共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
It is important to include the viscous effect in seismic numerical modelling and seismic migration due to the ubiquitous viscosity in an actual subsurface medium. Prestack reverse‐time migration (RTM) is currently one of the most accurate methods for seismic imaging. One of the key steps of RTM is wavefield forward and backward extrapolation and how to solve the wave equation fast and accurately is the essence of this process. In this paper, we apply the time‐space domain dispersion‐relation‐based finite‐difference (FD) method for visco‐acoustic wave numerical modelling. Dispersion analysis and numerical modelling results demonstrate that the time‐space domain FD method has great accuracy and can effectively suppress numerical dispersion. Also, we use the time‐space domain FD method to solve the visco‐acoustic wave equation in wavefield extrapolation of RTM and apply the source‐normalized cross‐correlation imaging condition in migration. Improved imaging has been obtained in both synthetic and real data tests. The migration result of the visco‐acoustic wave RTM is clearer and more accurate than that of acoustic wave RTM. In addition, in the process of wavefield forward and backward extrapolation, we adopt adaptive variable‐length spatial operators to compute spatial derivatives to significantly decrease computing costs without reducing the accuracy of the numerical solution. 相似文献
2.
发展了波动方程深度延拓的频率相关变步长深度延拓方法和表驱动的单点波场插值技术.前者通过减少深度延拓的次数减少了波动方程深度偏移的计算量,而后者用很少的计算量实现了等间距、理想采样的深度成像.就同一偏移方法,采用频率相关变步长深度延拓加单点插值,其计算量大约是常规的等间距采样延拓方法的三分之一,但两者的成像效果基本相同.文中以最优分裂Fourier方法为例,用二维理论数据（Marmousi模型）和三维实际地震资料验证了这一方法,但这一方法可适用于各类频率域波动方程深度偏移方法. 相似文献
3.
双程波方程逆时深度偏移是复杂介质高精度成像的有效技术,但其结果中通常包含成像方法引起的噪音和假象,一般的滤波方法会破坏成像剖面上的振幅,其中的假象也会给后续地质解释带来困扰.将波场进行方向分解然后实现入射波与反射波的相关成像能够有效地消除这类成像噪音,并提高逆时偏移成像质量.波传播方向的分解通常在频率波数域实现,它会占用大量的存储和计算资源,不便于在沿时间外推的逆时深度偏移中应用.本文提出解析时间波场外推方法,可以在时间外推的每个时间片上实现波传播方向的显式分解,逆时深度偏移中利用分解后的炮检波场进行对应的相关运算,实现成像噪音和成像信号的分离.在模型和实际数据上的测试表明,相比于常规互相关逆时偏移成像结果,本文方法能够有效地消除低频成像噪音和特殊地质构造导致的成像假象. 相似文献
4.
Extrapolating wavefields and imaging at each depth during three‐dimensional recursive wave‐equation migration is a time‐consuming endeavor. For efficiency, most commercial techniques extrapolate wavefields through thick slabs followed by wavefield interpolation within each thick slab. In this article, we develop this strategy by associating more efficient interpolators with a Fourier‐transform‐related wavefield extrapolation method. First, we formulate a three‐dimensional first‐order separation‐of‐variables screen propagator for large‐step wavefield extrapolation, which allows for wide‐angle propagations in highly contrasting media. This propagator significantly improves the performance of the split‐step Fourier method in dealing with significant lateral heterogeneities at the cost of only one more fast Fourier transform in each thick slab. We then extend the two‐dimensional Kirchhoff and Born–Kirchhoff local wavefield interpolators to three‐dimensional cases for each slab. The three‐dimensional Kirchhoff interpolator is based on the traditional Kirchhoff formula and applies to moderate lateral velocity variations, whereas the three‐dimensional Born–Kirchhoff interpolator is derived from the Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation under the Born approximation and is adapted to highly laterally varying media. Numerical examples on the three‐dimensional salt model of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists/European Association of Geoscientists demonstrate that three‐dimensional first‐order separation‐of‐variables screen propagator Born–Kirchhoff depth migration using thick‐slab wavefield extrapolation plus thin‐slab interpolation tolerates a considerable depth‐step size of up to 72 ms, eventually resulting in an efficiency improvement of nearly 80% without obvious loss of imaging accuracy. Although the proposed three‐dimensional interpolators are presented with one‐way Fourier extrapolation methods, they can be extended for applications to general migration methods. 相似文献
5.
