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1.
E. Koutrakis A. Sapounidis S. Marzetti V. Marin S. Roussel S. Martino M. Fabiano C. Paoli H. Rey-Valette D. Povh C.G. Malvárez 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(11):821-830
Member States of the European Union and the Mediterranean Regional Sea need to elaborate national strategies for coastal management according to ICZM principles and to undertake national stock-taking, which must consider major actors, laws and institutions influencing the management of their national coastal zone. However, different approaches to coastal management and defence and various degrees of development and implementation of national ICZM strategies can be found. The research presented in this article aims to analyze the different situations and to contribute to the further development of a common approach in terms of methodology to establish stakeholder and users participation in ICZM. An extensive survey was conducted in five pilot sites along the European Mediterranean coastal zone (Greece, Italy and France) show beach visitors’ perception of ICZM, coastal erosion and coastal defence systems, and beach visitors’ Willingness To Pay (WTP) for beach defence. The survey yielded important information for coastal and beach managers. Surprisingly, the level of awareness about generic Coastal Zone Management was found to be rather low in all regions except Riccione Southern beach, Emilia-Romagna Region. In the Languedoc-Roussillon Region, this is justified by the fact that most of the respondents were not local people or beach visitors (other than recreational day-visitors). As regards coastal erosion it appears significant that, despite the lack of awareness demonstrated overall by stakeholders in the Region of East Macedonia and Thrace, visitors respond very positively to definitions and show awareness of the erosion process in their coastal system. In conclusion, in order to raise public awareness about ICZM, erosion and coastal defence systems, it is suggested that education, training and public awareness should be promoted as well as identification of local needs for the implementation of specific demand-driven studies. 相似文献
2.
Marine parks worldwide are under assault from illegal fishing, pollution and a burgeoning tourism industry. However, their principal mission of environmental protection and conservation is too often hampered by lack of funds. In recent years a number of studies have been done on the willingness of users to pay entrance fees to fund marine park management particularly those where coral reefs occur. In this analysis, we examine 18 such reports from which we conclude that there is overwhelming public approval to pay for entry to marine parks, with all studies indicating a general acceptance for the introduction of fees or an increase in those where charges already exist. Factors that positively influence this include visitors income, level of education, environmental awareness, residency and desire to provide a legacy to future generations. However, there are also aspects that deter including trust in the fee collection agency and openness in how the money is spent. This analysis endeavours to highlight those aspects that positively influence users of marine parks to contribute willingly to their management and help close the funding gap that confronts so many. 相似文献
3.
《Marine Policy》2016
The harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is the focus of a range of conservation efforts and policies, including the Habitats Directive, aimed at reducing the bycatch of non-target species in gillnet fisheries. This paper describes the governance process and analyses the governance mechanisms and conflicts surrounding ongoing fisheries management planning with a focus on two Natura 2000 sites in the Danish part of the Skagerrak Sea designated to protect harbour porpoises. Responsibility for developing fisheries management for Natura 2000 sites is solely the remit of the fisheries agency, including mechanisms related to stakeholder involvement. This approach fuels the efficiency of the decision making process, while full transparency and/or co-decision becomes less of a given within a ministry for an economic sector compared with the environment ministry. In relation to porpoises, conflicts are driven mainly by the economy and the varying perceptions of the bycatch issue, with great differences between government, NGO's and fishers. Interviews with fishers and fishing effort data reveal intra-sectoral conflicts pertaining to the incompatibility of active trawling and passive gillnetting in the areas. The paper questions the overall approach to managing the harbour porpoise bycatch issue in light of Natura 2000 and discusses the role of science and its high level of influence in this planning process. 相似文献
4.
