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1.
ELIZABETH LUNSTRUM 《Geographical review》2008,98(3):339-355
ABSTRACT. Central to its transformation from a state‐centered to a neoliberal, free‐market economy, in 1997 the Mozambican state passed a radical new land law that guarantees the rights of individuals and communities to occupy land and transfer land‐use titles, a move seen as necessary for attracting private investment. By comparing how the land law has been applied to the Limpopo National Park and several adjacent villages, I show how it has led to geographically uneven land reform. More specifically, outside the park, the law has enabled the semiprivatization of community lands, in theory protecting community land rights. However, the application of the law within the park has resulted in the further nationalization of this space, which is leading to land dispossession for communities within the park's borders. I thus show how neoliberal land reform is giving rise to a seemingly contradictory type of “neoliberal state space.” 相似文献
2.
A. Nelson T. Oberthür S. Cook 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):145-174
All systems have causes and effects that can be appreciated at different spatial scales. Understanding and representing the complexity of multi‐scale patterns in maps and spatial models are key research objectives. We describe the use of three types of correlation analyses: (1) a standard Pearson correlation coefficient, (2) a ‘global’ multi‐scale correlation, and (3) local geographically weighted correlation. These methods were applied to topographic and vegetation indices in a small catchment in Honduras that is representative of the country's hillsides agro‐ecosystem which suffers from severe environmental degradation due to land‐use decisions that lead to deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable agricultural. If the geographical scale at which topography matters for land‐use allocation can be determined, then integration of knowledge systems can be focused. Our preliminary results show that: (1) single‐scale correlations do not adequately represent the relationship between NDVI and topographic indices; (2) peaks in the global multi‐scale correlations in agricultural areas coincided with the median farm size, but there was no evidence of any community or larger‐scale land‐use planning or optimization; and (3) local multi‐scale correlations varied considerably from the global results at all scales, and these variations have a strong spatial structure which may indicate local optimization of land use. 相似文献
3.
Modern physical geography in China grew from Chinese traditional geography and has been profoundly influenced by the geographical disciplines of Euro-America and Russia. Since the 1950s, integrated studies of physical geography in China have made remarkable progress in the fields of comprehensive physical geographical regionalization, land studies, landscape ecology, and land surface geographical processes. During the past few decades, under the background of global change and rapid socio-economic transformation, a series of environmental and resources problems have boomed in China. To solve these problems and promote the development of integrated studies of physical geography, the following issues were proposed as research priorities: (1) coupling of land surface patterns and processes; (2) integrated research on regional responses and adaptation to global change; (3) analysis of human dimensions of the earth system; (4) ecosystem service research from a geographical perspective; (5) integration of multi-source data and model development; (6) integrated studies on unique geographical units; and (7) important global issues and relevant international programs. 相似文献
4.
《地理学报(英文版)》2016,(7)
Modern physical geography in China grew from Chinese traditional geography and has been profoundly influenced by the geographical disciplines of Euro-America and Russia. Since the 1950 s, integrated studies of physical geography in China have made remarkable progress in the fields of comprehensive physical geographical regionalization, land studies, landscape ecology, and land surface geographical processes. During the past few decades, under the background of global change and rapid socio-economic transformation, a series of environmental and resources problems have boomed in China. To solve these problems and promote the development of integrated studies of physical geography, the following issues were proposed as research priorities:(1) coupling of land surface patterns and processes;(2) integrated research on regional responses and adaptation to global change;(3) analysis of human dimensions of the earth system;(4) ecosystem service research from a geographical perspective;(5) integration of multi-source data and model development;(6) integrated studies on unique geographical units; and(7) important global issues and relevant international programs. 相似文献
5.
