear palaeontological and geomorphological evidence, these must be very different in age, but shells associated with both transgressions gave very scattered ages of between 8 and 50 ka. This ambiguity has led to considerable discussion concerning the existence or otherwise of a deep Enotaevka regression phase between the two Khvalynian transgressions. Recently we have again identified these deposits at Kosika, on the right valley side of the Volga River. The new luminescence chronology described here, based on quartz OSL and K-feldspar pIRIR290 ages, allows us to reconstruct the complicated history of Late Quaternary sedimentation in the southern part of the Lower Volga valley. The Kosika section reflects the following major stages: (1) the earlier Khazarian transgressive epoch; (2) a decrease in the sea level with the development of a freshwater lake/lagoon in the Volga valley; and (3) the Khvalynian transgressive-regressive epoch, including both the Early and Late Khvalynian transgressive periods, and the intercalated Enotaevka regression. Sea level during the early stage of the Khvalynian transgression reached Kosika at about 23–22 ka (approx. −1 to −2 m asl). This event is of the same age as the “grey clay” strata at the base of the Leninsk section marine unit (Kurbanov et al., 2021), also formed at the beginning of the Early Khvalynian transgression. Around 15–14 ka the Khvalynian basin moved to a regressive stage, and in the northern part of the Lower Volga the top part of the well-known ‘Chocolate Clay’ accumulated. In the southern part of the valley marine accumulation stopped at about 12–13 ka. This allows us to reconstruct a decrease in Early Khvalynian basin sea level between 15–14 ka and 13–12 ka ago, of about ∼15 m. At the Kosika section sediments derived from the Enotayevka regression are visible as a weakly developed palaeosol with evidence of surficial erosion, and these sediments are now dated to 13–12 ka. At 8.6 ± 0.5 ka, during the period of the Mangyshlak regression, aeolian deflation processes reworked sediments deposited by immediately preceding Late Khvalynian transgression. 相似文献
7.
High-resolution seismic reflection data are used to identify structural features in Naples Bay near Vesuvius Volcano. Several
buried seismic units with reflection-free interiors are probably volcanic deposits erupted during and since the formation
of the breached crater of Monte Somma Volcano, which preceded the growth of Vesuvius. The presumed undersea volcanic deposits
are limited in extent; thus, stratigraphic relationships cannot be established among them. Other features revealed by our
data include (a) the warping of lowstand marine deposits by undersea cryptodomes located approximately 10 km from the summit
of Vesuvius, (b) a succession of normal step faults that record seaward collapse of the volcano, and (c) a small undersea
slump in the uppermost marine deposits of Naples Bay, which may be the result of nueé ardentes that entered the sea during
a major eruption of Vesuvius in 1631. Detection of these undersea features illustrates some capabilities of making detailed
seismic reflection profiles across undersea volcanoes.
Received: 16 September 1997 / Accepted: 23 November 1997 相似文献
8.
K. Makra D. Raptakis F. J. Chávez-García K. Pitilakis 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2001,158(12):2349-2367
—?Modern seismic codes usually include provisions for site effects by considering different coefficients chosen on the basis of soil properties at the surface and an estimate of the depth of bedrock. However, complex local geology may generate site amplification on soft soils significantly larger than what would be expected if we assume that the subsoil consists of plane soil layers overlaying a homogeneous half-space. This paper takes advantage of the large number of previous studies of site effects done at Euroseistest (northern Greece). Those studies have supplied a very detailed knowledge of the geometry and properties of the materials filling this shallow valley. In this paper we discuss the differences between site effects evaluated at the surface using simple 1-D computations and those evaluated using a very detailed 2-D model of the subsoil structure. The 2-D model produces an additional amplification in response spectra that cannot be accounted for without reference to the lateral heterogeneity of the valley structure. Our numerical results are extensively compared with observations, which show that the additional amplification computed from the 2-D model is real and affects by a significant factor response spectra, and thus suggests that some kind of aggravation factor due to the complexity of local geology is worthy of consideration in microzonation studies and seismic codes. 相似文献
9.
Luc T. Ikelle 《Geophysical Prospecting》1999,47(2):179-193
The current inverse scattering solution used for multiple attenuation of marine seismic reflection data assumes that sources and receivers are located in the water. To adapt this solution to the ocean-bottom cable (OBC) experiment where receivers are located on the sea-floor, we have proposed combining the conventional marine surface seismic reflection data (streamer data) with OBC data. The streamer data add to the OBC data some of the wave paths needed for multiple attenuation. This combination has allowed us to develop a multiple attenuation method for OBC data which does not require any knowledge of the subsurface and which takes into account all free-surface multiples, including receiver ghosts. A non-linear synthetic data example consisting of pressure and particle velocity fields is used to illustrate the procedure. 相似文献
10.
