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1.
The solution of two-dimensional problem of an interface breaking long inclined dip-slip fault in two welded half-spaces is
well known. The purpose of this note is to obtain the corresponding solution for a blind fault. The solution is valid for
arbitrary values of the fault-depth and the dip angle. Graphs showing the variation of the displacement field with the distance
from the fault, for different values of fault depth and dip angle are presented. Contour maps showing the stress field around
a long dip-slip fault are also obtained 相似文献
2.
The Biot linearized theory of fluid saturated porous materials is used to study the plane strain deformation of a two-phase
medium consisting of a homogeneous, isotropic, poroelastic half-space in welded contact with a homogeneous, isotropic, perfectly
elastic half-space caused by a two-dimensional source in the elastic half-space. The integral expressions for the displacements
and stresses in the two half-spaces in welded contact are obtained from the corresponding expressions for an unbounded elastic
medium by applying suitable boundary conditions at the interface. The case of a long dip-slip fault is discussed in detail.
The integrals for this source are solved analytically for two limiting cases: (i) undrained conditions in the high frequency
limit, and (ii) steady state drained conditions as the frequency approaches zero. It has been verified that the solution for
the drained case (ω → 0) coincides with the known elastic solution. The drained and undrained displacements and stresses are compared graphically.
Diffusion of the pore pressure with time is also studied. 相似文献
3.
Static deformation of two monoclinic elastic half-spaces in welded contact due to a long inclined strike-slip fault situated
in one of the half-spaces is studied analytically and numerically. Closed-form algebraic expressions for the displacement
at any point of the medium are obtained. The variation of the displacement at the interface with the horizontal distance from
the fault is studied. The effect of anisotropy on the displacement field is examined. It is found that while the anisotropy
of the source half-space has a significant effect on the displacement at the interface, the anisotropy of the other half-space
has only a marginal effect. 相似文献
4.
Closed form analytical expressions of stresses and displacements at any field point due to a very long dip-slip fault of finite
width buried in a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half-space, are presented. Airy stress function is used to derive the expressions
of stresses and displacements which depend on the dip angle and depth of the upper edge of the fault. The effect of dip angle
and depth of the upper edge of the fault on stresses and displacements is studied numerically and the results obtained are
presented graphically. Contour maps for stresses and displacements are also presented. The results of Rani and Singh (1992b)
and Freund and Barnett (1976) have been reproduced. 相似文献
5.
The calculation of the deformation caused by shear and tensile faults is necessary for the investigation of seismic and volcanic
sources. The solution of the two-dimensional problem of a long inclined shear fault in two welded half-spaces is well known.
The purpose of this note is to present the corresponding solution for a tensile fault. Closed-form analytical expressions
for the Airy stress function for a tensile line source in two welded half-spaces are first obtained. These expressions are
then integrated analytically to derive the Airy stress function for a long tensile fault of arbitrary dip and finite width.
Closed-form analytical expressions for the displacements and stresses follow immediately from the Airy stress function. These
expressions are suitable for computing the displacement and stress fields around a long inclined tensile fault near an internal
boundary. 相似文献
6.
Closed form analytic expressions for displacement and stresses at any point of either of the two homogeneous, isotropic, perfectly
elastic half-spaces in welded contact due to very long strike-slip dislocations are obtained. Both cases of vertical and horizontal
strike-slip dislocations are discussed in detail. Variation of the displacement with horizontal distance from the fault and
with vertical distance from the interface for a vertical strike-slip fault is studied numerically. 相似文献
7.
Preseismic lithospheric deformation at a subduction zone can be modelled as dip-slip dislocation on an inclined fault or as
flexure of a thin plate. Both these models predict a region of positive topography known as forebulge or outer rise. By matching
the location and the magnitude of the forebulge, we derive useful relations between the dip-slip fault parameters and the
plate parameters. In particular, we determine the width of a long dip-slip fault of given dip corresponding to a semi-infinite
plate of given thickness. The displacement profiles of the two models are also compared. 相似文献
8.
Analytical solution for the problem of a surface-breaking long strike-slip fault in an elastic layer overlying an elastic
half-space is well known. The purpose of this note is to obtain the corresponding solution for a blind fault. Since the solution
is valid for arbitrary values of the fault-depth and the dip angle, the effects of these two important fault parameters can
be studied numerically. The variation of the parallel displacement and shear stress with the distance from the fault is studied
numerically for different values of the fault-depth and dip angle. 相似文献
9.
