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1.
The coastal area off the city of Sfax (730,000 inhabitants), well-known for fisheries and industrial activities, receives high inputs of organic matter mostly anthropogenic. Eighteen stations were selected in the vicinity of the direct discharge of industrial sewage effluents in the sea in order to study the spatial distribution of the organic contamination. Surface sediments sampled in the shallow shelf were analysed for hydrocarbons by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Total hydrocarbon distributions revealed high contamination as compared to other coastal Mediterranean sites, with an average concentration of 1865 ppm/dry weight sediment. Gas chromatographic distribution patterns, values of unresolved mixture/n-alkane ratio and distributions of steranes and hopanes confirmed a petroleum contamination of the Arabian light crude oil type. Biogenic compounds were also identified with a series of short-chain carbon-numbered n-alkenes in the carbon range 16-24.  相似文献   

2.
The composition and distribution of aliphatic (n-alkanes) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured for the surface sediments collected at 25 sites from Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Total n-alkanes and PAH concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 8.2 microg/gdw and 0.02 to 2.2 microg/gdw, respectively, and the distribution of both n-alkanes and PAHs showed large spatial variations in the bay. The distribution of PAHs in the sediments was predominated by the three or more ring compounds. High hydrocarbon levels were generally found in the areas associated with high anthropogenic impact and port activities in the bay. The calculated hydrocarbon indexes suggest that petroleum contamination was the main source of n-alkanes, while both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources contributed PAHs to the surface sediments of Jiaozhou Bay. In comparison to other polluted coastal sediments, the level of contamination from both aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs in Jiaozhou Bay sediments is relatively low at the present time.  相似文献   

3.
The chemical effects of chronic petroleum input into a shallow water marsh were examined by measuring hydrocarbon levels and dissolved organic carbon content of sediments associated with two active oil fields in south Louisiana. Annual levels of total organic carbon in the surface waters of the oil fields were higher by 1 mg C/l. in the salt marsh and 5 mg C/l. in the fresh marsh than the respective controlsites. Average dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the interstitial waters of cores taken within the oil field environments were 105% higher than the control in the salt marsh and 43% higher than the control in the fresh marsh. Significantly lower ratios of C17 to pristane occurred in both oil field sediments; however, average odd-even predominance values were not indicative of petroleum contaminated sediments. The results indicate that microbial processes are responsible for dissolution of petroleum into dissolved organic carbon and that dissolved organic carbon concentrations may be a more significant measure of chronic petroleum input than hydrocarbon distribution.  相似文献   

4.
Routine GC/MS analysis may apply to the volatilized Low-Molecular-Weight compounds in saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions;thus,relative studies using this technique inevitably bring about some limitations on distribution of miscellaneous sulfur atom.In this article,Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry(FT-ICR MS)with high resolution is employed to investigate the distribution of organic sulfur compounds(OSCs)in the crude oil typically derived from the Eogene carbonate-evaporite sediments with further chemical compositional characterization in molecular level by miscellaneous atomic type,carbon number,and double bond equivalent(DBE).A variety of miscellaneous atomic types with S1,S2,S3,OS,OS2,O2S,O2S2,NS,and NOS etc.(S1 means those OSCs with one sulfur atom in a molecule)were identified in OSCs in these oil samples.High levels of alkyl thioether series compounds with one ring structure were presented mainly in the crude oil in the Jianghan Basin whereas high amounts of benzothiophene,dibenzothiophene etc.compounds with higher values in DBE and carbon number range occurred in the sulfur-rich heavy oil in the Jinxian Sag.Although carbonate-evaporite sediments deposited in the saline lacustrine facies in the Eogene basin both occurred in the Jinxian Sag and Jianghan Basin,obviously,they possess different chemical diagenetic pathway of sulfur under various microbial reactions,leading to diverse distributional characteristics on biomarkers,OSCs,and even different hydrocarbon generation mechanism of immature crude oil.  相似文献   

5.
Petroleum hydrocarbons persist in salt marsh sediments in Winsor Cove (Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts) impacted from the 1974 spill of No. 2 fuel oil by the barge Bouchard 65. Intertidal sediment cores were collected from 2001 to 2005 and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). TPHs content was greatest (as high as 8.7 mg g(-1) dry weight) in the surface sediments and decreased with distance landward. Select samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with values as high as 16.7 microg g(-1) for total naphthalenes and phenanthrenes/anthracenes. These remaining PAHs are mainly C(4)-naphthalenes and C(1)-, C(2)-, and C(3)-phenanthrenes/anthracenes revealing preferential loss of almost all of the naphthalenes and the parent compound phenanthrene. Inspection of the data indicates that biodegradation, water-washing and evaporation were major removal processes for many of the petroleum hydrocarbons in the marsh sediments. In addition, historical data and photographs combined with their recent counterparts indicate that erosion has physically removed these contaminants from this site.  相似文献   

