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1.
Oil and gas pipelines in permafrost regions differ greatly from those in temperate climate zones. People only know that these pipelines were constructed in remote areas with fragile environments. However, gas pipeline engineering, construction, operation and management will face a series of unique problems because of unforgiving environment, special hydrogeology, engineering geology, and freezing and thawing disasters. Being different from the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, Roman Wells Oil Pipeline, China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline from Mo’he to Daqing and Golmud-Lhasa Oil Products Pipeline, natural gas pipelines in permafrost regions face new problems and challenges in many areas including different transporting media, gas flow temperature control and environmental protection. This paper systematically reviewed issues such as chilled transporting processes, coupled hydrothermal-hydraulic-mechanical modeling of the pipe-soil system, temperature overrun in station outage scenarios, engineering constraints of stress-based design, single laying method and low reliability of monitoring system during operating stage. Initial framework solutions were proposed in the hope of identifying new approaches for gas pipeline in northern and upland permafrost regions. 相似文献
2.
场地和断层对埋地管道破坏的影响分析 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
场地条件和断层活动是埋地管道破坏的主要原因,避免因为场地岩土和断层的影响而造成管道破坏,是城市地下生命线工程建设中急需解决的问题。采用ADINA软件的Parasolid建模方式,通过定义合适的体类型和布尔操作,建立了埋地管道破坏分析的几何模型,实现了土体－断层－管道破坏有限元建模。借助模型参数选择,确定了基岩与岩土性质、管道特性等模型参数;定义了管-土摩擦和约束条件、地震波和断层位移荷载等。依据计算结果,分析了场地条件和断层参数对地下管道地震破坏的影响;结果表明：管道埋藏越深,断层断距越大,管道的变形越大,破坏越严重。给出了管-土摩擦系数和断层与管道交角的最优值,并给出了几点工程建议。 相似文献
3.
One of the most critical lessons of the recent earthquakes is the need for seismic planning for lifelines, with appropriate
supplies and back up systems for emergency repair and restoration. Seismic planning, however requires physical loss estimations
before the earthquakes occur. Buried pipeline damage correlations are critical part of loss estimation procedures applied
to lifelines for future earthquakes. We review the existing pipeline damage relationships only for ground shaking (transient
ground deformations) in the light of recent developments and evaluate them with Denizli City, Turkey water supply system.
Eight scenario earthquakes with four different earthquake magnitudes between M6 and M7 caused by two different fault ruptures (Pamukkale and Karakova-Akhan Faults) were used. Analyses were performed by using
Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This high number of different scenario earthquakes made it possible to compare the
pipeline damage relationships at different ground shaking levels. Pipeline damage estimations for Denizli City were calculated
for each damage relationship and earthquake scenario. Relative effects of damage relationships and scenario earthquakes on
the results were compared and discussed. The results were presented separately for brittle, ductile, and all pipelines. It
was shown that the variation in ductile pipeline damage estimations by various relationships was higher than the variation
in brittle pipeline damage estimations for a particular scenario earthquake. 相似文献
4.
多年冻土区输油管道工程中的(差异性)融沉和冻胀问题 总被引：25，自引：8，他引：17
多年冻土区石油和经济开发不断推动输油管道技术的发展,但是多年冻土区输油管道的(差异性)融沉和冻胀问题仍是关键性难题.寒区管道设计和施工必须考虑沿线的地形和环境条件对冻胀和融沉,以及相应的管道工程基础和结构整体性的影响.阿拉斯加输油管道工程取得成功的原因在于充足的科研投入、讨论和决策时间,以及最终采用的一系列创新设计来保护多年冻土和抑制融沉.这些研究围绕的关键问题是温热油管在多年冻土中的水热效应和差异性融沉和冻胀所导致的管道变形破坏,这些研究对可能出现问题的及早发现、充分理解和正确预测以及最终合理的设计、施工和维护至关重要.罗曼井和格拉线环境温度输油管道在20a左右的运营中,冻胀和融沉都比较显著.准确预测管道和围岩土的冻胀和融沉需要详细的观测研究和模拟试验相结合.在预测的基础上,针对具体问题抑制融沉和冻胀.成功设计、施工和运行寒区输油管道需要科学家、工程师、业界人士和管理部门密切合作. 相似文献
5.