贺为民 《大地构造与成矿学》2022,46(1):36-47
求解三点问题的传统方法是作图法.目前缺乏利用初等几何学求解三点问题的完整计算方法.本次研究基于三点法的原理,利用初等几何学知识推导了求断层面倾角、倾向和走向的计算公式.断层面倾角计算公式是以已知三点之间水平距离和三点之间高差为变量的代数表达式.断层面倾向或走向计算公式是以已知三点之间水平距离、三点之间高差和三点连线的方... 相似文献
10.
东营河125断层几何学特征及其对浊积扇和油藏的控制作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对河125断层几何学特征的分析发现弧形断裂平行于断层走向剖面上表现为断槽、断脊组合;垂直于断层走向剖面上断层分为竖滑段、倾滑段和平滑段3段,生长指数规律为弧中大于弧翼,断层倾角规律为弧中小于弧翼.断裂的几何学特征与运动学特征具有相关性.断层几何学特征对浊积扇具有重要的控制作用:平面上,弧中位置浊积扇最发育,弧翼为不同浊积扇的分界线;断槽为浊积砂体的补给通道,断脊为扇体不同补给区的分水岭;垂向上,倾滑段下部发育远岸浊积扇,中上部发育滑塌浊积岩,形成典型的弧扇对应现象.断层对油藏的控制表现为:控制储层展布、改善储层物性、沟通油源和形成生长背斜及断鼻油气藏. 相似文献
11.
经化探、物探和槽探工程,对出露于江西瑞昌横岗砖厂取土开挖场地内的地裂缝的成因、特征及意义进行了分析。该区地裂缝总体走向均为北东向,呈“簇”状密集分布,总体延伸长度超过300 m,且地裂缝内均有灰白色、浅灰色矿物充填。解析认为该区分布一条北东走向陡倾正断裂,断裂倾向南东,倾角60°-75°。局部探槽开挖揭露该断裂其中一断裂面错动第四纪坡洪积物,断裂产状为155°∠71°,走向65°,上盘下降,错距达到3 m（未揭露到底）。断层壁平直,断裂面擦痕清晰,可见5条长1~2 m的铲刮沟槽,槽深5~20 mm,显示该断层呈左旋倾滑性质。取上断点地层沉积物ESR测年,测年范围为距今0.27~0.42 Ma,研究表明该断裂在中更新世中期显著活动过,为一条中更新世活动断裂。综合分析认为该区地裂缝发育受横岗砖厂断裂控制,地裂缝的形成是横岗砖厂断裂活动在第四系地表的响应。 相似文献
12.
估计同震滑移向量对于认识和理解破裂方式和破裂过程具有重要意义。2008年汶川大地震在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带的中央断裂和前山断裂上各形成了一条长250 km和72 km的地表破裂带。地震发生后至今,已经发表了大量有关同震位错沿破裂带分布的论文和报告,但绝大部分都仅仅是破裂的走向位错和垂直位错,极少有同震滑移向量的报道。这不仅是因为野外难以直接测量到水平缩短量(或拉张量),而且还因为这些走滑位错实际上是视走滑位错,部分或全部来自水平缩短或拉张。因此,仅仅根据视走滑同震位错和垂直同震位错估计的同震总滑移量肯定包含了相当大的误差。尝试利用据不同走向参考线测量到的一组(两个以上)视走滑位错来计算水平滑移向量的这一新方法,获得了中央破裂带上的7个水平同震滑移向量,并结合垂直位错量进一步计算了走滑、倾滑和水平缩短三个同震滑移分量以及断层倾角和破裂面上的同震滑移向量,综合出露破裂面的擦痕所指示的滑移向量,并对比根据矩张量解获得的震源深度的滑移向量,得出以下认识:(1)破裂南段的地表滑移向量的方位角明显小于震源深度滑移向量的方位角,表明在破裂从震源向地表传播过程中破裂面上的滑移向量发生了逆时针旋转;(2)滑移方位角向北东方向逐渐增大,表明地平面上水平滑移向量表现出顺时针旋转的趋势,而且在破裂向北东方向传播过程中近地表的走滑分量逐渐减小而倾滑分量逐渐增大;(3)几乎在每一个观测点倾滑分量都大于走滑分量,表明汶川地震的破裂方式在任何地点都是以逆冲运动为主;(4)破裂面倾角在10.4°～64.7°,平均值为41°,与天然破裂露头和探槽揭示的结果基本一致;(5)滑移向量沿破裂带的分布显示,走滑分量中段大而两端小,倾滑分量则相反,中段小两端大。 相似文献
13.