Tariq Alkhalifah 《Geophysical Prospecting》2014,62(5):1089-1099
Spectral methods provide artefact‐free and generally dispersion‐free wavefield extrapolation in anisotropic media. Their apparent weakness is in accessing the medium‐inhomogeneity information in an efficient manner. This is usually handled through a velocity‐weighted summation (interpolation) of representative constant‐velocity extrapolated wavefields, with the number of these extrapolations controlled by the effective rank of the original mixed‐domain operator or, more specifically, by the complexity of the velocity model. Conversely, with pseudo‐spectral methods, because only the space derivatives are handled in the wavenumber domain, we obtain relatively efficient access to the inhomogeneity in isotropic media, but we often resort to weak approximations to handle the anisotropy efficiently. Utilizing perturbation theory, I isolate the contribution of anisotropy to the wavefield extrapolation process. This allows us to factorize as much of the inhomogeneity in the anisotropic parameters as possible out of the spectral implementation, yielding effectively a pseudo‐spectral formulation. This is particularly true if the inhomogeneity of the dimensionless anisotropic parameters are mild compared with the velocity (i.e., factorized anisotropic media). I improve on the accuracy by using the Shanks transformation to incorporate a denominator in the expansion that predicts the higher‐order omitted terms; thus, we deal with fewer terms for a high level of accuracy. In fact, when we use this new separation‐based implementation, the anisotropy correction to the extrapolation can be applied separately as a residual operation, which provides a tool for anisotropic parameter sensitivity analysis. The accuracy of the approximation is high, as demonstrated in a complex tilted transversely isotropic model. 相似文献
6.
波场延拓是地震偏移成像的基础. 快速进行目标区波场延拓对石油勘探中急需发展的深部地震勘探和无组合海量地震数据的成像有重要意义. 在目标区成像中,目前已有的波场延拓方法,包括基于走时计算的Dix方法和射线追踪方法,以及基于小步长波场递推的方法,在适应复杂介质、计算精度和计算效率的某一方面还不能完全满足实际需要. 本文提出一种基于“算子相位”李代数积分的快速计算延拓算子的方法,称为大步长波场延拓方法. 在该方法中,指向目标区的波场延拓算子象征的复相位被表示成波数的线性组合. 线性组合的系数是层速度函数及其导数的深度积分,计算和存储较为方便. 波场延拓算子通过相移算子加校正的方法,利用快速Fourier变换在空间域和波数域予以实现. 利用动力学等价关系导出了便于计算的表达式. 本文比较了算子主象征函数用一步法展开和用两步法展开的精度,从而说明大步长方法的精度要高于递推方法. 在横向和纵向线性变化介质中,将大步长方法的脉冲响应与递推法做了比较,说明大步长延拓算子的走时精度主要取决于相移因子中的横向变速校正项;且在各种近似下,大步长算子发生的频散都非常小. 相似文献
7.
各向异性介质纯P波方程完全不受横波的干扰,在一定程度上可以减缓由于介质各向异性引起的数值不稳定,本文推导了具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质纯P波一阶速度-应力方程.由于纯P波方程存在一个分数形式的伪微分算子,无法直接采用有限差分法求解.针对该问题,本文采用伪谱法和高阶有限差分法联合求解波动方程,重点分析了混合法求解纯P波一阶速度-应力方程的稳定性问题,并给出了混合法求解纯P波方程的稳定性条件.数值模拟结果表明纯P波方程伪谱法和高阶有限差分混合法能够进行复杂介质的正演模拟,在强变速度、变密度的地球介质中仍然具有较好的稳定性. 相似文献
8.
Riemannian wavefield extrapolation is a technique for one‐way extrapolation of acoustic waves. Riemannian wavefield extrapolation generalizes wavefield extrapolation by downward continuation by considering coordinate systems different from conventional Cartesian ones. Coordinate systems can conform with the extrapolated wavefield, with the velocity model or with the acquisition geometry. When coordinate systems conform with the propagated wavefield, extrapolation can be done accurately using low‐order kernels. However, in complex media or in cases where the coordinate systems do not conform with the propagating wavefields, low order kernels are not accurate enough and need to be replaced by more accurate, higher‐order kernels. Since Riemannian wavefield extrapolation is based on factorization of an acoustic wave‐equation, higher‐order kernels can be constructed using methods analogous to the one employed for factorization of the acoustic wave‐equation in Cartesian coordinates. Thus, we can construct space‐domain finite‐differences as well as mixed‐domain techniques for extrapolation. High‐order Riemannian wavefield extrapolation kernels improve the accuracy of extrapolation, particularly when the Riemannian coordinate systems does not closely match the general direction of wave propagation. 相似文献
9.