漠河-加格达奇段多年冻土区中俄原油管道运营以来的次生地质灾害研究——以MDX364处的季节性冻胀丘为例 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
通过对中俄原油管道漠河-加格达奇段多年冻土区的现场勘查研究, 统计了管道运营以来出现的冻土次生地质灾害主要有冻胀、融沉、水毁、冻胀丘、冰椎等. 在研究区域特定的气候背景下, 管道的修建和季节性变化的正油温运营, 破坏了管道周围冻土的水热平衡, 使得管道周围土体出现差异性冻胀和融沉, 这种差异性位移量的累积对管道安全稳定长期运营造成了威胁. 以管道里程MDX364处的冻胀丘为例, 利用探地雷达进行了现场探测. 结果表明: 管道周围存在的融区为冻胀丘的发生和发展提供了水源补给通道, 管道的热影响加速了冻胀丘的发展和消融, 2014年3-10月管道周围地表产生的差异性位移超过了1.1 m. 针对该次生开放型季节冻胀丘, 提出了修筑或疏通管道附近的排水通道、钻孔放水和保温排水渗沟等防治措施. 研究成果能为中俄原油管道的安全稳定运营提供技术支撑, 为其他冻土区管道设计施工和运营维护提供参考和依据. 相似文献
6.
7.
金江军 《地质灾害与环境保护》2007,18(1):1-5
地震是典型的突发性地质灾害,破坏性极大.本文首先对1996～2005年这10年间的大陆地震发生情况以及地震灾害情况进行了统计分析,列举了直接经济损失超过1亿元的重大地震灾害,指出大陆防震减灾要有地域特点;然后提出了一些防震减灾建议,如注意防范地震引发的次生灾害,加强建筑抗震设计和加固,推广使用现代信息技术,积极开展防震减灾能力评价,通过合理的城市规划和土地利用规划来减轻地震灾害. 相似文献
8.
管道作为油气资源的最为常用的运输方式之一,穿越不同地质情况的区域,所面临的工程问题各有不同。本文对青海省某冻土区输气管道进行调研,针对出现的管沟融陷、工程构筑物冻胀变形等病害问题,选取典型断面,钻孔埋设温度传感器和沉降磁环测试元器件,对暖季和寒季管道周围土体温度和位移进行监测,研究输气管道周围地温变化及冻胀融沉规律,为冻土区输油气管道的设计、施工、运营、病害治理提供借鉴。研究表明:该冻土区寒暖季地表地温随气温波动较大,越靠近管道,地温年振幅越大;该区域冻土地温范围为-2~-1℃,地温带类型属基本稳定带,正温输气的热扰动,导致周围土体融沉;管道正上方受管道放热影响,地温均为正温,影响范围约1.5m;在近管道处,深度1~4m,地温受多重因素影响,深度4m以下,地温年较差较小,均为负温;冻胀由深处向上发生,时间上有滞后性;10月和11月为冻融剧烈时间段,应及时监测预警。 相似文献
9.
