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1.
Pore water testing and analysis: the good,the bad,and the ugly 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The increasingly common practice of collecting and assessing sediment pore water as a primary measure of sediment quality is reviewed. Good features of this practice include: pore water is a key exposure route for some organisms associated with sediments; pore water testing eliminates particle size effects; pore water analyses and tests can provide useful information regarding contamination and pollution. Bad features include: pore water is not the only exposure route; pore water tests lack chemical or biological realism: their "sensitivity" relative to other tests may be meaningless due to manipulation and laboratory artifacts; many sediment and surface dwelling organisms are not directly influenced by pore water. Bad features can become ugly if: other exposure pathways are not considered (for toxicity or bioaccumulation); manipulation techniques are not appropriate; pore water tests are inappropriately linked to population-level effects. Pore water testing and analyses can be effective tools provided their limitations are well understood by researchers and managers. 相似文献
2.
Double-packer injection tests have been carried out in a borehole in the Chalk of Hampshire and a borehole in the Permian Penrith Sandstone of Cumbria, England. The tests have been supplemented by borehole logging and television inspections and by laboratory measurements on cores. A new mathematical treatment has enabled results to be calculated for injection test intervals containing fissures. In both formations, transmissivity immediately around the borehole is dominated by a few major fissures. In the Penrith Sandstone there is good agreement between intergranular hydraulic conductivity measurements and packer-test results in the portions of the borehole which do not contain major fissures. In the Chalk, the packer-test values are always higher than the intergranular measurements, suggesting that some degree of fissuring is present throughout. 相似文献
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A laboratory study on the undrained strength of a silty sand from Central Western Taiwan 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Yao-Tao Huang An-Bin Huang Yu-Chen Kuo Ming-Dou Tsai 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(9-10):733
The sand deposit in Central Western Taiwan typically contained significant amounts of fines. The assessment of liquefaction potential using the simplified procedure often involved adjustment in field test results to account for the effects of fines. The available fines content (FC) adjustment methods are highly empirical and may lead to very different conclusions. The need and/or level of FC adjustment should be justified based on cyclic behavior of sand and its relationship with fines. This study made an attempt to provide that reference information for a silty sand commonly found in Central Western Taiwan. A series of isotropic consolidation, undrained monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted Mai Liao Sand (MLS) with various FCs and densities. Concurrent shear wave velocities were measured using bender elements in some of the cyclic triaxial tests. This paper describes the geological background, the laboratory tests and their implications in the assessment of liquefaction potential for MLS. 相似文献
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Although widely used in wetland hydrological studies, hydraulic conductivity (K) estimates from piezometer slug tests are often of questionable validity. Frequently, this is because insufficient attention is paid to the details of the test procedure. Further, in a potentially heterogeneous and anisotropic medium such as peat, the use of slug tests is prone to error. In this paper we address some of the methodological issues surrounding piezometer slug tests in peat. We compare slug test data with laboratory determinations of vertical and horizontal K obtained using a new method. Piezometers were installed at three depths in a floodplain fen peat in Norfolk, UK. Slug tests were initiated by both slug insertion and slug withdrawal, and repeat tests were conducted to examine the robustness of our K estimates. Most of the tests displayed departures from the log‐linear model of Hvorslev, the form of departure being consistent with compressible soil behaviour. The results suggest that insertion tests gave similar results to those initiated by withdrawal. Repeat testing showed that withdrawal data, in particular, gave highly reproducible normalized responses that were independent of the initial head. Values for K estimated using the slug tests were in the range 1 × 10−4 to 1·6 × 10−3 cm s−1, which is towards the upper end of the range reported for peats generally. Laboratory tests yielded similar values of K to those obtained from the slug tests. Although the laboratory tests showed that the peat was anisotropic, the K values generated by slug testing proved relatively good estimates of both vertical and horizontal K. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Flora A. Bilotta E. Chiaradonna A. Lirer S. Mele L. Pingue L. 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2021,19(10):3835-3864
Within the European project LIQUEFACT some activities have been devoted to the experimental verification of the effectiveness of two techniques in the mitigation of soil liquefaction susceptibility: induced partial saturation (IPS) and horizontal drains. After a preliminary check of their efficiency via centrifuge tests, the two techniques have been studied by means of some large scale shaking tests carried out in a field trial located in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). A preliminary extensive in situ and laboratory investigation was necessary to identify the shallow liquefiable soil layer in which the mitigation techniques and the monitoring instrumentations (pore pressure transducers and geophones) had to be installed. Both techniques required the installation of horizontal well screens via a directional controlled drilling technique: the pipes were used as drainage systems (linear HDL and rhomboidal configurations HDR) or for the air injection in the area treated with IPS technique. The in situ experimental evidences showed that both techniques are able to avoid liquefaction triggering, that on the contrary was attained during the tests in the untreated testing area. The processing of in situ data highlighted that the efficiency of the two techniques is strictly related to chosen arrangement of the horizontal drains and the induced degree of saturation.
