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1.
海床沉积物受海洋水体的影响形成海底边界层(Bottom Boundary Layers,BBLs)。上部海水与下部沉积物在BBLs发生着复杂的相互作用,直接影响海底沉积物侵蚀、再悬浮与堆积过程。与此同时,沉积物颗粒可能携带的污染物解析释放,BBLs研究的科学意义与工程应用价值日益突显。海底边界层的范围已经远远超出了传统的流体力学中边界层的范围,而是海床界面上下一定范围内,水流与海床相互作用的区域。在波浪作用下BBLs沉积物以海床剪切破坏、海床液化破坏及震荡体破坏三种破坏模式发生侵蚀再悬浮。此外,海流、风暴潮、人类活动以及海底生物的扰动作用等对沉积物再悬浮起着不可忽视的作用。BBLs沉积物再悬浮原位观测是研究BBLs沉积物再悬浮最基础也是最重要的手段之一,常用的原位测试手段有水体采样、OBS、激光粒度仪、ADCP/ADV以及电法测量。海底悬沙和底沙的交换程度直接影响底层悬沙浓度的变化,沉积物再悬浮的定量分析成为海洋沉积过程研究的主要内容之一。系统地总结前人的研究成果,重点围绕海底边界层理论、海底沉积物再悬浮的影响因素、沉积物再悬浮的原位观测以及海底沉积物再悬浮的定量分析等几个问题进行综合评述。 相似文献
2.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2016,(1)
海床沉积物受海洋水体的影响形成海底边界层(Bottom Boundary Layers,BBLs)。上部海水与下部沉积物在BBLs发生着复杂的相互作用,直接影响海底沉积物侵蚀、再悬浮与堆积过程。与此同时,沉积物颗粒可能携带的污染物解析释放,BBLs研究的科学意义与工程应用价值日益突显。海底边界层的范围已经远远超出了传统的流体力学中边界层的范围,而是海床界面上下一定范围内,水流与海床相互作用的区域。在波浪作用下BBLs沉积物以海床剪切破坏、海床液化破坏及震荡体破坏三种破坏模式发生侵蚀再悬浮。此外,海流、风暴潮、人类活动以及海底生物的扰动作用等对沉积物再悬浮起着不可忽视的作用。BBLs沉积物再悬浮原位观测是研究BBLs沉积物再悬浮最基础也是最重要的手段之一,常用的原位测试手段有水体采样、OBS、激光粒度仪、ADCP/ADV以及电法测量。海底悬沙和底沙的交换程度直接影响底层悬沙浓度的变化,沉积物再悬浮的定量分析成为海洋沉积过程研究的主要内容之一。系统地总结前人的研究成果,重点围绕海底边界层理论、海底沉积物再悬浮的影响因素、沉积物再悬浮的原位观测以及海底沉积物再悬浮的定量分析等几个问题进行综合评述。 相似文献
3.
海底石油管线泄漏可能导致海床内部形成高浓度石油污染。在波浪作用下,海床沉积物易发生再悬浮甚至液化失稳现象,进而导致海床内部石油类污染物通过多种途径向水体再次释放并在土体内部发生迁移,造成更大范围的石油扩散。本研究以总石油烃（Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon,TPH）设为代表性污染物,将污染泥浆以椭球状埋设在沉积物内部,采用波浪水槽试验研究不同强度波浪作用下TPH向上覆水体的释放规律及在沉积物内部的迁移规律。结果表明,在沉积物静置固结阶段前期,TPH随孔隙水由沉积物向上覆水体迁移释放,固结阶段前期TPH向上覆水体的释放量高于后期。在波浪作用未引起沉积物液化阶段,波浪促进石油类污染物向水体释放的作用较弱,由于悬浮泥沙对石油类污染物的吸附作用,水体中石油类污染物的浓度略低于静置固结阶段。在波浪作用引起沉积物液化阶段,随着悬浮泥沙浓度升高,TPH向上覆水体释放量加大;TPH在沉积物内部垂向迁移及平面扩散迁移距离加大,平面迁移距离大于垂向迁移距离,垂向扩散深度与液化深度基本一致,污染土体体积占比约为土体未液化时的3倍。 相似文献
4.
5.