Tariq Alkhalifah 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(5):1126-1141
Wavefield extrapolation operators for elliptically anisotropic media offer significant cost reduction compared with that for the transversely isotropic case, particularly when the axis of symmetry exhibits tilt (from the vertical). However, elliptical anisotropy does not provide accurate wavefield representation or imaging for transversely isotropic media. Therefore, we propose effective elliptically anisotropic models that correctly capture the kinematic behaviour of wavefields for transversely isotropic media. Specifically, we compute source‐dependent effective velocities for the elliptic medium using kinematic high‐frequency representation of the transversely isotropic wavefield. The effective model allows us to use cheaper elliptic wave extrapolation operators. Despite the fact that the effective models are obtained by matching kinematics using high‐frequency asymptotic, the resulting wavefield contains most of the critical wavefield components, including frequency dependency and caustics, if present, with reasonable accuracy. The methodology developed here offers a much better cost versus accuracy trade‐off for wavefield computations in transversely isotropic media, particularly for media of low to moderate complexity. In addition, the wavefield solution is free from shear‐wave artefacts as opposed to the conventional finite‐difference‐based transversely isotropic wave extrapolation scheme. We demonstrate these assertions through numerical tests on synthetic tilted transversely isotropic models. 相似文献
10.
11.
Zhang Zhifu Meng Xiaohong Liu Hong Chen Jingbo Li YouMing 《应用地球物理》2006,3(4):218-225
An accurate and wide-angle one-way propagator for wavefield extrapolation is an important topic for research on wave-equation prestack depth migration in the presence of large and rapid velocity variations. Based on the optimal separable approximation presented in this paper, the mixed domain algorithm with forward and inverse Fourier transforms is used to construct the 3D one-way wavefield extrapolation operator. This operator separates variables in the wavenumber and spatial domains. The phase shift operation is implemented in the wavenumber domain while the time delay for lateral velocity variation is corrected in the spatial domain. The impulse responses of the one-way wave operator show that the numeric computation is consistent with the theoretical value for each velocity, revealing that the operator constructed with the optimal separable approximation can be applied to lateral velocity variations for the case of small steps. Imaging results of the SEG/EAGE model and field data indicate that the new method can be used to image complex structure. 相似文献
12.
Double-square-root one-way wave equation prestack tau migration in heterogeneous media 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this paper, source‐receiver migration based on the double‐square‐root one‐way wave equation is modified to operate in the two‐way vertical traveltime (τ) domain. This tau migration method includes reasonable treatment for media with lateral inhomogeneity. It is implemented by recursive wavefield extrapolation with a frequency‐wavenumber domain phase shift in a constant background medium, followed by a phase correction in the frequency‐space domain, which accommodates moderate lateral velocity variations. More advanced τ‐domain double‐square‐root wave propagators have been conceptually discussed in this paper for migration in media with stronger lateral velocity variations. To address the problems that the full 3D double‐square‐root equation prestack tau migration could meet in practical applications, we present a method for downward continuing common‐azimuth data, which is based on a stationary‐phase approximation of the full 3D migration operator in the theoretical frame of prestack tau migration of cross‐line constant offset data. Migrations of synthetic data sets show that our tau migration approach has good performance in strong contrast media. The real data example demonstrates that common‐azimuth prestack tau migration has improved the delineation of the geological structures and stratigraphic configurations in a complex fault area. Prestack tau migration has some inherent robust characteristics usually associated with prestack time migration. It follows a velocity‐independent anti‐aliasing criterion that generally leads to reduction of the computation cost for typical vertical velocity variations. Moreover, this τ‐domain source‐receiver migration method has features that could be of help to speed up the convergence of the velocity estimation. 相似文献
13.
应用多分量地震资料进行成像时通常需要先做波场分离,然后再对分离的波型进行成像。其中,波场分离可以在空间域或波数域实现。然而,由于用交错网格有限差分进行弹性波场数值模拟时,用来进行波数域波场分离的质点振动速度分量定义在不同网格节点上,本文提出了利用波数域插值方法来估算同一网格节点所需质点振动速度值;进而给出了先进行波数域插值后进行波场分离的波数域保幅波场分离方案。数值实验结果表明波数域插值方法具有较高的插值精度且保幅波场分离方法具有较好的保幅性,将本文方法进一步应用于弹性波逆时偏移可以获得保幅性较好的成像结果且对存在一定程度速度误差情况具有较好的适应性。 相似文献
14.
15.
In this paper, the background of MGF-K migration in dual domain (wavenumber-frequency K-F and space-time) in anisotropic media is presented. Algorithms for poststack (zero-offset) and prestack migration are based on downward extrapolation of acoustic wavefield by shift-phase with correction filter for lateral variability of medium’s parameters. In anisotropic media, the vertical wavenumber was determined from full elastic wavefield equations for two dimensional (2D) tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) model. The method was tested on a synthetic wavefield for TTI anticlinal model (zero-offset section) and on strongly inhomogeneous vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) Marmousi model. In both cases, the proper imaging of assumed media was obtained. 相似文献
16.
