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1.
Anisotropy of the horizontal velocity fluctuation field in the large wavenumber region 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mesoscale atmospheric wind, temperature, and density fluctuations are described in terms of their power spectra. In the early 1980s, VanZandt[1] showed that the observed spectrum of the atmospheric fluctuations can result, as in the ocean, from an interna… 相似文献
2.
Summary An analysis of the clear air turbulence in the mid-stratosphere indicates that the turbulence is characterized by an anisotropic field of turbulence with an intense lateral component of the turbulence, associated with strong thermally stable stratification. The Richardson number in the region of turbulence is generally smaller than
, the Taylor's criterion for a stratified shear flow.The cospectra for the momentum transport by the streamwise, lateral, and vertical components of the velocity show similarity in their distribution, decreasing with increasing wavenumber. The cospectra for the heat transport by the streamwise, lateral, and vertical components of the velocity show similarity in the high and medium wavenumber ranges, but not in the low wavenumber range of the spectra.The power spectra of the temperature and wind speed are very similar, and are approximately proportional to the
power of the wavenumber. The power spectra of the streamwise and lateral components of the velocity are approximately proportional to the –2 power of the wavenumber, whereas the spectrum of the vertical component of the velocity is approximately proportional to the –1 power of the wavenumber.sponsored by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
3.
Observations made with the co-located Rayleigh lidar and MST radar systems at Aberystwyth (52.4°N, 4.1°W) in Wales and radiosondes from Valentia (51.9°N, 10.2°W) in Eire are used to investigate the changes in the vertical propagation of gravity waves during periods of 4 days in June 1995 and February 1993. In each month, the lidar observations show that the wave activity in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere changes between two pairs of days. The radar and radiosonde measurements indicate that mountain waves make no contribution to the changes in intensity. Instead, the changes seem to arise largely from the presence or absence of long-period waves with vertical wavelengths near 8 and 10 km in June and February, respectively. The influence of such waves on the vertical wavenumber spectra is examined and related to the evidence for convective instabilities provided by the temperature profiles. 相似文献
4.
The EISCAT VHF radar (69.4°N, 19.1°E) has been used to record vertical winds at mesopause heights on a total of 31 days between June 1990 and January 1993. The data reveal a motion field dominated by quasi-monochromatic gravity waves with representative apparent periods of 30–40 min, amplitudes of up to 2.5 m s–1 and large vertical wavelength. In some instances waves appear to be ducted. Vertical profiles of the vertical-velocity variance display a variety of forms, with little indication of systematic wave growth with height. Daily mean variance profiles evaluated for consecutive days of recording show that the general shape of the variance profiles persists over several days. The mean variance evaluated over a 10 km height range has values from 1.2 m2s–2 to 6.5 m2s–2 and suggests a semi-annual seasonal cycle with equinoctial minima and solsticial maxima. The mean vertical wavenumber spectrum evaluated at heights up to 86 km has a slope (spectral index) of -1.36 ± 0.2, consistent with observations at lower heights but disagreeing with the predictions of a number of saturation theories advanced to explain gravity-wave spectra. The spectral slopes evaluated for individual days have a range of values, and steeper slopes are observed in summer than in winter. The spectra also appear to be generally steeper on days with lower mean vertical-velocity variance. 相似文献
5.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(11):981-991
Vertical and horizontal wavenumber spectra of horizontal wind and temperature observed with WINDII are used to examine the effect of diffusion process on the spectral evolution. At small wavenumbers, the spectral slope is generally found to be close to zero, due to restriction of diffusion process. In order to better describe the situation, the frequency-dependent diffusivity used in the diffusive model (Gardner, 1994, Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 20,601–20,622) is generalized to include a wavenumber dependence. The saturated-cascade model (Dewan, 1991; 1994, Geophysical Research Letters 21, 817–820) are transformed into a diffusive form by assuming the wave energy to be dissipated through diffusion. The observed spectra are compared with the diffusive and cascade models, as well as the non-diffusive model (Gardner et al., 1993a, Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 1035–1049). Our results show that diffusion process plays an important role in maintaining the shapes and amplitudes of vertical wavenumber spectra, but less significant for horizontal wavenumber spectra at the observed large wavelengths. 相似文献
6.