The shingle (gravel) barrier beach at Pevensey Bay (East Sussex, UK) protects rare habitat, properties, trunk roads and other assets from flooding and erosion. The beach is managed in an adaptive manner by a private consortium, based on a 25 year contract. The practices developed at Pevensey are shown to fit into the frame of reference approach, adapted for the English policy and management framework. The barrier beach is managed to retain a favourable sediment status, although the concept has no official recognition, thereby ensuring that the barrier is sufficiently resilient to maintain its functions between interventions. The concept of favourable sediment status is considered a potentially useful way of summarising the status of the beach at Pevensey as it combines management objectives and processes (through coastal state indicators) with the availability of supply. The concept of the coastal sediment cell is important, but not sufficient, for identifying policy units at Pevensey as smaller-scale processes are also important. Two offshore dredging areas constitute the strategic sediment reservoir for Pevensey, although the term ‘strategic sediment reservoir’ has no official recognition and there is no long-term guarantee of supply. 相似文献
5.
The uptake of research in marine fisheries management and policy making depends on how effectively fisheries managers, researchers and scientific advisers communicate the needs for evidence, and the results and policy implications of research. The MariFish network of the major European funders of marine fisheries has therefore undertaken a study of current practices relating to communication of research needs and results, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and consequently how two-way communications, and hence the effectiveness of generating evidence for marine fisheries policy making and management, can be improved. Conclusions and recommendations for ‘good practice’ include the importance of building good relationships and trust between researchers and fisheries managers, the need for fisheries ministries to have sufficient inhouse scientific capacity to act as ‘intelligent customers’, and the key role of interpreters of research whose skills and career paths need to be carefully developed. 相似文献
6.
《Marine Policy》2003,27(3):207-218
A fishery management approach is presented which combines (1) a buyback of fishing vessels, and (2) a management tax or fee on seafood going to market. Tax rate by species is set proportional to the extent of overexploitation. Tax revenue is used for several purposes, including a buyback of licenses at free-market price. Advantages and disadvantages of this policy are discussed, with specific comparison to individual transferable quotas (ITQs). This regulatory policy offers advantages (1) for multispecies fisheries, (2) with ecosystem fishery management, (3) where self-funded financing for license buyback is needed, and in place of or together with ITQs (4) where allocation, discarding and highgrading, quota setting, or enforcement of ITQs is problematic. 相似文献
7.
Fishermen, scientists, national policy makers, and staff of environmental NGOs (ENGOs) hold different perceptions about temporal patterns in fish stocks. Perception differences are problematic in multi-stakeholder settings, because they elicit controversies and unbalanced disputes. These hinder effective participation, a prerequisite for ‘good governance’ and effective management of sustainable fisheries. This study shows that perceptions of change (‘does the stock increase or decrease?’) and of current status of a fish stock (‘is it doing well or not?’) are influenced by the capturing and processing of information, rather than by interests alone. We focused on the Dutch North Sea fishery on plaice and sole and examined (1) availability and accessibility of information on temporal patterns of these stocks and (2) perception differences between all parties. A first explanation for these differences is the use of different parameters as a measure for stock size. Fishermen focus on catch rates or catch-per-unit-effort (relative stock size), whereas scientists, policy makers, and ENGO-staff mainly use scientific assessments of spawning stock biomass (absolute stock size). Between-group perception differences are further explained by spatial aggregation levels of information, lengths of time series evaluated, and by modes of comparison to qualify the current status of fish stocks. Awareness of information differences and the development of shared information use and processing may release some of the tensions in multi-stakeholder settings debating fisheries management. However, comprehension problems amongst all parties on how spawning stock biomass is reconstructed and how it relates to catch rates in the fishery may pose an enduring barrier. 相似文献
8.
This paper presents how environmental concerns emanating outside the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) are increasingly setting the stage for EU fisheries management. This is illustrated via what is termed the exogenous entrance of environmental concerns through the implementation of directives in EU policy. More endogenous entrance of environmental concerns occurs via stakeholder participation in Regional Advisory Councils (RACs) as well as market mechanisms, such as ecolabelling and traceability. This study discusses how these latter channels of environmental concern may have become a more potent and efficient way of reaching environmental goals, outside of the primacy of the CFP. 相似文献
9.
This paper measures willingness to pay (WTP) for public access to additional beach area and trail improvements to a coastal recreational site in the west of Ireland. The Contingent Behaviour model is used to measure the increased number of trips associated with improved public access using a connecting trail between two beach areas along a stretch of Irish coastline. Results show that improving access through the use of the connecting trail increases consumer surplus by €111.15 per person per annum. It is argued that in designing new regulation such as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) for the management of Ireland's coastline, an understanding of the values the Irish public place on coastal recreational access will be important to manage the resource in a sustainable manner. 相似文献
10.
