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中亚五国跨界水资源开发利用与合作及其问题分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
中亚五国跨界河流众多,水资源开发利用问题十分复杂,大规模无序的水土资源开发利用引发的生态问题相当突出,回顾其开发利用中的冲突与合作,对找寻中亚水资源问题的解决之道具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。简要介绍了中亚五国之间主要跨界河流流域河流水系、径流量,阐述主要跨界河流域水资源开发利用,重点分析了各跨界河流取用水量与农业灌溉的演变关系以及中亚五国跨界河流开发利用的水资源危机与生态危机、冲突与合作。在深入揭示中亚五国跨界河流危机主要原因的基础上,对中亚五国跨界河流水资源纠纷和生态危机未来发展趋势进行了分析,探析了中亚五国跨界河流开发利用主要对策。 相似文献
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西北地区河川年径流量变差系数的研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
河流年径流量的变差系数Cv_y,是反映河流径流量年际变化的主要指标。研究我国西北地区河川年径流的Cv_y变化的规律,不仅可以给水利工程和农业规划提供参考,而且对了解冰川融水与河川径流的关系及有冰雪融水补给的河流水资源的利用问题,在科 相似文献
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疏勒河流域是河西走廊开发利用程度最低的地区，也是甘肃省农业开发和移民的重点地区。随着移民范围和开发程度的迅速增大，水资源利用程度随之提高，水资源分布格局及地下水流场发生了重大改变，从而可能引发一系列生态环境问题。本文针对疏勒河流域移民及农业开发集中的昌马、双塔、花海灌区水资源配置问题，通过优化比较提出了最佳配置方案。 相似文献
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从金源、构造演化、河流水系的分布、水动力学条件等的分析,认为陇南地区现代砂金矿的空间分布总体方向是受区域深断裂控制,金源层及含金建造的出露与剥离以及河流水系的分布情况对圈定砂金成矿远景区起着决定性的作用。根据砂金的区域成矿特点,认为平行临潭—凤县深断裂分布的碌曲、宕昌、两当槽形沉降带的北缘,甘肃东南部嘉陵江流域的西汉水、白龙江、燕子河、白水江等水系,金源充足、河流流程长,流域面积广,地形地貌条件有利,所以具有较好的成矿远景,而渭河流域成矿条件则较差。 相似文献
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中亚五国水资源及其开发利用评价 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
中亚五国地处欧亚大陆腹地,地理条件封闭,跨界河流众多,水资源形成区与消耗区严重不一致,水资源利用问题及矛盾十分突出,是全球跨界河流水资源开发利用与生态环境保护问题的典型代表,开展中亚水资源及其开发利用研究,对研究跨界河流及干旱区水资源可持续利用具有十分重要的借鉴意义。在介绍中亚五国及其主要河流概况,评价提出中亚五国地表、地下水资源量及其分布特点的基础上,阐述了中亚五国人口及城市化、经济发展与产业结构、耕地及其历史演变,分析了中亚五国的水资源开发利用现状,并对开发利用中存在的问题进行了综述总结。 相似文献
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黑河流域中西部子水系水资源分布特征研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
根据研究区的气象、水文、地质和冰川等资料,结合野外调查,研究了黑河流域中西部子水系的降水资源、冰川资源、地表水资源、地下水资源、水资源总量及其时空分布特征.山区水资源主要由祁连山南部的降水、冰雪融水等形式补给,以冰川、地表水、地下基流形式存在,冰川融水补给量为0.5532×108m3,地表水资源量为11.64×108m3,出山口基流量为5.264×108m3.河流进入山前平原后,地表水与地下水多次重复转化,南盆地地下水资源量为8.74×108m3,北盆地地下水资源量为2.06×108m3.中游耗水量的增加,加剧了中游和下游地区用水矛盾.对河流水质现状进行了分析评价,中、下游受生活污水、工业废水、农业退水的影响,河流水质较差.随着张掖市节水型社会建设和黑河流域综合治理的逐步推进,黑河流域中西部子水系的水资源问题日趋突出,研究水资源的分布特征,可为区域水资源的管理调度、可持续利用提供科学的决策依据. 相似文献
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珠江流域主要河流泥沙变化分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
选用珠江流域主要河流的58个泥沙站1956～2000年连续观测的泥沙资料,按河流水系分不同的区域对主要河流含沙量和河流输沙量的时空分布规律进行分析研究。结果表明:大多数河流的含沙量较小,由于径流量大,输沙量较大;含沙量在区域上的分布呈西部大于东部、西南部大于西北部,东南部与东北部差别不大的特征;主要河流西江、北江、东江含沙量沿程变化呈现从上游往下游递减的规律;产沙量最大的区域是南盘江和北盘江,西江上游区域是流域泥沙的主要来源;汛期输沙量占全年的90%以上。虽然各区域不同时期输沙量有所增减,但全流域输沙总量较稳定;西江上游红水河和东江水利工程的兴建对河流泥沙的拦蓄明显,造成下游河段的含沙量明显减小。 相似文献
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Stephanie R. Rogers Tim Webster William Livingstone Nelson J. O’Driscoll 《Estuaries and Coasts》2012,35(4):959-975
Analysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration and composition is essential to quantifying biological and chemical oxygen demand and atmosphere?Cocean heat flux exchange in natural waters. However, manual water sampling is costly and time consuming over large areas. The purpose of this research was to analyze the applicability of airborne laser-induced fluorescence light detection and ranging (LiDAR) for the detection of DOM in estuarine ecosystems impacted by agriculture. A fluorescence LiDAR system (Airborne Marine) (FLS-AM) was used to assess the DOM concentration of the Annapolis River and Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada, as well as three rivers and their estuaries in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Two FLS-AM flight missions were conducted in the summers of 2008 and 2009 and the resulting datasets were compared with spectral fluorescence signature (SFS DOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis of in situ water samples. Significant positive correlations were found at five of seven sites between the FLS-AM DOM and SFS DOM relationship which indicates that the FLS-AM sensor is a good surrogate for traditional sample collection of DOM data in estuaries in this region. Positive correlations were also found at all sites between FLS-AM DOM values and DOC. FLS-AM DOM patterns show that DOM values are significantly higher in rivers and estuaries that drain watersheds which are heavily impacted by agricultural practices. The results of this study show that the FLS-AM can be used efficiently as a general indicator for how estuaries are affected by runoff from agricultural watersheds in real time and thus reduce the requirement for traditional water sample collection and laboratory analysis methods. 相似文献
