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1.
The tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) of Atlantic Hurricane Cindy (2005) was investigated to study environmental conditions preceding mesoscale vortex development in the Intra-Americas Sea (IAS; i.e., the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) using the ERA-Interim Reanalysis pressure level data. Major findings include that the development of a mesoscale vortex occurred downward over Central America due to 600 hPa level enhanced winds downstream of southeasterly winds from northern South America, triggering Cindy's TCG in a few days. The contribution of midlevel enhanced winds should be noted as a potential precursor of other TCGs in the IAS. 相似文献
2.
The westerly winds and East Asian summer monsoon play a leading role in climate change of southwestern North America and eastern Asia since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM),respectively.Their convergence in arid and semi-arid regions of the Asian continent(AAC) makes the regional climate change more complicated on the millennial-scale.There are still limitations in applying paleoclimate records and climate simulations of characteristic periods to investigate climate change patterns since the LGM in this region.In this study,we adopt two indexes indicating effective moisture and rely on a continuous simulation,a time slice simulation,and numerous paleoclimate records to comprehensively investigate the cli-mate change modes and their driving mechanisms since the LGM in AAC.Results demon-strate a millennial-scale climate differentiation phenomenon and three climate change modes possibly occurring in AAC since the LGM.The western AAC largely controlled by the westerly winds is featured as wet climates during the LGM but relatively dry climates during the mid-Holocene (MH),coinciding with the climate change mode in southwestern North America.Conversely,dry conditions during the LGM and relatively wet conditions during the MH are reflected in eastern AAC governed by the East Asian summer monsoon,which leans to the climate change mode in eastern Asia.If climate change in central AAC is forced by the in-teraction of two circulations,it expresses wet conditions in both the LGM and MH,tending to a combination of the southwestern North American and eastern Asian modes.Precipitation and evaporation exert different intensities in influencing three climate modes of different periods.Furthermore,we identify the significant driving effects of greenhouse gases and ice sheets on westerly-dominated zones of AAC,while orbit-driven insolation on monsoon-dominated zones of AAC. 相似文献
3.
Climate and snowpack characteristics of avalanches vary spatially across the western United States, distinguishing three regions. The coastal mountain renges have warmer, denser snow; interior (continental) ranges have colder, less-dense snow; and intermountain ranges have intermediate characteristics. Avalanche character of Alta, Utah, is related to eastern Pacific 700-mb height anomalies for December, January, and March, but not for February. Avalanche conditions around Alta do not always relate to localized pressure gradient winds for December and February. 相似文献
4.
C. Plattner R. Malservisi T. H. Dixon P. LaFemina G. F. Sella J. Fletcher F. Suarez-Vidal 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,170(3):1373-1380
We present a new surface velocity field for Baja California using GPS data to test the rigidity of this microplate, calculate its motion in a global reference frame, determine its relative motion with respect to the North American and the Pacific plates, and compare those results to our estimate for Pacific–North America motion. Determination of Pacific Plate motion is improved by the inclusion of four sites from the South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project. These analyses reveal that Baja California moves as a quasi-rigid block but at a slower rate in the same direction, as the Pacific Plate relative to North America. This is consistent with seismic activity along the western edge of Baja California (the Baja California shear zone), and may reflect resistance to motion of the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate caused by the 'big bend' of the San Andreas fault and the Transverse Ranges in southern California. 相似文献
5.
Osamu Nagafuchi Neil L. Rose Akira Hoshika Kenichi Satake 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2009,42(3):359-371
Fly-ash particles comprising spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and inorganic ash spheres (IAS), produced from industrial
fossil-fuel combustion, are found in lake sediments throughout the world where they provide an historical record of atmospheric
pollutant deposition. These particles have been widely used to assess the temporal and spatial distribution of industrial
atmospheric pollution in both freshwater and terrestrial environments in Europe and the USA. However, there have been very
few palaeolimnological fly-ash studies undertaken in Japan and none in Japanese mountain lakes. Here, we present the historical
SCP and IAS records from a radiometrically dated sediment core taken from Lake Akagi-konuma (36°31′ 54″N, 139°11′ 32″E; elevation
1,470 m) located 100 km north-west of Tokyo. Meteorological data and back trajectory analyses confirm potential sources both
within Japan and further afield in China and South Korea. SCP contamination began in the 1950s and increased rapidly to a
peak in the mid-1980s. It is thought this represents contamination of Japanese origin, principally oil-fired power stations
within 150 km of the lake. The profile of IAS, almost solely coal-derived, shows a rapid increase in the 1970s, in contrast
to the record of coal consumption in Japan. The IAS record is therefore thought to reflect long-range transport from coal
combustion sources in eastern China which started to expand in the 1970s. This raises concerns over the potential impact on
Japanese mountain areas from recent rapid increases in, and predicted acceleration of, emissions from this industrial process.