相似文献8.
Seda Sendir Torisu Junichi Sato Ikuo Towhata Tsuyoshi Honda 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2010
This paper concerns technological efforts for the general acceptance of performance-based seismic design principle of geotechnical structures. Among many problems to be solved, a particular emphasis was placed on the prediction of residual displacement that remains after a strong earthquake. Because of the complicated behavior of soils undergoing cyclic loading, the prediction is often either complicated/costly or not very accurate. The aim of this study is to examine the capability of existing prediction measures and propose some future scopes. To achieve these goals, shaking table model tests and laboratory shear tests were conducted by taking fill dams as an example target structure. It is concluded that performance-based design is possible if the necessary time and cost are spent and if the required accuracy of prediction is reasonable. 相似文献
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Behavioural effects of marine sediment contaminated with pesticides (6000 ppm parathion, 200 ppm methyl parathion, 200 ppm malathion) were studied in a number of marine organisms in laboratory tests and in situ. The burrowing behaviour in Macoma baltica, Cerastoderma edule, Abra alba, Nereis diversicolor and Scoloplos armiger was impaired in the contaminated sediment compared to control. The impairment was most pronounced in the laboratory tests, where almost no burrowing occured. In a very simple laboratory set-up, highly significant avoidance of the contaminated sediment was demonstrated for Crangon crangon and Solea solea, but not for Carcinus meanas and Pomatoschistus minutus. The validity of both behavioural tests was supported by in situ observations and investigations on the distribution of the species. It is concluded that both tests are useful tools in the assessment of the impact of contaminated sediments. 相似文献
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饱和砂土最大动剪切模量的不同试验对比研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对233个饱和砂土土样室内试验确定的最大动剪切模量和同一位置现场原位试验确定的最大动剪切模量进行了对比研究。结果表明：两者相差很大,室内试验结果基本上小于现场试验结果,埋藏深的土样相差更大;室内试验的最大动剪切模量与深度符合幂函数规律,且与砂土的密实度有关,与砂土的颗粒成分关系不大。通过工程实例,比较了2种试验最大动剪切模量对地震反应分析的影响,得到了室内试验最大动剪切模量与现场剪切波速的统计经验关系式。该经验关系式对工程场地地震反应分析具有一定的参考应用价值。 相似文献
11.
Donald J. Reish 《Marine pollution bulletin》1973,4(3):46
International standardization of toxicity tests demands ‘standard’ animals. These are not to be found in nature, and transferring organisms from their natural habitat to the laboratory may add to the stress on them and interfere with the tests. Laboratory cultured animals may help reduce this problem. 相似文献
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本文介绍了在断层区的岩体中进行的现场大尺度摩擦实验。实验的目的是探索地壳中变形波的存在。实验结果表明,在加载时断层泥屈服时间不一致,加载一端的断层泥先屈服,然后屈服范围逐步扩大,此过程相应于塑性变形波在断层泥中的传播。实验测得试件中塑性变形波波速约为2—3 cm/min,实际相当于10—16km/year。 相似文献
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1 INTRODUCTION Protection of bridge piers against local scour is of major importance to bridge maintenance. The safety of bridges is seriously threatened by the river flood during typhoons or thunderstorms. In Taiwan typhoon’s floods are often so strong in possession of high energy to transport a large amount of bed sediment in river. The average velocity in a flood river can go typically over 3 m/s even up to 5 m/s, several times of the regular flow speed. The peak discharge of flood i… 相似文献
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Heavy metal input into roadside soils and effects of deicing salts are often discussed as separate environmental problems. However, a relationship between salt input and heavy metal mobility has already been detected in laboratory tests. During a 2-year field study, the soil solution of a roadside soil was continuously sampled. The results of soil solution analysis not only showed a strong rise in deicing-salt related sodium, calcium and chloride concentrations, but also high zinc and cadmium values in winter and spring. Additional laboratory tests confirmed the mobilizing effects of salt solution which contained NaCl and CaCl2. Cation exchange and the formation of chlorocomplexes are discussed as the responsible mechanisms. 相似文献
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Fractured aquifers are some of the most poorly characterized subsurface environments despite posing one of the highest risks to the protection of potable groundwater. This research was designed to improve the understanding of the factors affecting particle transport through fractures by developing a phenomenological model based on laboratory‐scale transport data. The model presented in this research employed data from over 70 particle tracer tests conducted in single, saturated, variable‐aperture fractures that were obtained from the natural environment and fractured in the laboratory or cast from epoxy in the laboratory. The particles employed were Escherichia coli RS2‐GFP and microspheres. The tracer experiments were conducted in natural (dolomitic limestone and granite) as well as epoxy replicas of the natural fractures. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the most important factors influencing particle retention in fractures are the ratio of the ionic strength of solution to collector charge, the ratio of particle to collector charge, and the ratio of advective to diffusive forces as described by the Peclet number. The model was able to reasonably (R2 = 0.64) predict the fraction of particles retained; however, it is evident that some factors not accounted for in the model also contributed to retention. This research presents a novel approach to understanding particle transport in fractures, and illustrates the relative importance of various factors affecting the transport mechanisms. The utility of this model lies in the increased understanding of particle transport in fractures, which is extremely useful for directing future research. 相似文献
16.