阿拉斯加输油管的设计和施工方式方案变更过程及其背后的原因和哲学思想 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
阿拉斯加输油管道公司曾经研发和使用了3种主要施工方案和技术:传统地埋式、特殊埋设和地上敷设方式.在传统地埋式施工方案中,管顶埋深变化于0.9~2.7 m.这主要是考虑了地形变化,而不是沿途的岩性和土壤类型.在特殊埋设方案中,在原油管道必须埋设的地段,如大规模动物迁徙常用地段则使用通道冷液循环降(保)温系统和(或)热管(桩)降(保)温,来保护多年冻土.地上敷设方案包括桩基架设和地上洁净砾石管堤(垫护层).后者只在管道进入和离开多年冻土时采用.架设桩基横梁方案中使用有或没有热管保温的垂直支架梁(单元)(VSM).在初步规划和设计阶段,管道的业主公司(即横穿阿拉斯加管道系统,或TAPS)和随后的阿拉斯加管道服务公司(APSC)不容商量的坚决要求100%的埋设方案.但是,随着勘察工作的进展和设计方案的细化,施工设计方案在不断变化.1977年管道施工结束时,只有57%的管道采用了埋设方式.管道运行30 a后的今天(考虑运行期间维护中所产生的问题),很多经验丰富的工程师认为53%的埋设可能更合理.设计和施工方案变更的原因主要有:1)为了获得通过联邦政府所属的土地所需的许可证,政府有特殊的规定和要求;2)管道公司的设计、施工和管理人员进行了现场野外调查、研究,并积极参与了详细设计和研发;3)美国环境政策法案(NEPA)的最新要求(启用了核准制).阿拉斯加管道服务公司是7家主要石油公司的服务机构.由于这个项目的巨大规模和所涉及的高昂费用,致使各大石油公司的工程师非同寻常程度的参与.在文章中,笔者论述了与阿拉斯加管道施工有关的阿拉斯加管道服务公司、美国联邦和阿拉斯加州政府相关组织机构的形成历史,管道设计演变过程及其背后的哲学思想,以及阿拉斯加管道工程项目的经验和教训. 相似文献
10.
Tracy L. Kijewski-Correa Andrew B. Kennedy Alexandros A. Taflanidis David O. Prevatt 《Natural Hazards》2018,93(2):627-659
The old potable water network in Byblos city is provided mainly from Ibrahim River nearby. Located in a seismic region, the aging network needs to tolerate seismic threats; thus, damage to the potable water network needs to be assessed. Therefore, first, enhancing infrastructure resilience is briefly discussed, noting briefly the need to bridge specifically between heritage risk management and engineering. Second, Byblos potable water network, seismicity, and geology are detailed. Third, the potable water network damage assessment methodology is presented. It encompasses hazard assessment, network inventory, damage functions, and model development. Data and maps are prepared using the Geographic Information System and then modeled in Ergo platform to obtain the damage to buried pipelines in the event of likely earthquake scenarios. Ergo is updated to consider recommended ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the Middle East region, to consider amplification of the peak ground velocity in hazard maps due to different soil types, and to consider adequate fragility functions. Moreover, different Byblos geotechnical maps, landslide hazard, and liquefaction are investigated and embedded. Damage results to pipelines are dependent on the hazard maps obtained using different GMPEs and geotechnical maps. Asbestos cement pipelines will be most damaged, followed by polyethylene and then by ductile iron. Finally, recommendations are offered to consider an improved sustainable rehabilitation solution. The study provides a better understanding of Byblos potable water network and allows the establishment of a sustainable and resilience-to-earthquake preparedness strategy and recovery plan. 相似文献
11.
Evidence of self-organization in Sumatra earthquakes: recurrence time and its geodynamical implications 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Risk reduction as an outcome only takes place if results of risk estimation studies are used to develop action plans for risk-management and risk-reduction strategies. This paper describes an automated model that uses the output of existing earthquake loss estimation methodologies to support decision makers in evaluating a set of competing seismic mitigation strategies and exploring their impact in reducing socio-economic losses of urban settlements. The proposed model is structured to quantify the monetary value of earthquake losses and to find an optimal budget allocation assigned to each mitigation strategy based on user input. The optimization method takes into account both pre- and post-earthquake expenditures, such as costs of building upgrades, critical facility enhancement, temporary shelter provisions, debris removal, hospitalization and human casualty. The system consists of five main modules: (1) building damage function; (2) mitigated damage function; (3) cost estimation function; (4) optimization function; and (5) user interface function. Whereas the optimization function provides the optimal values assigned to each mitigation alternative based on the estimated costs and a defined budget, the user interface allows the decision maker to interact with the software in each step and plan mitigation strategies that best suit the user’s socio-economic requirements and limitations. The outputs of the proposed model are presented with respect to an application in a pilot study area within a vulnerable city district of Tehran, Iran. 相似文献
12.