The scale of SCP contamination recorded in Lake Akagi-konuma is equivalent to moderately impacted mountain lakes in Europe,
but is at the upper end of the range for remote lakes in the western United States. 相似文献
6.
F.J. Davey 《Geophysical Journal International》1987,89(1):443-448
Summary. The active Australian-Pacific plate boundary passes through New Zealand. In the north, the Pacific plate subducts beneath the Australian plate with an accretionary wedge forming the eastern continental (Hikurangi) margin of the North Island. The structure of the region behind the Hikurangi margin changes from the extensional back-arc basin under central North Island to a postulated crustal downwarp under the southern North Island. A 100 km long multichannel seismic reflection profile was recorded across the region of crustal downwarp. The data show discontinuous coherent reflectors dipping westwards at the east end of the profile, and east dipping reflectors at the west end, from depths of 9 to 15 s two way time. Simple hand migration of these events indicate that the east dipping reflectors, interpreted as the base of the Australian plate crust, abut against the west dipping reflectors which are interpreted as marking the top of the subducted Pacific plate. Detailed earthquake hypocentre locations in the area show a dipping zone of high seismicity, the top of which coincides closely with the west dipping events, thus supporting this interpretation. 相似文献
7.
Adam W. Burnett 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):80-98
Regional-scale middle- and upper-tropospheric troughing over the southwestern United States represents a departure from the modal circulation pattern for western North America. Once developed, southwestern troughs often are associated with positive vorticity advection aloft, surface cyclone formation, and moisture advection over areas of the western Great Plains and Intermountain West. These trough systems may play an important role in the precipitation climatology of the western and central United States. However, very little work has focused on the temporal climatology, developmental characteristics, or climatic impacts of southwestern troughs. This study provides a detailed climatology of southwestern troughing that focuses on: (1) the temporal frequency of these events; (2) the teleconnective circulation changes that are associated with their development; and (3) the importance of these systems in the precipitation climatology of the western and central United States. The temporal climatology of southwestern troughs reveals that most of these systems occur during spring and autumn, with somewhat fewer events in winter and very few events in summer. An examination of 500-mb geopotential height and 24-hr height change composites during trough development shows that much of the wave-train activity that accompanies trough onset is limited to the North Pacific and North American regions. These changes are characterized by the amplification and eastward movement of a ridge/trough couplet over the eastern Pacific, which is preceded by synoptic-scale transient wave activity over the western and central Pacific. While southwestern troughs occur less than 30% of the time, southwestern trough-derived precipitation comprises over 60% of the monthly totals for some sites. 相似文献
8.
Western North Pacific Subtropical High is a very important atmospheric circulation system influencing the summer climate over
eastern China. Its interdecadal change is analyzed in this study. There is a significant decadal shift in about 1979/1980.
Since 1980, the Western North Pacific Subtropical High has enlarged, intensified, and shifted southwestward. This change gives
rise to an anti-cyclonic circulation anomaly over the region from the South China Sea to western Pacific and thus causes wet
anomalies over the Yangtze River valley. During the summers of 1980–1999, the precipitation is 63.9 mm above normal, while
during 1958–1979 it is 27.3 mm below normal. The difference is significant at the 99% confidence level as at-test shown. The southwestward expanding of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High also leads to a significant warming
in southern China, during 1980–1999 the summer mean temperature is 0.37°C warmer than that of the period 1958–1979. The strong
warming is primarily due to the clearer skies associated with the stronger downward air motion as the Western North Pacific
Subtropical High expanding to the west and controlling southern China. It is also found that the relative percentage of tropical
cyclones in the regions south of 20°N is decreasing since the 1980s, but in the regions north of 20°N that is increasing at
the same time. The Western North Pacific Subtropical High responds significantly to sea surface temperature of the tropical
eastern Pacific with a lag of one-two seasons and simultaneously to sea surface temperature of the tropical Indian Ocean.