海洋动力作用下,河口海岸地区海床通常处于动态变化之中。作为地质环境的控制因素,海床沉积物侵蚀再悬浮过程的研究具有重要意义。为阐明胶州湾海域水动力条件对海床侵蚀再悬浮的作用,本文利用海底原位观测三脚架进行了现场观测。观测结果显示：通常条件下,潮流导致的最大海床剪应力可达0.35 N/m2,高于波浪引起的剪应力。涨潮期间,海床发生侵蚀;退潮期间,海床发生淤积。风速达到5 m/s时,波浪引起的剪应力近似等于流致剪应力。风速达到7 m/s时,有效波高为26 cm,波浪对海床侵蚀再悬浮过程起主要作用;此时也会导致海水浊度显著上升,高于通常条件下的2-8倍。分析表明：通常条件下,周期性海流影响海床侵蚀再悬浮过程;而大幅度沉积物再悬浮过程由偶发的波浪事件控制。针对胶州湾沉积物动力学机制的深入研究仍待进一步开展。 相似文献
6.
运用时间序列沉积物捕获器,原位捕获了黄河口埕岛海域某观测点的沉降沉积物,并结合同步的波浪、海流、水深等水动力参数观测以及后续土样粒径分析等研究手段,计算了沉降通量,推断了沉降沉积物的来源,并结合理论计算探讨了悬浮沉积物沉降过程的影响因素以及沉降量在再悬浮量中所占的比例。研究结果表明:黄河口埕岛海域的悬浮沉积物沉降通量约为120~280g·m^(-2)·d^(-1),与该海域的再悬浮通量有着很好的正相关关系,推测很可能主要来源于海底沉积物的再悬浮;在该海域,即使过剩剪切力持续大于0,悬浮沉积物仍然会发生沉降,并且可以大于过剩剪切力小于0时的沉降量,推测与该地区粉质土海床的液化特性有关;再悬浮沉积物大约有5%发生原位沉降,绝大部分沉积物保持悬浮或者被输运至异地,这与该地区海底遭受强烈侵蚀的现象相一致。 相似文献
7.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2016,(3)
运用时间序列沉积物捕获器,原位捕获了黄河口埕岛海域某观测点的沉降沉积物,并结合同步的波浪、海流、水深等水动力参数观测以及后续土样粒径分析等研究手段,计算了沉降通量,推断了沉降沉积物的来源,并结合理论计算探讨了悬浮沉积物沉降过程的影响因素以及沉降量在再悬浮量中所占的比例。研究结果表明:黄河口埕岛海域的悬浮沉积物沉降通量约为120~280g·m~(-2)·d~(-1),与该海域的再悬浮通量有着很好的正相关关系,推测很可能主要来源于海底沉积物的再悬浮;在该海域,即使过剩剪切力持续大于0,悬浮沉积物仍然会发生沉降,并且可以大于过剩剪切力小于0时的沉降量,推测与该地区粉质土海床的液化特性有关;再悬浮沉积物大约有5%发生原位沉降,绝大部分沉积物保持悬浮或者被输运至异地,这与该地区海底遭受强烈侵蚀的现象相一致。 相似文献
8.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2016,(3)
通过实时观测黄河口洪季(9月)潮滩潮周期内悬沙浓度和波潮流等水动力因素的变化,并结合边界层悬浮物剖面测量仪(ASM-4)数据,讨论了悬沙浓度在潮周期内的变化及其影响因素,计算了再悬浮通量、分析了悬沙浓度的垂向分布特征。结果表明,一级海况下海流对再悬浮的贡献较大,二级海况下波浪对再悬浮的贡献较大。观测点悬沙浓度多以浓度峰的形式出现,既有潮流冲刷床面所引起的悬沙浓度峰,也存在由波致再悬浮和潮流输运所引起的悬沙浓度峰。 相似文献
9.
