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1.
Zsuzsanna Varga 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):215-219
Although agricultural work is declining in Hungary, farming remains an important source of employment. However, the agrarian
population should not be regarded as homogenous because many small farms are worked only for subsistence and family income
supplement. This is because of prolonged economic crisis which makes for a shortage of job opportunities in other sectors
of the economy. Until economic growth accelerates there is a need for transitional solutions to the problem of unemployment.
It is argued that the present farming system could be diversified through labour-intensive programmes to provide piped water
and drainage in small towns and villages and simultaneously engage many of the long-term unemployed who are no longer entitled
to benefit and lack the qualifications for jobs that require special skills. The environment could also be protected by the
afforestation of 300–400 000 ha of arable land or its conversion to grassland. Light industry could also generate employment
while stimulating the growth of local farm production and the improvement of the infrastructure. Training for unemployed young
people should also be a priority if the erosion of rural labour resources is not to become irreversible. A much more proactive
approach is needed from government to safeguard rural labour resources and achieve greater integration between forestry, farming
and processing.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Agriculture has always been very important for the Bulgarian economy, but during the socialist period there was considerable
progress made in the diversification of employment opportunities in rural areas. While many people commuted to non-agricultural
jobs in the townships (and there was a large permanent transfer from rural to urban areas), there were additional opportunities
in small factories and local services in the villages themselves. The transition has seen these opportunities much reduced,
at precisely the time when full-time paid work in agriculture has declined due to market restructuring while complex problems
have emerged associated with liquidating the state-run cooperatives and establishing a viable alternative. The paper discusses
the general issues and presents a case study from the north-central part of the country. The rebuilding of a cooperative farming
system (along with other forms of consolidation) is a positive trend which could increase spending power in the villages and
help in the growth of employment in rural industries and services.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
During the 19th century the predominant form of rural settlement in Transkei was that of dispersed homesteads. The form of the homesteads tended to differ from tribe to tribe, while the homesteads of various tribal groups were separated from each other by uninhabitated areas, or buffer zones. During the 19th century mission settlements were introduced to Transkei, some of which developed into towns.In the 20th century, mainly as a result of government action, homesteads have been nucleated into rural settlements and villages and much of the land has been fenced. A few peri-urban and industrial villages also exist in Transkei. Over 95% of the population of Transkei in 1980 were still rural dwellers. 相似文献
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5.
Restructuring the Polish countryside is a complex and urgent task. Adapting agriculture for EU entry will mean a considerable
reduction in employment and rural diversification is needed because other sectors of the national economy will not be able
to absorb all the displaced people if they arrive in the towns. However, providing non-agricultural employment in rural areas
depends to a large extent on the technical infrastructure available: running water, sewerage systems, gas supply and telecommunications.
The paper deals with voivodeships in southern and southwestern Poland (formerly Galicia) and shows that while much progress
has been made since the end of the communist period, the inherited inequalities are being perpetuated and in some cases increased.
However, even where the infrastructure is satisfactory, private business does not develop at a uniform rate and action is
needed to stimulate communities in remoter rural areas, particularly in the eastern part of the study region.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Villagra Paula Herrmann Marie Geraldine Quintana Carolina Sepúlveda Roger D. 《Natural Hazards》2017,88(2):1087-1111
Tsunamic events are a frequent hazard to coastal towns. Despite this, the extent to which resilience models can be applied to coastal towns as well as the aspects that should be considered when doing so have not been fully evaluated. There is little information regarding the specific indicators that allow cities to better cope and adapt to the impacts of tsunamis, and this information is especially scarce for developing countries such as Chile. The main objective of this study is to develop a resilience model to explore the extent to which local characteristics influence the resilience of Chilean coastal communities to tsunami hazards. Accordingly, this study presents the Coastal Community Resilience model (The CORE model) for exploring the adaptive capacity of coastal areas affected by tsunamis. This model was then applied to fourteen coastal villages, distributed within four towns, three communes, and two regions of Chile. Data comprising 21 indicators that address the physical, environmental, and social resilience aspects of the villages were obtained on-site and from governmental and municipality databases; these data were then subjected to multivariate analysis in order to determine which indicators most and least affect resilience and whether indicators affect resilience positively or negatively. Variation in resilience among the villages was explained by similarities and differences in the administrative-political, urban, rural, and indigenous characteristics of the study areas. In addition to these results, we discuss land use planning considerations to build community resilience, and we provide insight into the utility of the resilience model proposed here. Overall, our findings shed light on gaps in planning policies and opportunities for planning coastal resilient communities, particularly for those where data of explicit indicators are scarce like in Chile and other developing countries.