The changes in the sea surface temperatures are mainly responsible for the interdecadal variability of the Western North Pacific
Subtropical High. 相似文献
9.
20世纪末中国中东部耕地扩张对表面气温影响的模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用WRF模式,通过4个21年（1980-2000年）的模拟实验,研究了20世纪末中国中东部耕地扩张对表面气温的影响。控制实验分析发现WRF模式能够捕捉温度场的空间格局,模拟与观测的季节平均温度场的相关系数为0.91~0.99（P < 0.001）,但模拟温度比观测温度系统性偏低2~3 ℃。控制实验与敏感实验对比分析发现,东北区和中部区的毁林和毁草开荒具有降温效应,冬季平均降幅约为-0.41 ℃,居四季之首,主要是由地表反照率增加,净短波辐射减少,感热通量随之减少所致;东南区的毁林开荒具有升温效应,夏季温度升幅最大,平均升幅为0.14 ℃,主要原因是地表粗糙度减小,湍流减弱,热量在近地层集聚,难以扩散。农业扩张的升、降温效应主要出现在局地,对区域温度变化的影响甚微,一方面是因为农业扩张占区域面积份数甚小,另一方面是因为升、降温效应在区域平均过程中相互抵消。 相似文献
10.
西太平洋副热带高压的年代际变化 及其气候影响 总被引：45，自引：0，他引：45
西北太平洋副热带高压是影响我国夏季气候的一个非常重要的环流系统，本文主要分析了其年代际尺度的变化。发现在１９７９／１９８０年前后，其强度和范围发生了一次明显的年代际尺度的变化。１９８０年代以来，副高明显偏强，范围向西向南显著扩展。副高的年代际变化也对我国东部地区的气候产生了显著的影响。主要表现在近２０多年来长江中下游地区夏季降水显著增加，华南地区夏季气温显著偏高，以及西太平洋２０°Ｎ以南台风活动相对偏弱而２０°Ｎ以北洋面台风活动相对增强。副高的年代际变化与冬、春季赤道太平洋海表温度及同期热带印度洋海温有密切联系。 相似文献
11.
东疆北部全新世气候不稳定性的湖泊沉积记录 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对新疆东疆北部巴里坤湖2.5 m深的沉积剖面进行了年代学、沉积物粒度、TOC、磁化率和CaCO3含量分析,对比研究确定了巴里坤湖的碳库年龄约为750 a,据此建立了研究剖面的年代序列。研究表明,各气候代用指标序列揭示了巴里坤湖地区全新世期间存在多次干湿气候波动,并伴随着一系列突发气候事件,其中有6次事件可以与全新世北大西洋浮冰碎屑事件及GISP2冰芯氧同位素记录进行良好对比,且呈现出显著约1.6 ka的变化周期,表明高纬度北大西洋地区的气候变化可能通过对西风环流的影响与中国西北干旱区的气候变化密切相关。谱分析揭示出研究区气候变化还具有显著的200 a,133 a,108 a和77 a周期,可能与太阳活动周期有关。6300—5200 cal a BP和4300—3500 cal a BP期间巴里坤湖地区气候较为干旱,结合广泛的区域对比认为,中全新世干旱事件具有普遍性。 相似文献
12.
Marie Ekström 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(2):113-126
Wind direction conditions during the 20th century in Scania, southern Sweden, are investigated using an estimated series of monthly wind vector components (east–west u component and north–south v component). The series is developed from a regression relationship between pairwise (1973 to 1997) monthly averages of 10–m surface wind from Scania and a monthly geostrophic wind, based on mean sea level (MSL) pressure data from the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The wind conditions during the 20th century are dominated by winds from southwesterly and westerly directions, particularly during summer and autumn. From the 1980s onwards, increased frequencies of westerly winds are evident in spring and summer; however, similarly large frequencies of westerly winds are also found during the early part of the 20th century. Analysis of the estimated wind series indicates large variation in wind direction during the investigated time period, particularly during 1930 to 1960 when large increases of easterly winds are evident in spring. Increased frequencies of easterly winds were also found in other months during this period but not to the same extent as during the spring season. Thus, the presence of periods with quite different wind characteristics suggests that the overall atmospheric circulation has experienced some shifts in this region during the 20th century. 相似文献
13.