P波通过裂缝地层传播时,其响应会随着地面观测方位的变化而变化,表现出明显的方位各向异性.这种随方位变化的裂缝响应信息(如振幅等)广泛存在于叠前方位一偏移距二维空间域中,检测此域中的裂缝响应,通过椭圆拟合的方法识别各向异性的存在,进而计算裂缝的方向——椭圆长轴的方向,和裂缝密度——椭圆长轴与短轴的比.本文研究出了一种基于常规叠前地震反射振幅来检测裂缝的三维叠前裂缝储层预测方法.它采用面元组合的方法扩大方位角和偏移距范围;采用多级数据控制技术获取所需的信息;采用稳妥的技术步骤来预测.通过大港油田实际工区的应用,结果表明本文研究出的方法技术应用效果好、精度高、经济实用. 相似文献
11.
A. Caserta S. Martino F. Bozzano A. Govoni F. Marra 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(4):1133-1162
The presence of peats and high compressibility inorganic clays within alluvial fills on the left-side tributaries of the Tiber River, close to Rome’s historic center in Italy, is well documented in literature. Nevertheless, few literature data exist until now on the dynamic properties of these deposits by undisturbed bore-hole samples. The Galba test-site was set up to characterise dynamic properties of the alluvial deposits by using lab-tests as well as to derive velocity profiles by seismic noise measurements. These were performed in the Giustiniano Imperatore area located in the Grottaperfetta valley, about 2?km south of Rome’s historic centre. The alluvial deposits filled a paleovalley excavated in the bedrock during the Würm glacial (18–20 ky). The stratigraphic setting of the alluvial body was reconstructed along three geological cross-sections by means of the available logs; seven lithotecnical horizons can be distinguished within the alluvial body, some tens of meters thick, based on both log-stratigraphic data and in-site geotechnical tests. These horizons include peaty layers (T) and high compressibility inorganic clays (AGI), which characterise the alluvial deposits in the Grottaperfetta valley. They do not have direct correlation with the alluvial horizons which constitute the alluvial body of the main Tiber valley in Rome’s historical centre. These alluvial horizons which are distinguished and characterised at the Galba test-site can be regarded as typical of other lateral valleys of the Tiber River in Southern Rome. They are characterised by the presence of similar high compressibility clayey deposits as well as peaty layers up to some meters thick. Undisturbed samples were also obtained at the Galba test-site for dynamic testing via resonant column and cyclic torsional shear tests. In order to attribute dynamic properties to the alluvial body at the Grottaperfetta valley, an extrapolation process was performed based on a detailed engineering-geology model of the alluvial body which was reconstructed along three transversal geological sections of the valley using bore-hole data. Three subsoil profiles, considered representative of the geological setting along the three reconstructed transversal cross sections, were analysed by seismic noise measurements performed specifically to derive S-waves velocity profiles. The results obtained show a very low velocity (<180 m/s) for the layers T and AGI. 1D modelling of seismic shaking was performed by the code Shake91, in order to evaluate the influence of the low-velocity strata on maximum shear strains induced within the alluvial deposits under the maximum expected seismic action. The results of the numerical modelling indicate that the AGI and the T layers play a key role in: (i) concentrating the maximum shear strain along the subsoil profiles, even though the volumetric threshold is never exceeded; (ii) increasing the maximum shear strain along the subsoil profiles; (iii) causing the resonance frequency of the alluvial fill to assume an almost constant value (about 1Hz) which is quite similar to that measured in the main Tiber River valley, despite a significant change in thickness of the alluvial body along the Grottaperfetta valley. 相似文献
12.
13.
The presence of the water layer in marine seismic prospecting provides an effective waveguide for acoustic energy trapped between the sea-bed and the sea-surface. This energy persists to large ranges and can be the dominant early feature on far-offset traces. On airgun records, there is commonly a lower frequency set of arrivals following the water-trapped waves. These arrivals are not as obvious with higher frequency watergun sources. By using a combination of intercept-time/slowness (τ—p) mapping on observational data and theoretical modelling, we are able to identify the origin of the events. If a very rapid increase in a seismic wavespeed occurs beneath the sea-bed sediments, a new waveguide is formed bounded by the sea surface and this transition zone. The low frequency waves are principally guided within this thicker waveguide. Numerical filtering in the τ—p domain followed by trace reconstruction is very effective in removing the low frequency noise. 相似文献
14.
基于多用户峰度准则的海洋强噪声衰减方法(英文) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
海洋地震勘探过程中,由于采集设备的老化或电源的不稳定而造成的漏电,在地震记录表现为强噪音干扰,利用常规噪音衰减方法处理此类强噪音效果并不理想。鉴于强噪音在统计学上具有相同的特性,本文在基于峰度的盲分离(blind source separation,BSS)算法研究基础上,推导出一种基于多用户峰度(multiuser kurtosis,MUK)准则的噪音衰减算法来估计地震记录中具有相同统计特性的强噪音,并将其从地震记录中分离,从而达到衰减强噪音的目的。模型试验与实际资料的处理表明:该方法能够在好的衰减海洋地震勘探记录中的强噪音,保留了更多的有效信息,提高海洋地震数据的信噪比,具有可行性和应用前景。 相似文献
15.