《Marine Policy》2017
Worldwide, the growth of marine tourism is creating opportunities for financing marine protected areas (MPAs), but what these financial arrangements look like and how they can be governed at larger scales, and in equitable and transparent ways, is unclear. This paper examines the governance arrangement of two region-wide successive entrance fee systems established since 1997 in Raja Ampat, Indonesia, to finance a network of MPAs delineated under the auspices of two big international non-governmental organizations (NGO), namely Raja Ampat Entrance Fee and Raja Ampat Ecosystem Service Stewardship Fee. These two successive entrance fee systems can be viewed as payment for environmental services (PES) arrangements. The PES-like entrance fee arrangements improved in terms of participation, transparency and equity. In the second scheme, local communities in Raja Ampat were involved in the design of the disbursement of the community fund, and the criteria for disbursement became more clear and transparent. However, in both schemes there is no clear connection between the distribution of the funds and activities that improve environmental services provision (conditionality). In addition, the latter scheme is still facing equity challenges as some communities with customary rights over marine tourism hotspots are asking for additional user-fees from tourists and tourism operators. 相似文献
11.
The realisation that the world’s oceans play an important role in climate regulation and many territory activities, notably food production, coupled with economic changes and the rapid advancement in ocean technology have seen a shift in the perception of the importance of marine resources. This increased focus on marine resources means that governments and policy-makers require accessible and reliable information regarding the role of the marine sector. This information may then be used to formulate new environmental and economic policy measures. The aim of this paper is to define, describe and quantify the value of the marine sector in Ireland. This paper outlines a methodology that provides a robust analysis of the Irish marine sector for 2007. It was found that in 2007 the Irish marine sector contributed €1.44 billion in GVA to the wider Irish economy and employed over 17,000 individuals in full time equivalents. 相似文献
12.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2000,43(6):495-514
Beaches are very important to Australians but are presently threatened by several forms of environmental degradation. Beach management has traditionally concentrated on geomorphic hazards and the recreational human-use of beaches, but has largely ignored the ecological and broader environmental values of beaches. In this paper beaches are conceived as multidimensional environmental systems — `beach environments’ — that are nested within larger coastal systems and comprised of interacting natural, socio-cultural and management systems. These three component systems of beach environments have usually been considered separately. It is argued that a focus on both the component systems of beach environments and interactions among these systems is necessary for improvements in the management, conservation and overall environmental quality of beaches. Interactions among natural, socio-cultural and management systems are specified in a simple model of beach environments. A brief review of our knowledge on these interactions indicates that fundamental information is lacking in Australia and the ramifications are potentially severe. The concept of beach environments provides an appropriate context for the collection of relevant information, the collaboration necessary between researchers and managers and a new setting for beach environmental management. Several opportunities are outlined for beach management. 相似文献
13.
海滩休闲旅游资源价值评估——以青岛市海水浴场为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以青岛市海水浴场为例,运用旅行成本法和条件价值评估法对非市场的海滩休闲旅游资源价值进行了全面评估,并对海滩休闲旅游资源价值构成和总量进行了测算。调查结果发现,青岛市第一海水浴场消费者总剩余达到1.97亿元/年,海滩年度总使用支付意愿达到6 310万元,环境保护捐赠意愿达到1.74亿元,总海滩使用价值超过4.3亿元,再加上非使用价值,其价值总量相当可观。因此,开展对海滩的休闲旅游资源价值评估工作、建立合理的海滩开发和利用资源税制度对海滩的可持续发展具有深远意义。 相似文献
14.
15.