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Association of calcium with colloidal particles and speciation of calcium in the Kalix and Amazon rivers 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ralf Dahlqvist Marc F. Benedetti David Turner Björn Stolpe 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(20):4059-4075
A considerable amount of colloidally bound Ca has been detected in water samples from Amazonian rivers and the Kalix River, a sub-arctic boreal river. Fractionation experiments using several analytical techniques and processing tools were conducted in order to elucidate the matter. Results show that on average 84% of the total Ca concentration is present as free Ca. Particulate, colloidal and complexed Ca constitute the remaining 16%, of which the colloidal fraction is significant. Ultrafiltration experiments show that the colloidal fraction in the sampled Amazonian rivers and the Kalix River range between 1% and 25%.In both the Amazonian and the Kalix rivers the technique of cross-flow ultrafiltration was used to isolate particles and colloids. The difference in concentration measured with ICP-AES and a Ca ion-selective electrode in identical samples was used to define the free Ca concentration and thus indirectly the magnitude of the particulate, colloidal and complexed fractions. Results from the Kalix and Amazonian rivers are in excellent agreement. Furthermore, the results show that the colloidal concentrations of Ca can be greatly overestimated (up to 227%) when conventional analysis and calculation of ultrafiltration data is used due to retention of free Ca ions during the ultrafiltration process. Calculation methods for colloidal matter are presented in this work, using complementary data from ISE analysis.In the Kalix River temporal changes in the fractionation of Ca were studied before, during and after a spring-flood event. Changes in the size distribution of colloidally associated Ca was studied using FlFFF (Flow Field-Flow Fractionation) coupled on-line to a HR ICP-MS. The FlFFF-HR ICP-MS fractograms clearly show the colloidal component of Ca, supporting the ultrafiltration findings. During winter conditions the size distribution of colloidally associated Ca has a concentration maximum at ∼5 to 10 nm in diameter, shifting to smaller sizes (<5 nm) during and after the spring flood. This shift in size distribution follows a change in the river during this period from ironoxyhydroxy colloids being the most important colloidal carrier phase to humic substances during and after the spring flood.WHAM and NICA-Donnan models were used to calculate the amount of colloidally bound Ca. The results similar for both models, show that on average 16% of the Ca may be associated to a colloidal phase, which is in broad agreement with the measurements. 相似文献
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B. R. Jha Ph.D. H. Waidbacher Ph.D. S. Sharma Ph.D. M. Straif B.Sc. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2010,7(3):609-615
Dominant agricultural society of Nepal demonstrates the sign of compromises on its rural and virgin landscape. The current study investigates the fish base indices on some of its watershed. It is a proven fact that fish base variables such as species diversity and the abundance indicate the extent of impact by various disturbances on the ecological integrity of the river system. Three rivers, namely Jhikhukhola, Rapti and Tinau were studied to see the agricultural impact by taking fish species number and their abundance as the indicators in this work. The study was done for an academic purpose from 2003 to 2006 in which sampling was done using electro-fishing gear by standard wading method. Four replicates of sample taken in four major seasons were obtained in the field. Altogether, 10542 fishes of 24 genera and 34 species were captured during the entire sampling. The comparison of their distribution and abundance showed a clear sign of impact mainly on the downstream of the rivers indicating the rapid increase in unaccounted and indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. This was further verified by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test which showed the significant variations in the impact on the downstream in major agricultural season. 相似文献