Waquar Ahmed 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2014,35(2):179-196
The Indian economy suffered a balance of payment crisis in 1991, which provided the context for the rolling out of neoliberal policies, also referred to as the New Economic Policy in India. This paper examines the national and global causes and context of India's economic crisis and adoption of neoliberal policies. While grounding my analysis in historical‐geographical materialism, I argue that India's economic crisis was a product of certain contingent conditions. I draw attention to India's pre‐neoliberal economic regime and analyse how the earlier‐established relationship between revenue generation and expenditure ran into trouble; what changes occurred in the organization and management of revenues and capital; nature of interventions of the state in the circulation of capital; changes in the physical aspects of circulation of commodities, together with foreign trade and the formation of the ‘world market’; and the rise of the United States as the only global superpower. I conclude that India's economic crisis of 1990–91, and the neoliberal policies that followed, are products of contingent historical and geographical conditions. A teleological approach towards examining global capitalism and production of economic crisis often neglect such contingencies and provide a set of causalities that may, at best, be classified as incomplete. 相似文献
6.
ABSTRACT. Since the rise of its first democratically elected government in 1994, South Africa has sought to redress its highly inequitable land distribution through a series of land‐reform programs. In this study we examine land‐redistribution efforts in two of South Africa's provinces, the Western Cape and Limpopo. By analyzing a cross‐section of projects in these two locales we develop a political ecology of stymied land‐reform possibilities to explain the limited progress to date. Given South Africa's ambitious goal of redistributing 30 percent of its white‐owned land by 2014 and the incremental and flawed nature of its redistribution program, we argue that the process is like trying to put out a fire with a broken teacup. Our results are based on interviews with policymakers, commercial farmers, and land‐redistribution beneficiaries, as well as on an analysis of land‐use change in Limpopo Province. 相似文献
7.
Greg Bierly 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):284-286
Based on a county-level Chinese industry survey data set, this article aims to extend the agglomeration literature by applying and comparing selected combination indexes of geographical concentration that incorporate both traditional indexes of inequality and measures of spatial autocorrelation at the global level and by applying and comparing a new measure, the focal location quotient (FLQ), to the local Moran's I, a commonly used local indicator of spatial association, at the county level. At the global level, the results show that the combination indexes used are generally effective for comparing the extent of geographical concentration across industries, and they could serve as useful dependent variables in modeling agglomeration effects across industries. At the local level, specific spatial patterns of production concentrations are identified for textiles, machinery, food manufacturing, and the electronics and telecommunication industries. FLQ tends to generate more generalized patterns than does the local Moran statistic. Mapping the local statistics is useful in supplementing the global measures, and those maps tend to support the results of the global combination indexes. 相似文献
8.
ABSTRACT. Twentieth‐century land reform in Chile reflects familiar themes. The state subdivided large land monopolies, ostensibly for social justice reasons: to provide opportunities for campesinos to earn a living from agriculture. In southern Chile's Tierra del Fuego a combination of social justice, nationalism, and geopolitical concerns stimulated land reform between 1924 and 1978. The effort succeeded in creating a new material landscape oriented around smaller ranches but failed to meet its socioeconomic goals. In a scenario that resonates with reforms elsewhere in Latin America, an elitist cultural landscape dominated by large‐holding corporations was replaced with another elitist landscape, though in a different form. Politically well‐connected and essentially absentee landholders acquired subdivided land and began to practice “hobby ranching.” The history of land reform in Tierra del Fuego demonstrates how new socioeconomic conditions created over the course of many decades have left their imprint on land use and the biophysical landscape. It also contributes to larger regional debates about the role of land degradation in stocking‐rate decline. 相似文献
9.
Gerardo Bocco Angel Priego Helena Cotler 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2010,31(2):215-223
In recent years, physical geography in Mexico has contributed to the enterprise of geographical science by integrating with fields of study closely related to topics of sustainable development. This paper outlines the contribution of the discipline to environmental public policy development, particularly ecological land use planning and integrated watershed management. In terms of applications, physical geography appears to have reached a stage of maturity in Mexico. However, it must offer a stronger leadership in areas such as ecoregional analysis (in an integrated fashion, and not only from the biological‐ecological perspective) and regional vulnerability to global change processes. An excellent opportunity exists for scientists and decision makers to develop a common agenda. 相似文献
10.