相似文献7.
该文总结了淄川区国土资源分局以保护耕地、科学规划、合理用地为指导思想,促进城乡土地规划与土地利用总体规划相衔接,加强农田水利综合治理,加大巡查执法检查力度等一系列工作。分析了在推进新农村建设中遇到的困难和问题,提出了积极争取中央和省级政策支持,用足用活各项现行政策,加大对旧村土地整理的探索实践,结合村庄和集镇用地规划,抓好农村建设用地管理;积极探索土地征收制度改革,动态巡查等相关的措施和方法。 相似文献
8.
After losing much of their demographic vitality under communism, rural areas of Eastern Europe are now handicapped by greatly
reduced commuting opportunities and by a lack of foreign investment in the countryside. Although restitution and privatisation
has placed much of the land under the control of private farmers, there is a need to modernise agriculture and rural infrastructure
generally and also to increase the scope for pluriactivity. At the same time, functional links with the towns must be restored
through a growth of employment linked with the central place system. Despite the importance of private enterprise under the
conditions of a market economy, the government must take a lead and this paper deals with initiatives taken in rural Slovakia
to mobilise the human resources of the countryside. The paper is heavily oriented towards research by the geographers at Nitra
who have been much involved with the transformation of their local area. It is evident that while there has been no shortage
of ideas, progress has been limited on account of low investment and the tensions associated with a series of three Meciar
governments which have dominated Slovak politics through the 1990s.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
通过对低效利用、不合理利用、未利用土地进行田、水、路、林、村整治挖潜,切实提高土地利用效率;通过农村建设用地挖潜利用规划,出台了专门的规范性文件,建立了专门的土地整治资金筹措机制;充分尊重群众意见,对安置区新房建设实行因地制宜、统一配套等手段,使土地综合整治在基层扎扎实实开展起来,有效地服务了新农村建设,增加了建设用地指标,保障地方经济社会发展,保护了有限的耕地资源,统筹了城乡土地配置,确保了全县耕地总量动态平衡。 相似文献
10.
Rural diversification in Croatia is well advanced because many rural families have been able to find work in secondary and
tertiary activities without the need to migrate to the towns. Many rural settlements have now attained an urban character
although there are regional variations, including a contrast between the continental zone with a relatively high level of
commitment to agriculture and the coastal areas, with pronounced ‘deagrarisation’ where the ports and tourist resorts are
well developed and the natural resource conditions for agriculture are poor. These variations are examined at the municipality
level with reference to two key indicators: the share of nonagricultural population and the share of workers in the total
active population. Four categories of socio-economic transformation are recognised: more urbanised, urbanised, less urbanised
and rural. The main regional differences between the continental and coastal areas are confirmed with the latter showing a
relatively high level of socio-economic transformation through the prominence of more highly urbanised municipalities.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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12.
Francis C. Okafor Dr. 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):359-366
In southeastern Nigeria where population pressure is a problem of accelerating importance the agricultural land is in short supply thereby necessitating off-farm jobs to supplement farm income. There is therefore, a high incidence of part-time farming in the region. Analysis of the operational characteristics of thirty-six villages confirms that the intensity of part-time farming varies spatially according to the severity of environmental degradation resulting from population pressure. In addition, villages around urban/industrial centres participate actively in part-time farming since opportunities for off-farm employment are relatively higher. The situation in southeastern Nigeria is used to illustrate the prospects and problems of part-time farming in a developing economy. The implications of part-time farming on the agricultural economy and on rural development generally are examined. Policy measures are suggested that will direct the co-existence of part-time farming with work in the off-farm sector in order to achieve a beneficial and integrated rural development. 相似文献
13.
Philippe Grenier 《GeoJournal》1985,11(1):61-68
The Alcohol Plan was implemented in Brazil in 1974 with the purpose of supplying an alternative to soaring gasoline prices and to boosting the sugar cane industry of NE Brazil. Ten years later, an assesment of the plan shows that emphasis on sugar cultivation has substracted land formerly occupied by other crops, monopolized the utilization of newly opened lands, and furthered land ownership concentration. The alleged boost to employment is also doubtful, for the pressures on production efficiency have led to mechanization, hence, to labor reduction. However, the seasonal character of the employment still requires a number of workers who have been drawn from rural areas and live now in poor settlements near the sugar fields or in city slums. The plan has enhanced traditional structures in NE Brazil. 相似文献
14.