利用青藏高原气象台站逐日最大风速数据和JRA-55再分析资料,通过引入集中期和集中度的概念,分析了1971—2012年高原大风在风季的分布形态及其环流背景。结果表明:青藏高原的大风天气在春季(3—5月)最多,在夏末秋初(8—10月)最少。1971—2012年,大风日数以14 d/10a的速度减少,同时大风日数的年较差也在缩小。大风集中期随纬度增大而延后,并且在近42年大体呈提前的趋势,从3月底4月初提前至2月底3月初。大风集中度则有增大的趋势,并取决于大风日数,大风日数越多,集中度越低。高原大风集中期受到急流系统经向位移的制约,2月和3月北非和西亚地区的副热带急流以及4月中层西风带偏南时,伴随着副热带气压偏低,青藏高原春季大风天气偏多,大风集中期偏晚。反之,大风天气偏少,集中期偏早。大风集中度的大小则与中亚和高原地区2—4月副热带急流强度有关,2月和4月副热带急流偏弱、3月急流偏强时,大风日数集中在3月,集中度较高。反之,集中度较低。春季(3月)高原大风天气是冷、暖空气系统共同作用的结果,高原东部的大风天气多受北方冷空气系统影响,高原西部的大风天气多受南方暖空气系统影响、以西南风为主。 相似文献
14.
本文基于全球、区域和国家三个不同尺度,对1965年～2011年世界炼油能力进行分析,得出结论：（1）整体而言,世界炼油能力呈现上升的趋势,且年际变化幅度在-3.14%～9.56%之间,1987年以来炼油能力的增长速度稳定,变化幅度在3%以内;（2）不同区域的炼油能力差异显著,其中亚太地区最高,北美和欧洲次之,非洲、中南美洲和中东地区炼油能力较低。各区域炼油能力变化的趋势和占世界炼油能力的比重呈现出不一样的变化特征;（3）从国家尺度来看,世界炼油能力的空间分布极不均衡,炼油能力超过百万桶/日的国家主要分布在北美、欧洲、中东和亚太地区。70年代以来世界炼油的重心呈现出不断东移的趋势,中东和亚太地区是世界炼油能力新的增长极。 相似文献
15.
MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据在中国温度模拟中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
地表反照率直接影响地表辐射平衡,进而改变当地温度(2 m气温,下同),然后还可能通过大气平流过程影响下游地区的温度。为揭示利用实时更新的地表反照率替换WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式的静态地表反照率对中国大陆温度模拟结果的影响,本文进行了两组为期6 年(2002-2007 年) 的连续积分试验：控制试验(CT试验) 采用短波波段地表反照率,取自WRF模式推荐的地表参数数据集;敏感试验(MD试验) 采用分波段的(可见光和近红外) 地表反照率,取自MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据产品。试验结果表明,CT试验能够模拟中国温度的基本空间格局,但是模拟温度相对于观测温度有明显偏差,青藏高原南部的模拟温度偏低(负偏差),最大偏低幅度为1.03oC,出现在秋季,东部地区的模拟温度偏高(正偏差),最大偏高幅度达3.4oC,出现在春季;MD试验模拟结果的正、负偏差格局与CT试验基本相似,但是与CT试验相比,MD试验模拟的青藏高原南部温度的负偏差更大,最大为1.32oC,而模拟的东部地区温度的正偏差明显减小,最大为2.97oC,这说明MD试验比CT试验模拟的温度普遍偏低。在青藏高原,这主要归因于MD试验比CT试验的地表反照率大,使得地表净辐射少,地表感热少,致使温度偏低;在中国东部的黄淮海至江南丘陵区,这主要归因于MD试验中北方蒙古高原的地表反照率比CT试验的大,使得MD试验中该地区的地表净辐射少,地表感热少,温度低,然后通过南下冷平流过程致使位于其下游的黄淮海至江南丘陵区温度降低。 相似文献
16.