JOSEPH J. HOBBS 《Geographical review》2005,95(3):301-327
ABSTRACT. This article examines the geographical ideology of al‐Qa'ida. The central questions are to what extent al‐Qa'ida terrorism is motivated by a desire to control geographical space, and how the organization defines that space as place in its communiqués. The study also asks whether al‐Qa'ida's geographical rhetoric reveals the nature or locations of future attacks. Principal sources are statements and interviews by and with al‐Qa'ida leaders. al‐Qa'ida classifies distinctive geographical realms of legitimization, preparation, and action. Its geographical concerns and ambitions are hierarchical and based principally on perceptions of sacred space. The holy places of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem are the cornerstones of a greater Islamic holy land that al‐Qa'ida seeks to rid of non‐Islamic‐especially U.S. and “Zionist”‐elements and replace with a new caliphate. Terrorism directed principally against American civilians in the United States is one of the main tactics by which al‐Qa'ida says it hopes to achieve its goals in geographical space. 相似文献
11.
对中亚热带山区天然常绿阔叶林、次生常绿阔叶林、人工林(针叶林和阔叶林)、柑橘园和坡耕地等典型土地利用方式土壤CO2排放连续3a定位观测,结果表明:天然林改为其它土地利用方式后,土壤CO2排放量显著减少32%~63%,主要原因为地上凋落物归还量减少,地下细根生物量和周转下降,频繁人为干扰和严重水土流失引起土壤有机碳库数量和质量大幅下降。本区天然林改为次生(人工)林,土壤CO2排放量减幅(32%~48%)高出热带平均水平(29%),改为农业用地,土壤CO2排放量减幅(50%~63%)高出全球平均水平(33%)。 相似文献
12.
13.
Danielle J. Marceau Luc Guindon Mireille Bruel Claude Marois 《The Professional geographer》2001,53(4):546-558
This article addresses the issue of linking temporal and spatial information into a GIS database structure to investigate the land‐use changes in a rural‐urban region over a thirty‐five‐year period. More specifically, it describes the application of a programming package developed to build temporal topology in an historical land‐use GIS database to efficiently perform spatiotemporal queries. The program was created within the MapInfo environment using MapBasic language. Different types of information, such as the rate of change, the relationship between the change of land use and zoning regulations, and land‐use succession were extracted from the database. A user‐friendly interface was also developed to easily address spatiotemporal queries to the database. This approach represents a flexible and performing tool for scientists and planners who need to efficiently capture essential spatiotemporal information required for geographical inquiry and decision‐making. 相似文献
14.
Kirstin Dow 《The Professional geographer》1999,51(3):414-426
Human interactions with the marine environment and pollution hold broad lessons for understanding environmental change. Expanding geographical inquiry beyond its traditional, land-based foci and delving deeper into marine environment and risk issues offers fruitful avenues by which to elaborate and refine our understanding of nature-society relationships. I present a case study of marine petroleum transportation risks in the Straits of Malacca to illustrate the complex history of political and economic processes across a range of scales and shaping the risks in the Straits. The inescapable tension between generalizing global social and environmental processes and recognizing the array of local differences drives ongoing policy debates in the Straits, as it does increasingly for many global environmental problems. 相似文献
15.
基于RS、GIS的宁夏土地利用动态变化分析 总被引：7，自引：11，他引：7
根据1986年、1996年和2000年三期遥感图像，通过遥感和地理信息系统空间分析方法，研究了1996－2000年宁夏回族自治区 的土地利用动态变化情况。结果发现土地利用动态变化中耕地增加、草地减少是宁夏土地利用变化最大的特点，城镇居民建设用地有较快增长但规模不大，其它土地类型变化不大基本处于动态平衡中。进一步分区域的对比研究表明，各区土地利用变化随自然条件不同有不同程度和幅度的变化，并且土地利用变化空间分布的区域差异会产生耕地结构不合理、草地退化和荒漠化等资源环境问题。 相似文献
16.