6.
The spatiotemporal distributions of dissolved and/or dispersed oil in seawater and pore water were monitored on site by fluorometric detection method after the Hebei Spirit oil spill. The oil concentrations in intertidal seawater, 15 days after the spill, were as high as 16,600 μg/L and appeared to decrease below the Korean marine water quality standard of 10 μg/L at most sites 10 months after the spill. Fluorometric detection of oil in pore water was introduced to eliminate the effects of grain size for the quantification of oil in sediments and to better explain spatial and temporal distribution of oil pollution at sandy beaches. The fluorescence detection method was compared with the conventional laboratory technique of total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis using gas chromatography. The method of fluorescence detection of oil was capable of generating results much faster and more cost-effectively than the traditional GC technique.  相似文献   

7.
This investigation showed that urban stormwater runoff provides a significant amount of petrogenic material to receiving waters and sediments. A characteristic hydrocarbon ‘fingerprint’ for sediments and particulate matter in the Hillsborough Reservoir, Hillsborough River and upper Hillsborough Bay was provided. Determination of source material for petroleum contamination in stormwater runoff and river sediment indicated that crankcase oil was a primary contributor to sediment hydrocarbon contamination. A comparison of sediment hydrocarbons with hydrocarbons from stormwater runoff showed that the most probable source of crankcase oil-like petrochemicals found in sediment was the stormwater runoff.A comparison of hydrocarbon composition in suspended particulate matter with that of accumulated bottom sediments in the reservoir, river and bay, during a non-storm period and rising tide showed no resuspension and upriver transport of petroleum contaminated bay sediment. No special influence of the bay upon the lower river was observed relative to hydrocarbon tracers, indicating that most contaminated sediment transport was downriver during storm events. Additional studies should be performed over various tidal cycles and storm events incorporating sediment cores, sediment grain size analysis and hydrocarbon characterization at more closely spaced stations near the river mouth to address adequately the question of specific hydrocarbon pollution sources, rate of petroleum influx and persistence of petrochemical contaminants in the sediment.  相似文献   

8.
Routine GC/MS analysis may apply to the volatilized Low-Molecular-Weight compounds in saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions;thus,relative studies using this technique inevitably bring about some limitations on distribution of miscellaneous sulfur atom.In this article,Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry(FT-ICR MS)with high resolution is employed to investigate the distribution of organic sulfur compounds(OSCs)in the crude oil typically derived from the Eogene carbonate-evaporite sediments with further chemical compositional characterization in molecular level by miscellaneous atomic type,carbon number,and double bond equivalent(DBE).A variety of miscellaneous atomic types with S1,S2,S3,OS,OS2,O2S,O2S2,NS,and NOS etc.(S1 means those OSCs with one sulfur atom in a molecule)were identified in OSCs in these oil samples.High levels of alkyl thioether series compounds with one ring structure were presented mainly in the crude oil in the Jianghan Basin whereas high amounts of benzothiophene,dibenzothiophene etc.compounds with higher values in DBE and carbon number range occurred in the sulfur-rich heavy oil in the Jinxian Sag.Although carbonate-evaporite sediments deposited in the saline lacustrine facies in the Eogene basin both occurred in the Jinxian Sag and Jianghan Basin,obviously,they possess different chemical diagenetic pathway of sulfur under various microbial reactions,leading to diverse distributional characteristics on biomarkers,OSCs,and even different hydrocarbon generation mechanism of immature crude oil.  相似文献   

9.
The composition and spatial distribution of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in biota and coastal sediments from four countries surrounding the Gulf (Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman). The levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), aliphatic unresolved mixture and PAHs in sediments and biota were relatively low compared to world-wide locations reported to be chronically contaminated by oil. Only in the case of the sediments collected near the BAPCO oil refinery in Bahrain, having concentrations of 779 μg g−1 total petroleum hydrocarbon equivalents and 6.6 μg g−1 ∑PAHs, can they be categorized as chronically contaminated. Some evidence of oil contamination was also apparent in sediments and bivalves around Akkah Head and Abu Dhabi in the UAE, and near Mirbat in Oman. Contaminant patterns in sediments and biota indicated that the PAHs were mainly from fossil sources, with the exception of the high PAH concentrations in sediments near the BAPCO refinery that contained substantial concentrations of carcinogenic PAH combustion products.  相似文献   