F. Chane-Ming F. Molinaro J. Leveau P. Keckhut A. Hauchecorne 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(4):485-498
The capabilities of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and the multiresolution analysis (MRA) are presented in this work to measure vertical gravity wave characteristics. Wave properties are extracted from the first data set of Rayleigh lidar obtained between heights of 30 km and 60 km over La Reunion Island (21°S, 55°E) during the Austral winter in 1994 under subtropical conditions. The altitude-wavelength representations deduced from these methods provide information on the time and spatial evolution of the wave parameters of the observed dominant modes in vertical profiles such as the vertical wavelengths, the vertical phase speeds, the amplitudes of temperature perturbations and the distribution of wave energy. The spectra derived from measurements show the presence of localized quasi-monochromatic structures with vertical wavelengths <10 km. Three methods based on the wavelet techniques show evidence of a downward phase progression. A first climatology of the dominant modes observed during the Austral winter period reveals a dominant night activity of 2 or 3 quasi-monochromatic structures with vertical wavelengths between 1/2 km from the stratopause, 3/4 km and 6/10 km observed between heights of 30 km and 60 km. In addition, it reveals a dominant activity of modes with a vertical phase speed of –0.3 m/s and observed periods peaking at 3/4 h and 9 h. The characteristics of averaged vertical wavelengths appear to be similar to those observed during winter in the southern equatorial region and in the Northern Hemisphere at mid-latitudes. 相似文献
7.
The paper is focused on the global spatial structure, seasonal and interannual variability of the ～5-day Rossby (W1) and ～6-day Kelvin (E1) waves derived from the SABER/TIMED temperature measurements for 6 full years (January 2002–December 2007). The latitude structure of the ～5-day W1 wave is related to the gravest symmetric wave number 1 Rossby wave. The vertical structure of the ～5-day Rossby wave amplitude consists of double-peaked maxima centred at ～80–90 km and ～105–110 km. This wave has a vertically propagating phase structure from the stratosphere up to 120 km altitude with a mean vertical wavelength of ～50–60 km. The ～6-day E1 wave is an equatorially trapped wave symmetric about the equator and located between 20°N and 20°S. Its seasonal behaviour indicates some equinoctial and June solstice amplifications, while the vertical phase structure indicates that this is a vertically propagating wave between 20–100 km altitudes with a mean vertical wavelength of ～25 km. 相似文献
8.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2008,70(10):1281-1288
Simultaneous and complete temperature profiles from near ground to about 100 km are essential for studying the dynamical coupling between different atmospheric layers. They are acquired by combining three different lidar techniques at Wuhan, China (30.5°N, 114.4°E). The atmospheric temperatures from about 3 to 25 km are calculated from the nitrogen molecule density profiles obtained from the N2 vibrational Raman backscatter, while the atmospheric temperatures between 30 and ∼75 km are calculated by the standard Rayleigh scattering method. The temperatures in the 80–100 km altitude region are derived from the Fe Boltzmann technique. The temperature profiles measured by our lidar systems exhibit good agreement when compared with the radiosonde and satellite data, as well as the model. A Lomb–Scargle spectral analysis of the normalized temperature perturbations in the altitude range from 4 to 60 km shows that the spectral slopes of the vertical wave number spectra tended to −3 for large vertical wave numbers. This is consistent with the model predictions of saturated gravity wave spectra. 相似文献
9.
Observations of gravity waves in the upper and lower stratosphere by lidar and ozonesondes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lidar observations of Rayleigh backscatter and temperature profiles measured by ozonesondes have been used to investigate gravity waves in the upper and lower stratosphere, respectively, over Aberystwyth (52.4°N, 4.1°W). Both data sets have been used to investigate the vertical wavenumber spectrum of the wave field at high wavenumbers. Similar analytic techniques applied to each data set enable direct comparison of the spectra. The possibility of laminar structures generated by differential advection contaminating gravity-wave fields deduced from temperature and/or density measurement is discussed and the behaviour of the wave-field mean potential energy reveals a seasonal cycle throughout the stratosphere with a late winter maximum and a summer minimum. 相似文献
10.