István Süli-Zakar 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):193-197
Cross-border cooperation is starting to overcome the isolation of frontier regions where interaction under the socialist system
was minimal. Change has been particularly apparent in areas where trans-frontier organisations on the ‘Euroregion’ model have
emerged. The Carpathian Euroregion is the first exclusively East European example of this approach and it has already made
a positive impact in overcoming backwardness in an area where four East European countries were in contact with the Former
Soviet Union. The paper outlines the challenge facing the Euroregion – and the national and local governments in the five
countries concerned – in providing non-agricultural employment for a large rural population augmented by return-migration
from the towns since 1989. Many small farming businesses have been started as a survival strategy but they cannot be economically
viable in a market situation. Although most people are satisified with their rural lifestyle, the inevitability of radical
consolidation in a future EU context could be politically destabilising if more jobs are not generated in manufacturing and
in an expanding tertiary sector.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Lise Herslund 《GeoJournal》2007,70(1):47-59
Today “rural diversification” is high on the agenda in rural development. This article analyses rural diversification under
conditions of post-socialist economic transition using case areas in Latvia and Estonia. The study shows that transition from
centrally planned economy to market economy has had an enormous impact in the rural areas. Agricultural production and employment
has decreased dramatically and rural unemployment is high. The conditions for rural diversification the first years after
independence depended a lot on the local presence of non-farm activities before the split up of collective farming, in both
production facilities but also in the skills and relations people had. Since independence, markets for traditional rural services
and products have decreased. The extent to which local businesses find markets outside the local area and people have been
able to integrate into the new labour market of service and construction jobs often in urban areas are essential for the diversification
of the rural economy. Most rural inhabitants only have skills in large-scale agriculture and limited contacts to outside the
local area which makes exploiting new opportunities difficult. The local capacity for withholding, developing and inducing
new activities is weak. The challenge for rural development policy is to extend the possibilities of the rural inhabitants
to exploit new opportunities. 相似文献
16.
Zs. Varga 《GeoJournal》1996,38(2):181-184
The Hungarian agriculture and food industry has changed greatly since 1989 and this sector is now in crisis. This essay will present an overview of the most important economic and social problems which are partly the heritage of the socialist system, but which also stem from the change in the political system. It will also deal with the specific problems of the transition in the northern hill region of Nógrad where the physical conditions for agriculture are relatively unfavourable. In 1970s and 1980s state farms and cooperatives tried to compensate for the low demand for labour in agriculture by setting up subsidiary enterprises, which in many cases were the only source of local jobs. Many other people in the rural areas commuted to work in factories in the towns as industry and construction became the largest sector in the county's economy (41.3 percent in 1990 compared with 19.8 in agriculture). However, many of the former commuters are now unemployed and the cooperatives have withdrawn from subsidiary enterprises. So while an unstable situation has developed in Hungarian agriculture generally, through changes in structure and ownership, the problems faced by the less-developed agrarian regions of northern Hungary have been accentuated. Further research is needed to explore the real nature of the crisis in order to make provision for remedial action that best meets the local situation. 相似文献
17.
The Apuseni Mountains, part of the Western Carpathians, are distinctive in cultural terms because of the highly dispersed
settlement patterns that have developed on the high erosion surfaces where the Moti people cleared the forests to allow for
an expansion of family farming in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These small ‘crang’ settlements remain, but the
population is declining in the face of limited employment opportunities and poor services. The question arises as to the most
appropriate rural development strategy for the region, following the communist period which encouraged centralisation through
the provision of housing and industry in key villages and new towns. The emphasis on private farming and the expansion of
tourism could protect the inherited cultural landscape but money must be found to improve rural services. There is also a
strong conservation movement which supports the establishment of a national park, but this could constrain development through
controls on grazing and woodcutting. Hence the dialogue continues to find the best compromise and the concept of a ‘natural
park’ is being discussed with such a reconciliation in mind.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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20.
J. U. Obot Dr. 《GeoJournal》1981,5(3):243-249
Calabar was selected for settlement by the Efik people in 1600 because of its suitability for controlling the slave trade. It did not develop into a major urban centre till the 1970s. This was because of poor transportation development. The available water transport was poorly run by a privately managed British Company, the Elder Demster.With the creation of a state capital in 1967 the government developed ferry services. Theses did not only encourage the migration of people from the rural areas to the newly created state capital for employment in the government and industrial establishments, but triggered off urbanization processes. The opening of a land route in 1978 increased population migration, concentration and urbanization.The increased population is not accompanied by increased food supply. Food is scarce and very highly priced especially the protein-rich foods. The low labour productivity is not unconnected with the prevalent malnutrition and undernourishment in the municipality. Here the government is reminded of its responsibility in meaningful planning that will take care of the necessary food supply now lacking in the area. 相似文献