中国油页岩资源现状 总被引：59，自引：1，他引：58
2004～2006年我国首次开展了全国性油页岩资源评价工作。为了更好地揭示我国油页岩的分布规律及特征,按不同地区、不同层系、不同含油率、不同埋深和不同地理环境进行了归类汇总。评价结果表明,我国油页岩资源丰富,分布范围广,分布在20个省和自治区、47个盆地,共有80个含矿区。全国油页岩资源为7 199.37 亿t,页岩油资源为476.44 亿t,页岩油可回收资源为119.79 亿t。全国油页岩主要集中分布在东部区和中部区,东部区油页岩资源为3 442.48 亿t,中部区油页岩资源为1 609.64 亿t,青藏区油页岩资源为1 203.20 亿t,西部区油页岩资源为749.94 亿t,南方区油页岩资源为194.61 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的48％、22％、17％、10％和3％。全国油页岩主要集中分布在中、新生界,其中,中生界油页岩资源为5 597.92 亿t,新生界油页岩资源为1 052.31 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的77.76％和14.62％,油页岩形成时代从西北至东南方向逐渐变新。我国油页岩含油率中等偏好,其中含油率＞5％～10％的油页岩资源为2 664.35 亿t,含油率＞10％的油页岩资源为1 266.94 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的37％和18％。我国油页岩埋藏深度较浅,埋深在0～500 m之间的油页岩资源为4 663.51 亿t,埋深在500～1 000 m之间的油页岩资源为2 535.86 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的64.78％和35.22％。我国油页岩主要分布在平原和黄土塬地区,分布在平原地区的油页岩资源为3 256.53 亿t,分布于黄土塬地区的油页岩资源为1 562.86 亿t,分别占全国油页岩资源的45％和21％。油页岩资源巨大的盆地有:松辽盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、准噶尔盆地,占全国油页岩资源的76.79％。 相似文献
13.
青藏高原北部常年冻土区沿活动断裂发育有移动冰丘,其对输油管道、桥梁、涵洞等工程设施具有破坏作用。应用ANSYS有限元通用程序,对移动冰丘引起的输油管道的破坏进行了三维非线性有限元数值模拟计算,揭示了移动冰丘冻胀产生的应力场、位移场与塑性变形,给出了移动冰丘冻胀导致输油管道拱曲变形及应力分布。移动冰丘导致输油管道拱曲变形,在管道内部产生的应力超过管道的强度,使管道产生塑性弯曲变形和破坏,导致输油管道局部报废。移动冰丘导致输油管道拱曲变形的三维有限元数值模拟能够为管道工程设计和地质灾害防治提供依据。在数值模拟的基础上,提出了灾害防治措施。 相似文献
14.
近年来输气管道工程的大规模建设,其不可避免地要通过一些煤矿采空沉陷区和地质构造复杂区域。煤矿采空沉陷区的地表移动变形必然会使上覆的输气管道发生变形、甚至破坏,因此,分析与预测煤矿采空区地埋输气管道的安全性具有重要意义。本文以西气东输一线为例,依据弹性理论分析计算,当管道下伏分别为土体和岩体时,输气管道破坏时的岩土体垮塌宽度,并统计在垮塌影响范围一定的条件下,岩土体垮塌宽度与管道变形及最小曲率半径之间的规律。结果表明,管道的弯曲变形与垮塌宽度之间呈递增关系。 相似文献
15.
为评价松辽盆地北部油页岩资源潜力,开展了14口地质井的钻探、2 100多口老井的复查和多项油页岩的样品分析测试工作。根据油页岩分析测试资料,结合录井、测井、地震、沉积等研究成果,总结了油页岩主要特征,并用体积丰度法初步估算了埋深小于1 km的油页岩和页岩油潜在资源量。结果表明:松辽盆地北部油页岩主要发育在青山口组一段和嫩江组一、二段沉积时期的湖相沉积中,是盆地两次最大湖泛期的产物;嫩江组和青山口组油页岩平均岩石密度分别为2.20和2.18 t/m3,平均含油率分别为5.55%和5.39%;油页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型,处于未成熟低成熟阶段,有机质丰度极高,是最好的生油岩。松辽盆地北部油页岩分布广泛、层位稳定、资源潜力巨大,初步估算埋深小于1 km的油页岩潜在资源量为6 008.40×108 t,页岩油潜在资源量为297.50×108 t。油页岩可以成为未来大庆油田常规油气的重要补充或接替资源。 相似文献
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17.