BARNEY WARF 《Geographical review》2012,102(3):271-292
In this article I set nationalism and cosmopolitanism into sharp contrast with one another as inherently incompatible geographical imaginations. I begin by briefly denaturalizing nationalism and the nation‐state. I then turn to the philosophy and political agenda of cosmopolitanism, an ideology simultaneously very old and new, which offers a more inclusive and empathetic alternative to nationalist xenophobia. In the third section I argue that contemporary globalization has laid the ontological foundations of a cosmopolitan world order. Next, I explicate nationalism's and cosmopolitanism's competing visions of the definition and meaning of “community.” I summarize major objections to cosmopolitanism and offer a defense of it. In the following section I focus on the implications of cosmopolitanism for contemporary geography, including relational spatialities of empathy and caring. Finally, I suggest that contemporary globalization is gradually putting into place the legal and institutional apparatus for cosmopolitan global governance and democracy. 相似文献
17.
JOHN AGNEW 《Geographical review》2009,99(3):426-443
ABSTRACT. In several publications in the 1950s, Donald Meinig raised two themes that are central to contemporary “critical geopolitics”: criticizing the idea of a determining global physical geography that directs global geopolitics, and suggesting that geographical labels and geopolitical concepts have political consequences. I take off from Meinig's insight about geopolitics as an active process of naming and acting by discussing the broad power of analogy in world politics and by examining recent use of two geographical analogies—the Macedonian syndrome and balkanization—as symptomatic of a wider process of making the strange familiar by recycling geographical analogies. 相似文献
18.
中国农业地理和土地利用的近期研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
近十余年来,中国农业地理与土地利用的研究主要在以下方面:农业地理丛书的编写,完成了中国农业地理总论和21部分省(自治区、直辖市)的农业区域地理著作;承担全国综合农业区划、自然区划、农业各部门与农业技术条件区划,进行了农业区划理论与方法的研究;对农业发展战略与我国人口、资源与环境的国情研究;为促进农业生产稳定发展,以因地制宜为原则进行农业各部门生产布局研究;1/100万土地利用图与土地资源开发、利用和保护的研究。上述研究是持续而广泛的,在理论上和实践上都取得了很大进展。 相似文献
19.
Matthew Fry 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):414-415
Human interactions with the marine environment and pollution hold broad lessons for understanding environmental change. Expanding geographical inquiry beyond its traditional, land-based foci and delving deeper into marine environment and risk issues offers fruitful avenues by which to elaborate and refine our understanding of nature-society relationships. I present a case study of marine petroleum transportation risks in the Straits of Malacca to illustrate the complex history of political and economic processes across a range of scales and shaping the risks in the Straits. The inescapable tension between generalizing global social and environmental processes and recognizing the array of local differences drives ongoing policy debates in the Straits, as it does increasingly for many global environmental problems. 相似文献
20.
世界地理结构与美国的全球战略及军力设计 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文旨在阐明世界地理结构在大国战略制定及军力设计中的基础性作用,以助于认识中国全球发展道路上面临的地缘安全风险和机遇。由于世界陆地、人口和经济活动相对集中于东半球特别是欧亚大陆,欧亚大陆历来是世界大国逐鹿的中心舞台。美国作为人类历史上第一个非欧亚大陆上的霸权国家,一直把防范欧亚大陆上出现区域性霸权作为国家安全的最高目标。本文从世界地理结构及其动态变化的角度,分析东半球尤其是欧亚大陆孕育世界大国和人类文明的地理优势,解析美国的地理区位对其早期崛起的影响,以及在这一地理条件下其全球战略的形成,并重点探讨美国基于防范欧亚大陆出现区域性霸权的全球军力设计。文章最后指出,在中美战略博弈中,位于欧亚大陆东缘的中国具有天然的地缘优势。 相似文献