The problem of the coseismic deformation of an earth model consisting of an elastic layer of uniform thickness overlying an
elastic half-space due to a very long tensile fault in the layer is solved analytically. Integral expressions for the surface
displacements are obtained for a vertical tensile fault and a horizontal tensile fault. The integrals involved are evaluated
approximately by using Sneddon’s method of replacing the integrand by a finite sum of exponential terms. Detailed numerical
results showing the variation of the displacements with epicentral distance for various source locations in the layer are
presented graphically. The displacement field in the layered half-space is compared with the corresponding field in a uniform
half-space to demonstrate the effect of the internal boundary. Relaxed rigidity method is used for computing the postseismic
deformation of an earth model consisting of an elastic layer of uniform thickness overlying a viscoelastic half-space. 相似文献
14.
A 10-station portable seismograph network was deployed in northern Greece to study aftershocks of the magnitude (mb) 6.4 earthquake of June 20, 1978. The main shock occurred (in a graben) about 25 km northeast of the city of Thessaloniki and caused an east-west zone of surface rupturing 14 km long that splayed to 7 km wide at the west end. The hypocenters for 116 aftershocks in the magnitude range from 2.5 to 4.5 were determined. The epicenters for these events cover an area 30 km (east-west) by 18 km (north-south), and focal depths ranges from 4 to 12 km. Most of the aftershocks in the east half of the aftershock zone are north of the surface rupture and north of the graben. Those in the west half are located within the boundaries of the graben. Composite focalmechanism solutions for selected aftershocks indicate reactivation of geologically mapped normal faults in the area. Also, strike-slip and dip-slip faults that splay off the western end of the zone of surface ruptures may have been activated.The epicenters for four large (M 4.8) foreshocks and the main shock were relocated using the method of joint epicenter determination. Collectively, those five epicenters form an arcuate pattern convex southward, that is north of and 5 km distant from the surface rupturing. The 5-km separation, along with a focal depth of 8 km (average aftershock depth) or 16 km (NEIS main-shock depth), implies that the fault plane dips northward 58° or 73°, respectively. A preferred nodal-plane dip of 36° was determined by B.C. Papazachos and his colleagues in 1979 from a focal-mechanism solution for the main shock. If this dip is valid for the causal fault and that fault projects to the zone of surface rupturing, a decrease of dip with depth is required. 相似文献
15.
During May 2003 a swarm of 16 earthquakes (ML = 0.6–2.1) occurred at Anjalankoski, south-eastern Finland. The activity lasted for three weeks, but additional two events were observed at the same location in October 2004. A comparison of the waveforms indicated that the source mechanisms and the hypocentres of the events were nearly identical.A relative earthquake location method was applied to better define the geometry of the cluster and to identify the fault plane associated with the earthquakes. The relocated earthquakes aligned along an ENE–WSW trending zone, with a lateral extent of about 1.0 km by 0.8 km. The relative location and the waveform-modelling of depth sensitive surface wave (Rg) and S-to-P converted body wave (sP) phases indicated that the events were unusually shallow, most likely occurring within the first 2 km of the surface. The revised historical earthquake data confirm that shallow swarm-type seismicity is characteristic to the area.The focal mechanism obtained as a composite solution of the five strongest events corresponds to dip-slip motion along a nearly vertical fault plane (strike = 250°, dip = 80°, rake = 90°). The dip and strike of this nodal plane as well as the relocated hypocentres coincide with an internal intrusion boundary of the Vyborg rapakivi batholith.The events occur under a compressive local stress field, which is explained by large gravitational potential energy differences and ridge-push forces. Pore-pressure changes caused by intrusion of ground water and/or radon gas into the fracture zones are suggested to govern the swarm-type earthquake activity. 相似文献
16.
Masataka Ando 《Tectonophysics》1974,22(1-2)
This paper discusses the fault parameters of the Mikawa earthquake of January 12, 1945 on the basis of a simple dislocation model. Basically, the model assumes a rectangular shape of the fault plane striking N-S, so that it may fit the observed surface fault trace. Several sets of the fault parameters are tested to interpret the vertical and horizontal ground movements as observed geodetically. The fault model which is finally accepted is as follows: total length: 12 km; width: 11 km; dip angle: 30°; reverse dip-slip: 2 m; right-lateral strike-slip: 1 m. Geometry and slip in the present model seem to harmonize with the other sorts of evidence such as the seismological, tsunami genetic and reconnaissance data. From the tectonic point of view, this earthquake may be attributed to the secondary fault activity associated with the right lateral movement of the Median Tectonic Line. 相似文献
17.