10.
The available observational data on the pollution of tributaries and areas of the Caspian Sea by petroleum hydrocarbons and products are examined. The possible petroleum input from sources in the sea is assessed using up-to-date data of satellite observations of sea surface pollution by oil films. The hydroecological CNPSi-model is applied to studying water pollution processes by petroleum hydrocarbons in ten areas chosen in the Caspian Sea and the subsequent biodegradation of those pollutants. The model calculations of the within-year dynamics of petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations use mean annual observational data on within-year variations in water mediium characteristics (water temperature, light intensity, and transparency), as well as the morphometric parameters of sea areas (the area, mean depth, and water volumes). The characteristics of water exchange between the areas were evaluated using a hydrodynamic model. The model calculations were used to characterize the within-year variations in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations, the biomasses of petroleum-oxidizing bacteria, the characteristics of their oxidation activity and bioproduction, and the internal fluxes of petroleum hydrocarbons (their input from various sources, horizontal and vertical transport, and biotransformation) in different sea areas. Calculation results were used to compile annual balances for the processes of input and consumption of petroleum hydrocarbons in the chosen and aggregated sea areas.  相似文献   

11.
巢湖沉积物柱样中正构烷烃初探   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  
姚书春  沈吉 《湖泊科学》2003,15(3):200-204
对巢湖湖心沉积物柱样样品的正构烷烃和有机碳进行了分析,利用正构烷烃碳数分布类型、L／H、OEP指标和有机碳数据,对该区近110年来正构烷烃的来源进行初步探讨。研究结果表明：21-25cm和16-20cm处正构烷烃以高等植物和低等生物输入并重;11．15cm即1952-1967年处具有外源性石油污染;从10cm开始,正构烷烃以细菌、藻类为代表的低等生物输人为主;尤其是1-5cm样品正构烷烃和TOC含量明显高值,表明该时期湖泊富营养化加剧。  相似文献   

12.
Petroleum pollution in the form of floating tar balls and dissolved or dispersed hydrocarbons has been monitored off the south-west coast of Puerto Rico on a weekly basis since November 1980. Tar ball abundance estimates agree well with previously published data for the area. Dissolved/dispersed hydrocarbon concentrations are close to, but below, those found in the Mediterranean Sea and considerably lower than those for more polluted areas. Tar ball abundance is closely related to the intensity of southerly winds. Dissolved/dispersed hydrocarbon concentrations are highest during the fall and coincident with the highest surface water temperatures.  相似文献   

13.
广州市海珠区地表水中致嗅物质及毒性分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为研究广州市海珠区地表水中的致嗅物质及其毒性,在海珠区珠江前后航道与湖泊池塘采集了21个水样,采用液液萃取气质联用法对其中的土臭素、二甲基异茨醇等5种致嗅物质进行含量检测,并根据水样相关富营养化指标,探究这些致嗅物质的分布和来源.研究结果表明:海珠区地表水中含量最高的两种致嗅物质依次是土臭素(4.0~69.0 ng/L)和二甲基异茨醇(4.1~24.9 ng/L);异臭味问题最严重的地表水体是珠江水,其次为湖泊池塘,水厂取水口的异臭味问题不明显;珠江前航道中致嗅物质的含量高于后航道,其中含量最高的河段为鳌洲码头段至广州大桥段,含量高达40.2~69.0 ng/L;致嗅物质的含量和分布与水体的污染和富营养化程度密切相关,广州市海珠区地表水的净化和治理形势严峻.另外,在可检出的浓度范围内,土臭素和二甲基异茨醇对发光细菌抑制率较高.  相似文献   

14.
Samples around a coal gangue dump of the Gequan Coal Mine were collected in April 2009. GC (gas chromatography) and GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) were employed to analyze the composition of organic matter in the samples. ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals. The contents of organic extracts are within the range of 140-750 mg/kg. Alkand aro-ratios are relatively high. Compared to those of the background sample (GQ13 ), the contents of saturated hydrocarbon compounds in all the samples are relatively high. The contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are relatively high with the distance getting closer to the coal gangue dump. These indicate that organic matter in the samples is from coal particles of the coal gangue dump. The distributions of heavy metals are very similar: the contents decrease with distance from the dump, which indicates that the harmful heavy metals from the coal gangue dump have polluted as thick as at least 500 m.  相似文献   

