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生态模型在河口管理中的应用研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
河口作为河流和海洋的交汇地,具有生态交错带特性,其在自然和人类活动双重压力下发生着演变.生态模型是研究生态系统结构、功能及其时空演变规律以及生物过程对于生态系统的影响及其反馈机制的重要手段.采用不同方法对生态模型进行分类,综述各类生态模型的特性、优缺点及应用领域.讨论建模过程中模型变量与函数、模型整合及时空尺度、模型参数取值及不确定等关键技术问题.分析各类生态模型在河口生态工程设计、生态系统修复、生态系统评价、系统决策支持等管理领域的应用.尽管中国河口生态模型构建及应用已有一些成果,但与国外相比,在理论生态学及数据积累方面仍有一定差距. 相似文献
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马尾藻金潮作为一种新兴的海洋生态灾害在国内外频发,我国近些年近海防灾减灾形势愈发严峻.简介了马尾藻的主要危害;对国内外马尾藻金潮的溯源研究、基础生物和生态学研究、监测预警研究现状进行了梳理,对金潮生态动力学研究的发展现状与独特优势进行了讨论,认为未来我国金潮生态动力学会立足于多学科多手段融合,开展突出关键物理、化学和生物过程及其耦合作用的系统性研究,开展金潮与其他海洋生态灾害如绿潮、赤潮等联合暴发的驱动机制及其关联性研究,在研究思路上要注重基于海洋环境监测与海洋立体观测的早期预警、基于分子生物学和生态学手段的快速鉴种溯源、基于统计模型的生物量初级生产力评估以及基于数值模型的漂移轨迹与生消关键过程的趋势预测与风险评估相结合,为开发具备业务化预报能力的金潮生态动力学数值预警报系统不断努力,以便进一步提升我国大型海藻生态灾害的预警报技术和防灾减灾能力. 相似文献
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陆地生态系统与气候相互作用的研究进展 总被引：43，自引：4，他引：43
陆地生态系统与气候系统通过地面与大气之间能量平衡、水汽交换和生物地球化学循环相互作用,影响大气中温室气体浓度和气溶胶,继而影响气候变化。较系统分析总结了当代国际上陆地生态系统与气候相互作用的最新研究进展。首先介绍了陆地生态系统与气候相互作用的机制与过程,总结了陆地生态系统与气候相互作用研究的三个发展阶段,以及当代相互作用的过程模拟研究中三类主要的全球生态系统模型,即生物物理模型、生物地理模型和生物地球化学模型。并介绍了气候对生态系统变化的响应,即两种主要的反馈机制。最后,对未来的研究方向和重点作了分析。 相似文献
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生态地球化学是生态学和地球化学相结合的学科,研究自然界中化学、物理、地质和生物过程,以及这些过程之间的相互作用及其对生态系统发生、发展所产生的影响,具体而言生态地球化学通过化学物质在生态系统中的分布、分配、迁移、转化规律研究,评价生态系统状态及发展方向.生态地球化学虽然形成较晚,西方科学家甚至很少用“生态地球化学”这一名词,但国内外都已取得了长足进展,形成了以生态地球化学填图为基础,生态安全和健康评价为目的的多个独立生态系统的生态地球化学研究方向,如城市生态地球化学、湿地生态地球化学等.山地是陆地最主要的地貌单元,具有独特的生态系统特性,国内外山地生态地球化学研究尚未系统开展,但在山地元素地球化学、生物地球化学和生态地球化学评价等方面均已有相当显著的成果,今后山地生态地球化学研究在加强理论研究的同时,要注重建立完善的方法体系、研究体系和生态效应评价体系,为山地生态地球化学预警和生态保护、恢复提供依据. 相似文献
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精确量化潜流带水文交换和生物地球化学反应一直是一个挑战,潜流带水文-生物地球化学研究的核心任务是将小尺度上的水文通量及生物地球化学反应动力学与更大尺度上它们对河流水质和生态的累积效应关联起来.基于潜流带水文-生物地球化学耦合原理,系统综述了渗流仪测量、测压管测量、示踪剂注射试验、温度示踪等潜流带水文学研究方法以及野外示踪试验、室内培养试验等生物地球化学研究方法,针对性地评述了潜流带水文-生物地球化学过程在更大尺度上的累积效应及其对河流生态系统的重要意义,并指出未来的研究将从潜流带研究技术方法的先进化、水文地貌理论与模型的深入化和潜流带生物地球化学过程的尺度化等方面持续地发展. 相似文献
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持久性卤代有机污染物(PHCs)具有持久性、生物富集性和毒性,是对生态环境和人类健康有严重威胁的污染物。PHCs浓度会沿食物链在生物中逐营养级放大,对高等生物及人体产生毒性。本文综述了PHCs在食物网中生物放大的特征,总结了国内外对食物网中PHCs的营养级放大因子研究进展,探讨了生态和化学因素对PHCs沿食物链传递过程的影响。目前的研究多集中于水生生态系统中传统PHCs的生物放大,对PHCs的生物差异性代谢缺乏足够的了解,难以说明不同生态系统中复杂的气候、地理、生物种群特征对PHCs生物放大的影响,也给准确评估PHCs的生态风险带来了困难。PHCs的生物放大研究需要引入更多先进地球化学手段和准确构建不同生态系统的野生食物网,阐明PHCs的生物放大机制和影响因素。 相似文献
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何原相 《沉积与特提斯地质》1996,(1)
全球早泥盆世皱纹珊瑚古地理何原相（地矿部成都地质矿产研究所）一般地说，生物区系（或生物地理）的研究，包括生物分区和生物相分异两个相互联系的方面。生物区是指各种阻绝因素形成的生物分类和演化体系的差异；生物相分异则是因生物的生活环境条件不同而形成的生态组... 相似文献
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全球早泥盆世皱纹珊瑚古地理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
何原相 《沉积与特提斯地质》1996,(20)
全球早泥盆世皱纹珊瑚古地理何原相（地矿部成都地质矿产研究所）一般地说，生物区系（或生物地理）的研究，包括生物分区和生物相分异两个相互联系的方面。生物区是指各种阻绝因素形成的生物分类和演化体系的差异；生物相分异则是因生物的生活环境条件不同而形成的生态组... 相似文献
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Hoshu Chou 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2010,4(1):83-88
Because of slender land and high mountain, steep slope, and rapids of natural environment, the whole regional ecosystem has
the changeable terrain and landscape with diverse ecology and species. During the past 300 years, the humanity lives and spreads
on this splendid domain, accomplished the complex, fragment and sensitive of nature and humanities ecosystem, and its Landscape
ecology texture. This paper finds out that, although the National Parks system in China has been in operation for over 30
years and has achieved the objective of species conservation, it is still facing the a conflicting situation and coordinated
demand of its conservation and recreation. With the global tendency of “sustainable development” and “ecotourism”, this paper
suggests that National Park system should establish a sustainable development mechanism integrating “conservation, recreation,
and research.” Therefore, this paper suggests shifting the traditional planning paradigm of resource benefit guidance and
resource valuation framework of Ecological Planning to the “Sustainable Planning” theory and technique that are suitable for
sustainable development concept in order to meet the demand for a new conservation concept and technique of sustainable development
for the human beings dealing with the environment resources. Also, the texture and model of Landscape ecology and the model