黄河水下三角洲位于半封闭的渤海内部,海底沉积物中重金属Cu污染严重,且该区域多发风暴潮,引起沉积物再悬浮甚至液化,导致沉积物中重金属Cu重新释放进入海水中。本研究以黄河口粉质土作为底床,采用室内波浪水槽试验模拟重金属Cu在不同水动力条件下,通过静态扩散、底床未液化状态下再悬浮以及底床液化状态下再悬浮3种方式进入上覆水体的释放过程。结果表明:上覆水体中重金属Cu的浓度分布与悬浮泥沙浓度分布密切相关,呈现出一致的变化规律;沉积物液化会明显促进重金属Cu向上覆水体中释放,底床液化再悬浮阶段上覆水体中溶解态Cu的浓度为静态扩散阶段的18倍,为底床非液化再悬浮阶段的11倍;此外,底床液化会导致沉积物中重金属Cu向深处扩散,扩散深度约为沉积物液化深度的一半。 相似文献
10.
基于大量的悬浮体现场粒度和浓度数据,借助细颗粒悬浮体作为示踪物,分析了潮流作用下南黄海辐射沙脊群海底沉积物的再悬浮和扩散特征,并探讨了辐射沙脊群以北泥质区的形成机制。研究结果表明:(1)在辐射沙脊群以北,近岸悬沙在离岸方向上的扩散受到限制,向南又被辐射沙脊群中心浅滩所阻挡,只能在辐射沙脊群与废黄河口之间形成沿岸分布的高浓度浑水团。(2)辐射沙脊群以北的往复潮流对海底沉积物有分选作用,倾向于把海底沉积物中的粗颗粒分选搬运至沙脊群,把细颗粒沉积物向北输送,从而在沙脊群以北形成泥质区。(3)在正常海况下,沙脊表层沉积物再悬浮作用十分微弱,沙脊上覆水体中的悬沙主要来自于临近沟槽海底沉积物的水平扩散。 相似文献
11.
北戴河海滩泥沙捕获实验及其初步结果分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
介绍了利用泥沙捕获器观测破波带泥沙垂直分布结构的现场实验方法和基本程序，以及利用实验结果计算泥沙通量的方法。研究表明，近岸带泥沙运移通量及其在垂向上的分布受破波带相对位置和海滩地形变化的影响。在破波点附近，波浪的搅动和流场作用强，泥沙运移通量增大，泥沙在波浪的作用下可以大量进入垂直水体以悬移和跃移的方式运移。在本实验中，破波点附近的泥沙在距海底100cm的垂直水体中运移，通量垂向向上逐渐减小。远离破波点，泥沙运移通量和进入垂直水体的高度明显下降。在地形变化复杂的有坝海滩，沙坝顶部的泥沙运移通量最大，泥沙进入垂直水体运移的机率增加，而在沙坝问的沟槽内，波浪和海流作用减弱，泥沙通量和垂向进入水体运移的比例下降。 相似文献
12.
根据2006年10月在崇明东滩潮间带和潮下带两个站位的大小潮水文泥沙观测资料和悬沙水样的室内粒度分析资料,对悬沙粒径的时空分布特征及其与流速等的关系进行了分析,并对再悬浮特点进行了探讨,结果表明,大小潮期间的悬沙颗粒组成较细,平均粒径的均值仅为6μm;大潮时的悬沙粒径略粗于小潮的,潮间带的略粗于潮下带的;由底床向上悬沙粒径趋于减小。悬沙粒径与流速、悬沙含量无明显的统计学关系,底质粒径、再悬浮强度和再悬浮泥沙粒径的空间变化以及浮泥的悬浮作用等是主要的影响因素。由于底质粒径的空间分布复杂,在东滩水域再悬浮具有明显的空间变化。在底质平均粒径大于60μm的粗颗粒沉积区,大小潮的再悬浮作用微小,底质以推移质运动为主。在底质平均粒径介于5~11μm的细颗粒沉积区上,悬沙级配与底质级配基本相同,该区域是再悬浮的主要发生源地;悬沙级配的变化过程揭示,再悬浮对底层悬沙的贡献率平均为8%~20%,大潮时的再悬浮强度是小潮的5~10倍,由底质再悬浮产生的悬沙在底部水层中的平均含量约为0.03~0.47 kg/m3。 相似文献
13.