测井约束地震反演综述 总被引：18，自引：7，他引：18
阐述了测井约束地震反演研究的必要性、技术内涵及研究思路，回顾了测井约束地震反演技术的发晨历程，比较了三种非线性测井约束地震反演方法的优缺点。小波变换以其独特的变时窗特性，在测井约束地震反演技术发展中潜力较大，值得深入研究。同时对测井约束地震反演技术的研究现状做了小结，指出当前的研究对象已转向了复杂地质体。特别是海相碳酸盐岩复杂地质体，由于海相和陆相油气田存在许多不同之处，所以测井约束地震反演技术将面临巨大的机遇和挑战。最后，指出了测井约束地震反演技术的发展方向。 相似文献
16.
由于多种海水运动同时存在以及地形的影响,海水层结构非常复杂,解释海水层地震相,分析海水运动过程是地震海洋学研究的新方向.本文提出结合流体动力学数值模拟与反射地震正演分析海水层地震相的方法.首先,对地形和流体建模,得到特定条件下流体运动状态;然后用反射地震正演将模拟获得的海水层温盐剖面转换为反射地震数据;进一步和实际测量得到的地震海洋学剖面进行对比,分析地形、海水运动对海水层地震相的影响.以内孤立波浅化过程为例,通过流体动力学数值模拟,获得其浅化过程中出现的下沉型、分裂、转换型三个阶段的海水层剖面;对温盐剖面进行反射地震正演,分析浅化不同阶段海水层反射几何形态、反射结构等特征.这种新方法有望解释复杂地震海洋学图像,深化海底地形对海水运动影响的认识. 相似文献
17.
18.
Topographic versus stratigraphic amplification: mismatch between code provisions and observations during the L’Aquila (Italy, 2009) sequence 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. R. Gallipoli M. Bianca M. Mucciarelli S. Parolai M. Picozzi 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2013,11(5):1325-1336
During the L’Aquila seismic sequence (Italy, 2009) we had the opportunity to install temporary accelerometric stations to study the role of seismic site amplification in damage enhancement. Two of the monitored sites, Castelnuovo and Navelli were also a good test for the recently introduced Italian seismic code (NTC08 2008) that prescribes an aggravation factor for slopes and ridges. Castelnuovo was an ideal situation to check the rule proposed for the distribution of amplification as a function of the position along a slope, while Navelli provided the possibility to test the almost equivalent factors that NTC08 sets for stratigraphic and topographic amplification (respectively up to 40 and 60 %). In neither case the observation matches code provisions. For Castelnuovo, there is a frequency dependence that shows as the code is over-conservative for short periods but fails to predict amplification in the intermediate range. For Navelli, the code provision is verified for long periods, but in the range around the site resonance frequency the stratigraphic amplification proves to be three times more important than the topographic one. 相似文献
19.
南海北部神狐海域是我国首次获取海洋天然气水合物实物样品的海域.然而,陆坡区深水水道和海底峡谷的侵蚀以及频发的沉积物失稳,将会加剧地层对比和沉积相识别的难度,导致目前该区域典型地震相-沉积相特征、沉积体类型、成因机制和空间匹配关系等方面还缺少精细的研究,特别是第四纪以来的沉积演化涉及较少,区域内水合物形成和分布的沉积地质条件尚不清晰.基于海底地形特征的描述、层序地层格架的对比和地震资料的综合解释,本次研究在第四纪以来的沉积充填序列中识别出5种典型的地震相类型,并分析了对应的沉积体类型:进积型的陆坡、第四纪早期发育的小型浊积水道、沉积物失稳(滑移和滑塌)、海底峡谷和伴生的沉积物变形、以及深海沉积-块体流沉积的复合体.通过沉积单元的空间匹配关系,将沉积演化划分为3个阶段:浊积水道侵蚀-沉积物再沉积阶段、陆坡进积-沉积物失稳阶段、海底峡谷的侵蚀-充填阶段.研究结果表明,受第四纪早期小型浊积水道的侵蚀,再沉积的沉积物将在中-下陆坡以"近源"的方式堆积下来,可能具有相对较好的物性条件,从而可被视为适于水合物赋存的有利沉积体.进积型陆坡带来的沉积物易于发生失稳,在研究区内广泛分布,因其具有较小的沉积物颗粒粒度和较好的垂向连续性,可被认为是水合物的区域盖层.大量发育的海底峡谷及伴生的沉积物变形,将会侵蚀和破坏先前沉积的有利沉积体,使其呈现为"斑状/补丁状"的平面展布特征,进而影响了神狐海域水合物的分布.因此,神狐海域第四纪以来的沉积演化是钻探区水合物不均匀性分布的关键控制因素之一. 相似文献