《Quaternary Geochronology》2008,3(1-2):143-149
Experimental results from ESR dose recovery tests using Ti-related absorption lines in sedimentary quartz will be presented and discussed. The tests were performed on two Late Pleistocene Australian dune sands with a known burial dose based on OSL measurements. The regenerative dose technique (after thermal annealing) was used to detect any differences between ESR estimates of the natural dose, and ESR estimates of an equal laboratory gamma-dose. The studied absorption lines show consistent results with regard to the laboratory dose, but inconsistencies regarding the recovery of the natural dose. Line-shape changes between the natural and artificially induced ESR signals are a matter of concern. These changes are probably the result of the different relative abundance of Ti–H and Ti–Li centres in the naturally irradiated and artificially irradiated sample. 相似文献
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L. Joseph Bachman 《Ground water》1984,22(4):460-467
Field and laboratory analyses of pH, alkalinity, and specific conductance from water samples collected from the Columbia aquifer on the Delmarva Peninsula in eastern Maryland were compared to determine if laboratory analyses could be used for making regional water-quality interpretations. On the basis of 170 field pH and specific conductance measurements, 165 laboratory pH and specific conductance measurements, and 86 field and 135 laboratory alkalinity measurements, a significant difference at the 0.1-percent level was found between laboratory and field analyses of pH and specific conductance. No significant difference was found between laboratory and field analyses of alkalinity. In most samples, laboratory pH was greater than field pH, laboratory specific conductance was less than field specific conductance, and laboratory alkalinity was equally likely to be less than, the same as, or greater than field alkalinity. Kruskal-Wallis tests of field and laboratory data grouped by north-south and east-west coordinates and by land use indicate that the difference between field and laboratory values is usually not enough to affect the outcome of the statistical tests. Thus, laboratory measurements of these constituents may be adequate for making certain regional water-quality interpretations, although they may result in errors if used for geochemical interpretations. 相似文献
18.
Enrico Conte Renato Maria CosentiniAntonello Troncone 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2009
The primary objective of this study is for presenting some simple-to-use expressions relating the shear and dilatational wave velocities (VS and VP) to some physical and constitutive parameters of unsaturated soils. To this purpose, a simplified formulation is developed using the theory of linear poroelasticity in conjunction with some constitutive parameters widely used in geotechnical engineering. The derived expressions are of practical interest in view of the fact that they could be employed for evaluating the involved soil parameters from VS and VP measurements by in-situ or laboratory geophysical tests. 相似文献
19.
黄土液化机理和判别标准的再研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文结合作者的试验研究和国外最新研究进展对黄土液化问题作了一些深入讨论。在一定的条件下,黄土可能发生液化,而且相当一部分黄土符合“修正的中国标准”。从液化机理上讲,黄土液化属于流滑。试验研究发现,黄土液化过程与应变发展有内在的联系,因而在动三轴试验中用轴向应变作为黄土初始液化的判别条件更符合实际。最后,通过对俄罗斯、美国和中国黄土的对比研究,作者认为黄土的粒度组成对黄土的液化特性有明显的影响。 相似文献
20.
This study concerns the laboratory testing of core samples from massive sedimentary rocks from an oil and gas field. The depth of extraction of the samples analysed varies between 1000 and 5000 metres. In all, 65 tests were performed, most of which included systematic measurement of acoustic activity during loading. The aim of the testing was to determine which types of fracture could occur in the rock matrix under field-stress conditions by examining in particular the relationship between confining pressure and the transition from brittle to ductile behaviour. The results of the laboratory tests are used to predict the occurrence of seismic activity resulting from the depletion of the gas reservoir which has been monitored during the last twenty years. 相似文献