Shaotong Zhang Yonggang Jia Yaqi Zhang Xiaolei Liu Hongxian Shan 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2018,39(4):463-474
A specially designed benthic chamber for the field observation of sediment resuspension that is caused by the wave-induced oscillatory seepage effect (i.e., the wave pumping of sediments) is newly developed. Observational results from the first sea trial prove that the geometry design and skillful instrumentation of the chamber well realize the goal of monitoring the wave pumping of sediments (WPS) continuously. Based on this field dataset, the quantitative contribution of the WPS to the total sediment resuspension is estimated to be 20–60% merely under the continuous action of normal waves (Hs ≤ 1.5 m) in the subaqueous Yellow River Delta (YRD). Such a large contribution invalidates a commonly held opinion that sediments are purely eroded from the seabed surface by the horizontal “shearing effect” from the wave orbital or current velocities. In fact, a considerable amount of sediments could originate from the shallow subsurface of seabed driven by the vertical “pumping effect” of the wave-generated seepage flows during wavy periods. According to the new findings, an improved conceptual model for the resuspension mechanisms of silty sediments under various hydrodynamics is proposed for the first time. 相似文献
14.
黄河三角洲海底土波致再悬浮研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在现代黄河三角洲采集土样,制备室内水槽试验的底床,施加波浪作用,观测波致悬沙含量的变化规律,分析不同波高、作用时间对单位面积底床再悬浮量的影响,及波浪停止作用后悬浮泥沙的静水沉降规律。研究发现,在水深一定条件下底床再悬浮量呈现随波高增大而增大的特性,两者线性拟合的相关性很好;在一定波高的波浪连续作用下,约5 000~6 000个波周期底床再悬浮过程完成;在波浪作用初始阶段底层悬沙含量与中上层的相差很大,悬沙含量垂线结构呈斜线型,稳定阶段的悬沙浓度垂向结构呈准直线型,底层与表层含沙量比值为0.98~1.25,整个水层含量分布均匀;静水沉降过程中当悬沙含量大于1 g/dm3,悬沙含量(SSC)呈现出随时间指数衰减的规律,悬沙浓度与沉降通量呈线性关系。研究结果对认识黄河水下三角洲泥沙运移规律具有一定的科学意义。 相似文献
15.
Velocity profiles in a salt marsh canopy 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Flow velocity profiles, measured in aSpartina anglica canopy in a laboratory flume, change with the location of measurement and plant stem density. The shear velocity above the canopy is larger than that within the canopy. The reduction ofu
* within the canopy will favor the deposition of cohesive sediment. The reducedu
* and flow turbulence within the canopy can enhance particle flocculation and settling velocity. The canopy exerts a strong influence on the concentration, settling velocity of the flocs, and deposition rate of the suspended sediment through effects on bed shear stress and turbulence of flow within the canopy. 相似文献
16.
《Marine Geology》2006,225(1-4):85-101
A flash flood that occurred in July 1996 in the Saguenay area (Québec, Canada), deposited a bed of cohesive sediments, average of 10–60 cm thick, over an area of 65 km2 of the deep fjord basin of the upper Saguenay Fjord. Because this turbidite covered contaminated sediments, the resuspension potential of surficial sediments is an important parameter in determining the efficiency of the 1996 layer as a natural capping layer. This is because contaminants that may have diffused through the 1996 layer may be resuspended. The resuspension potential of surficial sediments in Saguenay Fjord was investigated in situ over a 3-yr period at fifteen sites in the Baie des Ha! Ha! and the North Arm using a benthic flume, the Miniflume. In addition, geotechnical measurements, photographs of benthic sediments and recordings of benthic current velocities were also carried out. The measured critical velocities of sediment resuspension (uc) vary between 7 and 15 cm s− 1. The maximum bottom current speed recorded in the North Arm and in Baie des Ha! Ha! from May to August 2000 was 27 cm s− 1. Erosion depths were determined from Miniflume data combined with laboratory measurements carried out with an axial tomography scanner, which provided variation of sediment density at an interval of 0.13 mm. A general relationship between depth of erosion (ze, mm) and shear stress applied on the bed (τb, Pa) was determined. As Saguenay Fjord sediment characteristics vary greatly from one station to another, the potential for resuspension of surficial sediments shows the same trend. 相似文献
17.