18.
松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷构造特征及演化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
伏龙泉断陷是松辽盆地一级构造单元东南部隆起之上的二级构造单元,构造特征比较复杂。地震剖面解释表明,伏龙泉断陷自白垩纪以来主要经历了4个构造演化阶段:在火石岭组营城组下部沉积时期为近EW向伸展作用阶段,形成以大型犁式正断层为控陷断层的近NS向箕状半地堑和滚动背斜;在营城组上部泉头组中段沉积时期为近EW向挤压作用阶段,使早期控陷正断层发生反转作用而转化为逆断层,靠近控陷断层的西部边界由于断层上盘的逆冲而隆升,在凹陷中部形成NS向断层传播褶皱,在控陷断层下盘形成双重构造;在泉头组上段嫩江组沉积时期为近NS向离散型走滑作用阶段,形成具有倾向滑移分量的走滑断层组合和负花状构造;在四方台组新生界下部沉积时期为近EW向挤压作用阶段,使在早期控陷断层再次表现为上盘逆冲的特征,在断层上盘形成一大型反转背斜。松辽盆地伸展、挤压、走滑应力场的变化可能与太平洋板块的俯冲角度、方向和速率的变化有关。 相似文献
19.
20.
Gbor Windhoffer Gbor Bada Dick Nieuwland Gza Wrum Ferenc Horvth Sierd Cloetingh 《Tectonophysics》2005,410(1-4):389-415
We present the results of a thrust fault reactivation study that has been carried out using analogue (sandbox) and numerical modelling techniques. The basement of the Pannonian basin is built up of Cretaceous nappe piles. Reactivation of these compressional structures and connected weakness zones is one of the prime agents governing Miocene formation and Quaternary deformation of the basin system. However, reactivation on thrust fault planes (average dip of ca. 30°) in normal or transtensional stress regimes is a problematic process in terms of rock mechanics. The aim of the investigation was to analyse how the different stress regimes (extension or strike-slip), and the geometrical as well as the mechanical parameters (dip and strike of the faults, frictional coefficients) effect the reactivation potential of pre-existing faults.
Results of analogue modelling predict that thrust fault reactivation under pure extension is possible for fault dip angle larger than 45° with normal friction value (sand on sand) of the fault plane. By making the fault plane weaker, reactivation is possible down to 35° dip angle. These values are confirmed by the results of numerical modelling. Reactivation in transtensional manner can occur in a broad range of fault dip angle (from 35° to 20°) and strike angle (from 30° to 5° with respect to the direction of compression) when keeping the maximum horizontal stress magnitude approximately three times bigger than the vertical or the minimum horizontal stress values.
Our research focussed on two selected study areas in the Pannonian basin system: the Danube basin and the Derecske trough in its western and eastern part, respectively. Their Miocene tectonic evolution and their fault reactivation pattern show considerable differences. The dominance of pure extension in the Danube basin vs. strike-slip faulting (transtension) in the Derecske trough is interpreted as a consequence of their different geodynamic position in the evolving Pannonian basin system. In addition, orientation of the pre-existing thrust fault systems with respect to the Early to Middle Miocene paleostress fields had a major influence on reactivation kinematics.
As part of the collapsing east Alpine orogen, the area of the Danube basin was characterised by elevated topography and increased crustal thickness during the onset of rifting in the Pannonian basin. Consequently, an excess of gravitational potential energy resulted in extension (σv > σH) during Early Miocene basin formation. By the time topography and related crustal thickness variation relaxed (Middle Miocene), the stress field had rotated and the minimum horizontal stress axes (σh) became perpendicular to the main strike of the thrusts. The high topography and the rotation of σh could induce nearly pure extension (dip-slip faulting) along the pre-existing low-angle thrusts. On the contrary, the Derecske trough was situated near the Carpathian subduction belt, with lower crustal thickness and no pronounced topography. This resulted in much lower σv value than in the Danube basin. Moreover, the proximity of the retreating subduction slab provided low values of σh and the oblique orientation of the paleostress fields with respect to the master faults of the trough. This led to the dominance of strike-slip faulting in combination with extension and basin subsidence (transtension). 相似文献