Joaquín Tintoré Raúl Medina Lluís Gómez-Pujol Alejandro Orfila Guillermo Vizoso 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2009,52(10):493-505
Coastal zones and beach management practices, regulatory decisions, and land use planning activities along coastal zones have historically been made with insufficient information concerning the dynamic coastal environment. In this study we address and integrate an interdisciplinary scientific approach to Coastal Management in a scenario where lack of this information has resulted in the alteration of the natural dune system of the beach of Cala Millor (Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain), and also in the perception of the beach retreat and in a parallel way, a risk for the tourism resources. In this work the detailed studies on beach morphodynamics have been developed as a basis for integrating proper beach management, beach natural dynamics and local users and economic agent interests. From this point of view a set of solutions are considered as the basis for a management policy that links beach science and beach use as a tourism resort resource. 相似文献
16.
Unselective fishing catches non-target organisms as ‘bycatch’—an issue of critical ocean conservation and resource management concern. However, the situation is confused because perceptions of target and non-target catch vary widely, impeding efforts to estimate bycatch globally. To remedy this, the term needs to be redefined as a consistent definition that establishes what should be considered bycatch. A new definition is put forward as: ‘bycatch is catch that is either unused or unmanaged’. Applying this definition to global marine fisheries data conservatively indicates that bycatch represents 40.4 percent of global marine catches, exposing systemic gaps in fisheries policy and management. 相似文献
17.
Andrew David Morgan 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(9):652-657
Adoption of effects-based management, environmental effects-based management (EEM) or ‘learn as we go, is essential to open up access to all of New Zealand’s Maritime Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) resource base into the future. Utilising knowledge gained from ‘learn as we go’ and combining it with the integration of sectarian agendas and establishment of a central government EEZ agency empowered by an Act of Parliament will ensure future food and energy security is met. To achieve this integration of environmental effects management with security of access and stakeholder buy in is needed. Government hierarchies should not limit integration under EEM, policy should be non-separatist, and regions should be defined using ocean zoning. Future food and energy security can then be thought of in terms of environmental carrying capacity, moving away from regimes overly focussed on regulating for development. Ocean zoning could be used to assign property rights, with all activities subject to EEM regulation and enforcement of adaptive environmental standards through a central government EEZ Ocean Affairs agency. An overarching strategy to provide a framework guiding the development of New Zealand’s EEZ organisational infrastructure and decision making is needed to achieve this. 相似文献
18.
The establishment of marine protected areas (MPA) has been a common government response to increasing fishing, tourism and other human activities that lead to decline in coral and marine resources. MPAs often suffer inadequacy of funds and simply become “paper parks”. This study makes a case for the feasibility of a self-financing mechanism for MPAs by estimating potential surplus benefit that recreational users may gain from MPAs in Jamaica. These same recreational users in turn, might be willing to pay a small portion of that gain toward the management costs. With the help of a travel cost model and the visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) estimates, we show that the management costs of the park amount to a negligible amount; less than 0.1% of the annual total WTP. Furthermore, using these WTP estimates and the findings from other stakeholders’ surveys (hotels, tour operators, etc.), the paper provides insights on user-supported funding policies, such as taxes and fees, which might sustain the operations of MPAs in Jamaica and the broader Caribbean region. 相似文献
19.
Françoise Breton Jaume Clapés Alfons Marquès Gerda K. Priestley 《Ocean & Coastal Management》1996,32(3):153-180
This article offers some reflections on beach management, on the basis of the results of a survey on the recreational use of beaches and beach users' perception, which was carried out in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona in 1992. The first part outlines the situation of the beaches, recent metropolitan beach policy and the organization of administrative bodies responsible for beach management. Survey objectives and methods are also explained briefly. In the second part, the principal results of the survey are presented and different beaches are compared in an attempt to analyse the types of users, the uses they make and the perception they have of the beaches. The conclusions identify new emerging social needs which demonstrate that new trends in beach management are also needed. Practical recommendations, related to this emerging perception of beaches as natural systems, are suggested. 相似文献
20.
P. Breen L.A. Robinson S.I. Rogers A.M. Knights G. Piet T. Churilova P. Margonski N. Papadopoulou E. Akoglu A. Eriksson Z. Finenko V. Fleming-Lehtinen B. Galil F. Goodsir M. Goren O. Kryvenko J.M. Leppanen V. Markantonatou S. Moncheva T. Oguz L. Paltriguera K. Stefanova F. Timofte F. Thomsen 《Marine Policy》2012