and method of Geographic Informational System could be considered as the proper tool. This paper points out that the landscape
ecology texture and tendency should represent the secret code of sustainable development. Furthermore, the situation of the
sustainable development is dynamic, and the GIS model is necessary for corresponding planning. Finally, this paper develops
a suitable sustainable development operation definition and planning methodology to represent the interlacing framework of
ecology (conservation) and human being (e.g., recreation, research, life, etc.) system of National Park management. 相似文献
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Zekai Şen Saleh A. Al Sefry Saleh A. Al Ghamdi Wahib A. Ashi Wael A. Bardi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(11):4363-4375
A strategic approach is presented for future groundwater reservoir planning in arid regions where the evaluation of groundwater resources is restricted by scarcity of rainfall, data paucity, restrictive and unrepresentative methodologies, weak economies, almost nonexisting management and optimization programs, frequent groundwater quality variables along short distances, etc. This paper explains the necessary steps in preparing an effective strategic planning program that is expected to provide all the necessary data for identifying alternative solution scenarios especially in arid regions. It is shown on the basis of available scarce data that the risk model of these factors appears as the logarithmic normal probability distribution. The basic decision variables in groundwater storage and recharge planning are furnished with application to Wadi Fatimah in the western central part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia along the Red Sea coast. The approach given in this paper provides a basic example for future groundwater reservoir strategic use and management studies in the Kingdom in particular and in any part of the arid regions of the world, in general. 相似文献
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准确可靠的径流预测对于水资源的科学管理与规划具有重要意义,特别是在水资源紧缺的干旱半干旱地区,径流预测对流域内水资源高效利用与水利工程经济运行具有重要现实意义。针对径流预测通常采用单一方法进行建模与预测,难以利用各预测模型优势的问题,本文利用极限学习机（ELM）模型、支持向量机（SVM）模型、多元自适应回归样条（MARS）等机器学习方法建立了疏勒河上游未来1~7日的径流预测模型。在此基础上,运用贝叶斯模型平均（BMA）方法对ELM、SVM、MARS模型的预测结果进行组合,构建了径流组合预测模型,以获取更可靠的预测结果,并采用蒙特卡洛抽样方法获取BMA的95%置信区间,对预测结果进行了不确定性分析。结果表明：ELM、SVM、MARS模型以及BMA组合模型均适用于干旱半干旱地区的中长期日径流预测;BMA的预测精度较单一模型更高,能够提供更准确的预测值;BMA的95%置信区间对实测值覆盖率高,同时能够提供较好的确定性预测和概率预测结果。表明BMA在资料有限的条件下,表现出较单一模型更高的预测性能,可以成为干旱半干旱地区中长期日径流预测的有效方法。 相似文献
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Hypsometric analysis and watershed management of Diyung watershed in north eastern India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B. C. Kusre 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(3):262-270
The Diyung river descends in Nagaon district of Assam. After its confluence with main channel Kopili it causes enormous losses to life and property due to floods. Appropriate watershed treatment measures are, therefore, required for moderating the flood damage. In the present study landscape information viz., the hypsometric integral has been analysed. The Diyung watershed has been subdivided into 23 sub-watersheds for hypsometric analysis. The hypsometric integral for the entire Diyung watershed ranged from 0.14 to 0.56. According to the present study there are two stages of geologic/geomorphologic development, namely equilibrium stage and monadnock stage. The hypsometric integral indicates that surface runoff is the dominant process. Although static, the topographic characteristics indicate response of watershed to various natural phenomenon and dominant processes such as runoff and erosion. Based on the intensity of the processes sub-watershed can be prioritized for taking up appropriate conservation measures. The study also highlights the use of hypsometric integral for prioritizing watershed for planning engineering measures to mitigate the impact. 相似文献
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Mark Blacksell 《Geoforum》1979,10(3):267-274