15.
We investigated the effects of biostimulation and bioagumentation strategies applied to harbor sediments displaying reducing conditions and high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals. We compared the microbial efficiency of hydrocarbon removal from sediments maintained for 60 days in anoxic conditions and inoculated with acetate, sulfate-reducing bacterial strains and acetate and sulfate-reducing bacteria. All treatments determined a significant increase in the microbial growth and significant decreases of hydrocarbon contents and of redox potential values. The addition of sulfate-reducing bacterial strains to the sediment was the most efficient treatment for the hydrocarbon removal. In all experiments, significant changes of the heavy metals’ phase repartition were observed. The results reported here suggest that the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in anoxic marine sediments may be enhanced by stimulating microbial anaerobic metabolism, but care should be applied to monitor the potential changes in the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals induced by bio-treatments.  相似文献   

16.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 17 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in surface sediments from nine stations in the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). Total PAH concentrations ranged from 380 to 12,750 microg/kg d.w., while total PCB levels ranged from 2 to 1684 microg/kg d.w.; this values were higher than those found in others marine coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. For PAHs, low molecular weight/high molecular weight, phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene ratio were used for discriminating between pyrolitic and petroleum origin. Results showed that PAHs were mainly of pyrolitic origin. PCB and PAH levels in sediments were compared with Sediments Quality Guidelines (ERM-ERL, TEL-PEL indexes) for evaluation probable toxic effects on marine organism. Finally, ERM and PEL quotients were used to evaluate the degree to which chemicals exceed guidelines. Results suggest an ecotoxicological risk for benthic organisms mainly in the first inlet, where high concentrations of PCBs were found in sediments influenced by harbour activities.  相似文献   

17.
A method for the determination of organohalogens by gas chromatography using electron capture (EDC) and mass-spectrometric (MS) detection was developed for sediments from lakes and sludges of water treatment plants. The method was described and separate techniques for sample preparation were investigated to compare the retrieval rates and the best approach to the “real value”. With the help of solid-liquid-phase- and liquid-liquid-phase extraction sulphur, most of the organosulphur compounds and carbon acids were effectively removed. The compounds were identified by comparing temperature programmed retention indices with those of reference compounds and by high-resolution GC/MS.  相似文献   

18.
Spatial distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, especially the North Branch, have been fully investigated. PAH concentrations increased with the descending distance from the inner estuary to the adjacent sea, and varied significantly in various estuarine regions. Water currents (e.g., river runoff and ocean current) greatly affected the distribution pattern. In addition, ambient sewage and traffic also contributed to the PAH pollution in the estuary. In the adjacent sea, PAH values along the -20m isobath were higher than those along the -10m isobath due to the "marginal filter" phenomenon formed by different water currents. In most sites, PAHs had poor correlations with sediment size, but had positive correlations with total organic carbon. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis results, PAH sources were proved to be mainly from a mixture of petroleum combustion, biomass, and coal combustion.  相似文献   

19.
Oil-degrading bacteria isolated from oil spills, an industrial bay, and an offshore oil field by liquid enrichment on crude oils and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon compounds were screened for extra-chromosomal DNA. Plasmids were detected in 21% of the strains isolated on whole crude oil and in 17% of the strains isolated on polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Multiple plasmids were observed in 50% of the plasmid-containing strains. Pseudomonas was the predominant genus isolated during the study. Plasmids do not appear to be of importance to these strains during degradation of freshly introduced oil at a nonpolluted site such as might be the case in an ocean oil spill. Plasmids do appear to be significant in the adaptation of Pseudomonas species to chronic petroleum pollution.  相似文献   

20.
Stratigraphic models are usually oversimplified by petroleum geologists, and the result is that the principles which we use for interpreting geophysical data are also over-simplified or even incorrect. Based on the marine seismic data from the Adriatic Sea, an example of prediction of a rather complex sedimentation model of detrital sediments is shown. On the basis of the stratigraphic interpretation using seismic techniques only for this some very important characteristics are discussed: — paleotopography of the valley and conditions which have given opportunity to map accurately the pre-depositional surface, — seismic signatures of the sedimentary section of the ancient valley in which we have recognized aluvial sequence and marine one. The conclusion is that there is a real opportunity for exploration of stratigraphic traps in this part of the Mediterranean Basin.  相似文献   

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