A laboratory system was used to test the effect of water flow on the resuspension of mud and sand sediments and, specifically, benthic diatoms from the Ems estuary, The Netherlands. Current velocities generated by two rotating cylinders in a cylindrical tank were determined by a small float and a laser Doppler velocimeter. At low angular velocities, the amount of suspended matter increased linearly with angular velocity and the float current velocity. However, at higher angular velocities, the increase in current velocity was less because of the strong turbulence: concomitantly, the current velocity boundary layer (δ) became thinner and the suspended matter concentration increased rapidly. The dominant diatom species from the sandy sediment were suspended in two distinct groups, one of which consisted of the species Navicula aequorea, Navicula salinicola, Ophephora martyi and Opephora pacifica, and was more exclusively bound to sand grains than the other. The benthic diatom species inhabiting the silty sediment did not show this difference. The most important shortcoming in the experiments was the inability to determine the radial and vertical velocity components. This precluded reliable calculations of the shear stress. The data presented emphasize the importance of finding a method to determine the shear stress under experiments and field conditions so that direct comparisons can be made. Despite this it is assumed that, just as under the experimental conditions discussed, under natural conditions in shallow waters resuspension starts at current velocities as low as ca. 10 cm s−1. 相似文献
18.
悬沙组分对再悬浮过程响应的初步研究——以长江口南槽口门为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
根据2011年5月31日至6月3日在长江口南槽口门附近海域投放三角架观测系统获取的沉积动力观测数据以及现场采集的水样和底质样品,进行底部边界层参数、悬沙粒度及悬沙组分分析,以探讨研究区近底部边界层特征和沉积物再悬浮过程。结果表明,研究区海域的悬沙以粉砂组分为主,潮周期内近底部流速与相应层位的悬沙浓度变化呈正相关,存在显著的再悬浮作用。分析发现,随着水体中悬沙砂组分的增加,再悬浮通量随之显著增加;砂组分减小,则再悬浮通量亦减小。因此,悬沙砂组分是对再悬浮过程响应的敏感组分,在一定程度上可指示和"示踪"再悬浮效应。 相似文献
19.
Resuspension, transport, and deposition of sediments over the continental shelf and slope are complex processes and there is still a need to understand the underlying spatial and temporal dynamical scales. As a step towards this goal, a two-dimensional slice model (zero gradients in the alongshore direction) based on the primitive flow equations and a range of sediment classes has been developed. The circulation is forced from rest by upwelling or downwelling winds, which are spatially uniform. Results are presented for a range of wind speeds and sediment settling speeds. Upwelling flows carry fine sediments (low settling speeds) far offshore within the surface Ekman layer, and significant deposition eventually occurs beyond the shelf break. However, coarser sediments quickly settle out of the deeper onshore component of the circulation, which can lead to accumulation of bottom sediments within the coastal zone. Downwelling flows are more effective at transporting coarse sediments off the shelf. However, strong vertical mixing at the shelf break ensures that some material is also carried into the surface Ekman layer and returned onshore. The concentrations and settling fluxes of coarse sediments decrease offshore and increase with depth under both upwelling and downwelling conditions, consistent with trends observed in sediment trap data. However, finer sediments decrease with depth (upwelling) or reach a maximum around the depth of the shelf break (downwelling). It is shown that under uniform wind conditions, suspended sediment concentrations and settling fluxes decay offshore over a length scale of order τs/ρf|ws|, where τs is the wind stress, ρ the water density, f the Coriolis parameter, and ws is the sediment settling velocity. This scaling applies to both upwelling and downwelling conditions, provided offshore transport is dominated by wind-driven advection, rather than horizontal diffusion. 相似文献
20.
A new set of empirical formulas for the production rate and the number concentration of sea-water droplets on the sea surface are proposed, synthesizing past observation data of sea-salt particles in the sea and water droplets in wind-wave tanks. A new levelz
c
is introduced as the effective wind-sea surface where seawater droplets are produced. The new formulas are expressed in linear functions in logarithmic scales ofu*2/v
p
, a parameter to describe overall conditions of airsea boundary processes, whereu
* is the friction velocity of air,v the kinematic viscosity of air and
p
the peak angular frequency of wind-wave part of wave spectra. A model of coexistence of spray droplets and suspended particles near the sea surface is proposed. As for the independent parameter, a comparison between the uses ofu*2/v
p
and ofu
*
3 which was the traditional way of parameterization excluding wave measure, shows that the advantage of usingu*2/v
p
is statistically significant with a confidence limit 89% in F-test. 相似文献