Landscape protection has been a well-established policy in British rural planning for the past 30 yr, through National Parks, Areas of Outstanding National Beauty, Green Belts and other similar designations. The main way in which these policies are implemented is through the development control system, but there has been little monitoring to establish how far it has been effective in achieving the landscape conservation objectives. Opinions vary about the extent to which urban development has been contained in England and Wales through planning control. Detailed studies have shown that in certain circumstances development can be directed to specific locations, but that there are definite limits on the scale of any such management. 相似文献
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中国西部干旱区生态环境演变与调控研究进展与展望 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
国家重点基础研究发展规划项目"中国西部干旱区生态环境演变与调控研究"实施 2年来,在古气候重建和环境变化,绿洲的演变规律与驱动力,绿洲水盐平衡与主要水文过程,绿洲生态系统的结构、生态过程与稳定性,山地、绿洲、荒漠三大生态系统耦合机理,生态景观演变规律及其对气候变化的响应,重大工程行为的生态环境效应,荒漠化成因及时空分布等研究方向和内容上取得了重要进展。在此基础上,项目后 2年的研究重点将继续以绿洲安全机制研究为核心,在时间序列上,重点研究近 2 000年来绿洲的形成演变规律,特别是近百年及近50年来西部干旱区气候变化与绿洲形成演变的关系,定量辨识绿洲发展演化的驱动力;在空间结构上,阐明绿洲格局的动态过程,深入探明山地、绿洲及荒漠生态系统耦合关系、绿洲生态系统稳定性机理与安全、高效、持续发展模式等;结合西部大开发工程建设和产业发展的进程,研究开发重大工程的生态环境效应,建立不同类型的生态建设示范区;配合国家重大工程时段,对西部干旱区生态环境演变趋势进行预测,提出生态系统的调控体系和管理模式,为西部开发和可持续发展服务。 相似文献
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Conservation and community in the new South Africa: A case study of the Mahushe Shongwe Game Reserve 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Brian H. King 《Geoforum》2007,38(1):207-219
The idealization of natural landscapes and peoples during colonialism, coupled with the popularity of sustainable development in the postcolonial era, has contributed to the expansion of conservation planning throughout the African continent. Concerns surrounding the promotion of national and international conservation agendas at the expense of local livelihood needs have generated interest in community conservation projects that attempt to include local participation and knowledge in natural resource management. The early excitement associated with community conservation has waned in light of recent assessments that it has been unsuccessful in meeting its ecological and social goals. This parallels other research that suggests communities are understood in generic or homogenous ways that influence how these initiatives are understood. Using a case study of the Mahushe Shongwe Game Reserve, this paper evaluates how rural households access environmental and economic resources to produce livelihoods, and how these access patterns impact their views of the project. It is argued that there are significant livelihood variations within the community that shape the ways households engage with, and benefit from, conservation planning. Rather than strictly viewing Mahushe Shongwe as a constraint to environmental resource access or site for limited employment, community members identify a number of benefits from its existence including education and development opportunities. Additionally, transformations in governance systems in the region impact community views of the project since younger residents are less likely to engage with the Matsamo Tribal Authority, which participates in managing the reserve. The consequence is that conservation has various impacts and meanings within a specific community that remain tied to the livelihood and governance systems being renegotiated in the post-apartheid era. 相似文献
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With the increase in population of developing and under developed countries, and with the availability of water resources strained and in many areas deficient, it is quite evident that water conservation and distribution programs need to be adopted on a scale far greater than any yet in use. This requires a more detailed evaluation and development of any water resource. In this study, the geology and geomorphology of the Safawi area northeast of Jordan and the climatic conditions were evaluated as an aid in determining the potential for the collection of surface water. The runoff coefficient, flood frequency, and runoff volumes from some selected valleys were determined through the use of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method and other known techniques. The results of this study indicated that the collection of surface water in this arid region is feasible. Estimates were made for the runoff coefficient and annual runoff volumes through the application of the accepted hydraulic engineering methods. 相似文献