基于1971—2019年日本气象厅提供的JRA-55地表感热、大气环流再分析数据和国家气象信息中心提供的我国陆面逐月格点降水数据,研究了夏季伊朗高原和北非感热异常对同期塔里木盆地降水的可能影响。结果表明：（1） 夏季伊朗高原感热和北非感热均与塔里木盆地夏季降水密切联系,将2个区域加热共同考虑,其与塔里木盆地降水的关系要比仅考虑单一区域加热更为紧密。（2） 当伊朗高原感热整体偏强,且北非感热呈北弱南强异常分布时,对应中亚副热带西风急流相对偏南,中亚和蒙古高原上空分别为异常气旋和反气旋控制,塔里木盆地上空南风加强;热带印度洋水汽在阿拉伯海与中亚的异常环流配合下北上进入塔里木盆地;以上条件共同导致了同期塔里木盆地降水的增多,反之亦然。（3） 北非和伊朗高原加热均可单独影响塔里木盆地夏季降水,其中伊朗高原感热对大尺度环流和水汽输送的影响均显著,因此其与降水的关系也更加密切。北非感热加热的影响主要体现在大尺度环流方面,对水汽输送的影响和伊朗高原存在差异,主要体现在印度半岛上空的异常反气旋位置偏南,导致阿拉伯海水汽无法进入塔里木盆地。 相似文献
17.
18.
利用1975-2015年辽宁省52站逐日最低气温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过合成分析、相关分析等统计方法,对辽宁省冬季最低气温及北太平洋风暴轴的时空演变特征进行研究,初步探讨了北太平洋风暴轴的异常活动与辽宁省冬季最低气温的可能联系。结果表明,辽宁省冬季最低气温突变年为1986年,20世纪80年代中期以后气温表现出偏暖特征。北太平洋风暴轴与辽宁省冬季最低气温间存在同步一致地变化特征,风暴轴活动强年,辽宁省受西南气流控制,阿留申低压、西伯利亚高压强度减弱,同时东亚大槽减弱北退,东亚西风急流偏北,东亚冬季风系统活动减弱,不利于冷空气向南侵袭,辽宁省冬季最低气温偏高,反之在风暴轴活动弱年,辽宁省冬季最低气温偏低。与北太平洋风暴轴相关联的中高纬度大气环流异常变化是风暴轴强度与辽宁省冬季最低气温关系产生变化的主要原因。 相似文献
19.
Joseph C. Liddicoat Robert S. Coe & Jonathan M. Glen 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,135(2):663-670
The younger of two closely spaced palaeomagnetic excursions at Pringle Falls, Oregon, is recorded in lacustrine silts that crop out in Long Valley, California. Assigned an age of about 220 000 years, the virtual geomagnetic poles of the younger excursion form a clockwise loop that reached 35 °S latitude east of South America before returning to the northern hemisphere in the Pacific Ocean west of Central America. The poles then form a narrow band across North America while moving to high northern latitudes. This record matches extremely well feature B of the original excursion record from Pringle Falls reported by Herrero-Bervera et al. (1994) and is similar to this excursion at Summer Lake, Oregon ( Negrini et al. 1994 ), in that the pole path is confined primarily to the east–central Pacific Ocean. On the basis of an assumed sedimentation rate of 30 cm per thousand years, the younger excursion (feature B at Pringle Falls) spans an estimated 1200 years and followed by about 1000 years a larger excursion (feature A at Pringle Falls) previously discovered at the same Long Valley site. At a second Long Valley site 30 m away, the younger excursion (feature B) is only partially recorded because of a presumed small hiatus in the sedimentary section. 相似文献
20.
利用“沙尘气溶胶辐射模型及气候环境生态效应研究”项目加强观测期在二连浩特气象站进行的温、风、湿探空观测资料及架设在朱日和气象站的气象激光雷达资料,采用综合评定法分析了内蒙古半干旱荒漠草原地区大气边界层的厚度、结构特征和变化规律,同时利用气象激光雷达回波资料及气溶胶消光系数在垂直高度上的分布特征,确定了朱日和地区边界层的高度及日变化特征。结果显示,用探空资料综合评定得到的二连浩特地区大气边界层总体厚度偏大,边界层最大厚度达到2 300 m,稳定边界层高度在300 m左右;1 000 m附近为风向的转变高度,其下全为偏东风,其上全为偏西风,边界层风速切变较大;午后到夜间,近地层有东风急流出现,急流最强可达12 m·s-1,急流高度在300 m;在600 m高度附近出现逆湿,低层逆湿现象夜间比白天显著。气象激光雷达资料显示,朱日和地区春季晴日混合层最大厚度可达2 400 m,出现在16:00左右。 相似文献