Oil and gas transmission pipelines require monitoring for maintenance and safety, to prevent equipment failure and accidents. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) technology is emerging as an opportunity to supplement current monitoring systems. Small UAV technological solutions are flexible and adaptable and with a demonstrated capacity to obtain valuable data at small to medium spatial scales. Systematic surveys of extensive areas are better completed with fixed-wing platforms and automatic flight design, whilst multirotor platforms provide flexibility in shorter and localized inspection missions. The type of sensor carried by an aerial platform determines the sort of data acquired and the obtainable information; sensors also determine the need for specific mechanical designs and the provision of energy on-board required from the system. UAV systems prototyped to monitor pipelines are reviewed in this paper, and a number of monitoring scenarios are proposed and illustrated. Notwithstanding difficulties encountered in the generalization of use for civilian applications, small UAVs have demonstrated, through research and operational cases, the capacity to support the inspection and monitoring of oil and gas pipelines. 相似文献
18.
辽河坳陷西部凹陷西斜坡古潜山的油气运移条件 总被引：23，自引：7，他引：16
在对辽河坳陷西部凹陷西斜坡潜山油气藏的成藏条件进行解剖基础上,重点开展了古潜山油气运移条件的研究,认为西斜坡古潜山油气藏的油气来源有4种运移路径,论述了不同运移路径的特点,并讨论了影响油气运移的主要因素。在潜山油气藏的多种供油方式中,有效生油岩直接覆盖潜山的多向供油方式最为有利,这种供油方式与规模较大的潜山相配置可以形成大型的潜山油气藏;其次为潜山与有效生油岩通过不整合面或断面接触的单向供油方式,这种供油方式也能形成比较富集的潜山油气藏。这一认识对西斜坡乃至辽河坳陷潜山油气藏的勘探都具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
19.
考虑大气温度以及管内流动介质温度的影响,建立由多个土层构成的岛状冻土物理模型,研究塔河地区埋地输油管道周围热-水-应力（T-H-M）耦合作用,分析水-热-应力耦合作用下管道的受力情况并进行管道强度验算。采用多物理场耦合软件COMSOL Multiphysics进行数值模拟,计算在T-H-M三场耦合及非耦合两种工况下岛状多年冻土管道周围应力和沉降曲线等。分析比较表明,岛状多年冻土区的温度,冰水相变以及水分迁移对应力场存在较大的影响;水分场、温度场以及应力场三者之间耦合作用明显;岛状冻土随季节呈周期性冻融,管道周围出现较大应力集中和沉降现象,会对管道安全产生一定影响。 相似文献
20.
Substantial damage to water supply systems, including water delivery pipelines, water treatment plants, reservoirs, and water
storage tanks, was reported after the 1999 Chi–Chi Taiwan Earthquake. This paper first summarizes the damage survey and then
presents the results of seismic fragility analysis for underground pipelines. Construction blueprints of the water delivery
pipelines and repair work orders of 11 townships and cities in the disastrous area were digitized into a Geographical Information
System (GIS) for analysis and assessment. With the aid of the GIS system, we found that PVC pipes made up 86% of water delivery
pipelines while steel, cast iron, ductile iron, PE and others took the rest. Therefore, this paper focuses on the fragility
analysis of PVC pipes. Three different methods were applied to derive the fragility relations between the PVC water pipes
having nominal diameters (approximately inner diameters) greater than or equal to 65 mm and earthquake intensity parameters
such as peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity. The results were then examined with those of other countries. The
discrepancy between our results and the empirical equation used by HAZUS, an earthquake loss estimation software developed
by the Federal Emergency Management Agency was not significant. 相似文献