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The nature of the valley forms, and associated superficial deposits and soils of the South‐West Drainage Division of Western Australia are described. All the major rivers tap interior palaeo‐drainage lines associated with chains of salt lakes; thereafter, downstream, there is a succession of valley forms which are progressively more sharply incised and of steeper gradient. It is shown that this succession is repeated in all major rivers. The main palaeo‐drainage systems are named for the first time, and their catchments delineated. The changes in valley form which occur downstream of the palaeo‐drainage lines are interpreted as stages in rejuvenation of drainage of the epeiro‐genically uplifted Old Plateau of Western Australia. The relationship between the valley forms and patterns of distribution of soils, deeply weathered profiles and superficial deposits is described, and its agricultural, geochemical and hydrological significance briefly discussed. 相似文献
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岩溶城镇区人类活动对地下水水质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以重庆市南山老龙洞地下河流域为研究单元,通过主成分分析和实地调查,研究该区域人类活动对岩溶地下水水质的影响,并探讨污染物的来源。结果表明,受城镇区人类活动影响,老龙洞地下河流域地下水 NO3--N和PO43--P污然最为严重,按 GB5749-2006规定,研究区的地下水已不可作为饮用水源。老龙洞地下河水NO3--N含量逐年在减少,而PO43--P却在增加,赵家院子泉水PO43--P增长也十分迅速,老龙洞地下河流域地下水受城镇化影响越来越明显。老龙洞地下河水受城镇人类活动、工业活动、农业活动的共同影响,污染比泉水严重。老龙洞地下河中NO3-和SO42-含量的减少,说明采取一些积极的措施,地下水的污染是可以得到治理的。 相似文献
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以鄱阳湖流域为研究区, 基于2011—2020年22个墒情站的逐日地面墒情监测数据、1956—2020年49个雨量站的日降雨数据及2016—2019年墒情站所在灌区的气象数据, 采用考虑植被生理状态的土壤水分亏缺指数(SWDI)表征农业干旱, 分析不同尺度下墒情、包气带缺水量和降水量的时空分布, 评估SWDI在鄱阳湖流域农业干旱监测中的适用性, 揭示该流域农业干旱时空演变特征及其对气象干旱的响应规律, 初步探讨土壤质地与农业干旱强度的相关性。结果表明: ① SWDI对鄱阳湖流域农业干旱诊断具有较好的适用性; ②近10 a该流域农业干旱呈显著加重趋势, 其中2019—2020年发生流域性重度农业干旱, 且夏、秋、冬连旱, 是近10 a的主导季节性农业干旱, 对水稻、油菜等粮食产量影响显著; ③相较于气象干旱, 农业干旱发生、结束时间分别平均约晚2.5周和3周, 历时长10.1周, 频次更低, 干旱等级更小; ④砂土持水性最差, 易发生特大农业干旱, 黏土、黏壤土保水性最好, 轻旱和中旱发生概率较大, 壤土、砂壤土和壤砂土则介于二者之间。 相似文献
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Regional distribution pattern of groundwater heavy metals resulting from agricultural activities 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
Contaminations of groundwater by heavy metals due to agricultural activities are growing recently. The objective of this study
was to evaluate and map regional patterns of heavy metals (Cd, Zn and Cu) in groundwater on a plain with high agricultural
activities. The study was conducted to investigate the concentration of heavy metals and distribution in groundwater in regions
of Shush Danial and Andimeshk aquifers in the southern part of Iran. Presently, groundwater is the only appropriate and widely
used source of drinking water for rural and urban communities in this region. The region covers an area of 1,100 km2 between the Dez and Karkhe rivers, which lead to the Persian Gulf. For this study, the region was divided into four sub-regions
A, B, C and D. Additionally, 168 groundwater samples were collected from 42 water wells during the earlier months of 2004.
The flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS-Flame) was used to measure the concentration of heavy metals in water samples
and the Surfer software was used for determination of the contour map of metal distribution. The results demonstrated that
in all of the samples, Cd and Zn concentrations were below the EPA MCLG and EPA secondary standard, respectively. However,
the Cu contents of 4.8 % of all samples were higher than EPA MCL. It is also indicated that the concentrations of metals were
more pronounced at the southern part of the studied region than at the others. The analysis of fertilizers applied for agricultural
activities at this region also indicated that a great majority of the above-mentioned heavy metals were discharged into the
environment. Absence of confining layers, proximity to land surface, excess agricultural activities in the southern part and
groundwater flow direction that is generally from the north to the southern parts in this area make the southern region of
the Shush plain especially vulnerable to pollution by heavy metals than by other contaminants. 相似文献
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应用X射线衍射(XRD)对南海北部陆架海域225个站位表层沉积物黏土组分进行分析,结果表明,研究区黏土矿物总体以伊利石和绿泥石为主,高岭石和蒙脱石质量分数少,绿泥石、高岭石与蒙脱石质量分数呈明显的负相关关系。根据南海北部陆架海域表层沉积物中黏土矿物空间分布特征,结合邻近河流的黏土矿物组分以及洋流搬运作用,雷州半岛东部海域伊利石主要来源于广东沿海河流和珠江,绿泥石来自台湾岛,蒙脱石主要由吕宋河流提供,高岭石则由广东沿海河流和海南岛入海河流提供;雷州半岛西部海域伊利石来源于珠江,绿泥石和高岭石由红河提供,蒙脱石可能受广西入海河流携带的沉积物影响。 相似文献