叠前逆时偏移在理论上是现行偏移方法中最为精确的一种成像方法,其实现过程中的核心步骤之一是波动方程的波场延拓,而波场延拓的本质是求解波动方程,所以精确、快速地求解波动方程对逆时偏移至关重要.本文采用一种基于时空域频散关系的有限差分方法来求解声波方程,分析其频散和稳定性,实现波场数值模拟,并将分析和模拟结果与传统有限差分法进行对比.分析结果和模型数值模拟结果都表明时空域有限差分法模拟精度更高、稳定性更好.将时空域高阶有限差分法应用到叠前逆时偏移波场延拓的方程求解中,然后再利用归一化互相关成像条件成像,理论模型数据偏移处理获得了精度更高的成像.同时,在逆时偏移波场延拓的实现中,采用自适应变长度的空间差分算子求解空间导数的有限差分策略,在不影响数值模拟和成像精度的前提下,有效地提高了计算效率. 相似文献
17.
Seismic wave extrapolation using lowrank symbol approximation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
18.
与地面地震资料相比,VSP资料具有分辨率高、环境噪声小及能更好地反映井旁信息等优点.常规VSP偏移主要对上行反射波进行成像,存在照明度低、成像范围受限等问题.为了增加照明度、拓宽成像范围、提高成像精度,本文采用直达波除外的所有声波波场数据(全波),包括一次反射波、多次反射波等进行叠前逆时偏移成像.针对逆时偏移中的四个关键问题,即波场延拓、吸收边界条件、成像条件及低频噪声的压制,本文分别采用自适应变空间差分算子长度的优化有限差分方法(自适应优化有限差分方法)求解二维声波波动方程以实现高精度、高效率的波场延拓,采用混合吸收边界条件压制因计算区域有限所引起的人工边界反射,采用震源归一化零延迟互相关成像条件进行成像,采用拉普拉斯滤波方法压制逆时偏移中产生的低频噪声.本文对VSP模型数据的逆时偏移成像进行了分析,结果表明:自适应优化有限差分方法比传统有限差分方法具有更高的模拟精度与计算效率,适用于VSP逆时偏移成像;全波场VSP逆时偏移成像比上行波VSP逆时偏移的成像范围大、成像效果好;相对于反褶积成像条件,震源归一化零延迟互相关成像条件具有稳定性好、计算效率高等优点.将本文方法应用于某实际VSP资料的逆时偏移成像,进一步验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性. 相似文献
19.
从含Thomsen各向异性参数的qP波相速度表示式出发,建立并求解三维VTI介质中的频散方程,得到三维VTI介质中的相移算子,进而将以相移算子为基础的最优分裂Fourier方法推广到三维VTI介质,发展了一个三维VTI介质的深度偏移方法.文中使用的各向异性介质的速度模型与现行的各向异性构造的速度估计方法一致,将各向同性、弱各向异性及强各向异性统一在一个模型中.文中提出的偏移算法对相移法引入了高阶校正项来补偿介质横向变化的影响,使该方法可应用于横向非均匀VTI介质的陡角度成像,文中给出的偏移脉冲响应很好地证明了这一点. 相似文献
20.
Broadband constant-coefficient propagators 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
Li-Yun Fu 《Geophysical Prospecting》2005,53(3):299-310
The phase error between the real phase shift and the Gazdag background phase shift, due to lateral velocity variations about a reference velocity, can be decomposed into axial and paraxial phase errors. The axial phase error depends only on velocity perturbations and hence can be completely removed by the split‐step Fourier method. The paraxial phase error is a cross function of velocity perturbations and propagation angles. The cross function can be approximated with various differential operators by allowing the coefficients to vary with velocity perturbations and propagation angles. These variable‐coefficient operators require finite‐difference numerical implementation. Broadband constant‐coefficient operators may provide an efficient alternative that approximates the cross function within the split‐step framework and allows implementation using Fourier transforms alone. The resulting migration accuracy depends on the localization of the constant‐coefficient operators. A simple broadband constant‐coefficient operator has been designed and is tested with the SEG/EAEG salt model. Compared with the split‐step Fourier method that applies to either weak‐contrast media or at small propagation angles, this operator improves wavefield extrapolation for large to strong lateral heterogeneities, except within the weak‐contrast region. Incorporating the split‐step Fourier operator into a hybrid implementation can eliminate the poor performance of the broadband constant‐coefficient operator in the weak‐contrast region. This study may indicate a direction of improving the split‐step Fourier method, with little loss of efficiency, while allowing it to remain faster than more precise methods such as the Fourier finite‐difference method. 相似文献