I. Lerche 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1991,136(2-3):191-200
The variability of sedimentary thermal conductivities with increasing temperature are explored for their impact on estimates of present-day heat flux and subsurface temperature gradient. For sand thicknesses less than about 10–20 km, or shale thicknesses less than about 40–80 km, the subsurface temperature is closely linearly proportional to the thermal resistance integral obtained in the absence of the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. Estimates of heat flux should be increased (decreased) by about 5% for sands and decreased by about 1% for shales. For salt, because of the much shorter temperature range over which its thermal conductivity decreases, effects produced by the temperature dependence are more noticeable: heat flux should be increased by around 13%, salt thicknesses in excess of 5 km will yield major (around 30–100°C) changes in their temperature regimes solely as a consequence of the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, and the linear increase of temperature with increasing thermal resistance is not an adequate approximation but has to be replaced with a more exact exponential increase.The impact of the variations, particularly in the case of salt, for geologic processes is briefly considered. 相似文献
11.
12.
利用子午工程海南激光雷达对我国海南地区上空进行持续观测,通过3年的累积观测数据对我国低纬度地区重力波活动的季节分布特性进行研究,依据重力波线性理论对海南地区上空的大气密度扰动规律、空间功率谱及时间频率谱进行分析,并通过选择波长在1km至8km范围内具有特定波长以及具有波动周期为60 min至25min的特定频率的重力波辅助研究大气密度扰动的季节变化规律,总结得出海南地区重力波活动具有夏季大、春秋季小、而冬季依然频繁的季节性分布规律.结合海南地区特殊的地理位置与当地季节性气候特征分析得出海南地区上空重力波活动季节性变化的可能原因为青藏高原地形及我国南海地区存在的热带强对流与赤道潜流共同作用的结果. 相似文献
13.
Using historical in situ temperature record, we investigate interannual variability of temperature in summer over Bungo Channel, Tosa Bay, and Kii Channel (hereafter “BTK”), south of Japan. This study aims to reveal the interregional relation of the subsurface temperature variability between the shelf and slope as well as between BTK, and specify the primary cause of the temperature variability in terms of the Kuroshio path. It is shown that 100-m temperature on the slope of BTK is synchronous with each other and highly correlated with coastal sea levels from Kyushu to Kii Peninsula, suggesting that subsurface temperature over the slope varies simultaneously on spatial scales of 400–500 km in the along-slope direction. The 100-m temperature on the slope is also correlated with the near-bottom temperature on the shelf, implying that the near-bottom temperature is determined mainly by the larger-scale variability over the slope. The Kuroshio state in summer of each year is classified into the large meander (LM), non-large meander (NLM), and intermittent larger meander (IM) propagating eastward along the slope. It is found that remarkable temperature increases are accompanied by the IM propagations south of BTK. Temperatures during the IM and LM period are significantly different, the means of which are the highest and lowest, respectively. Temperature during the NLM period with the second highest mean value exhibits the largest variance. Statistical analysis suggests that this variance is related to the Kuroshio axis shift over Izu Ridge between the nearshore and offshore NLM paths. 相似文献
14.
Shin-ichi Takehiro Masaki Ishiwatari Kensuke Nakajima Yoshi-Yuki Hayashi 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(6):439-459
Linear stability of rotating thermal convection in a horizontal layer of Boussinesq fluid under the fixed heat flux boundary condition is examined by the use of a vertically truncated system up to wavenumber one. When the rotation axis is in the vertical direction, the asymptotic behavior of the critical convection for large rotation rates is almost the same as that under the fixed temperature boundary condition. However, when the rotation axis is horizontal and the lateral boundaries are inclined, the mode with zero horizontal wavenumber remains as the critical mode regardless of the rotation rate. The neutral curve has another local minimum at a nonzero horizontal wavenumber, whose asymptotic behavior coincides with the critical mode under the fixed temperature condition. The difference of the critical horizontal wavenumber between those two geometries is qualitatively understood by the difference of wave characteristics; inertial waves and Rossby waves, respectively. 相似文献
15.
显著的竖向地震动是近断层地震动区别于远场地震动的重要特征之一,为更合理地确定竖向地震动作用,研究了近断层区域竖向地震动的反应谱特征及其与水平向反应谱比值的影响因素.首先,选取1952—1999年世界范围内震级在M5.4—7.6之间的18次地震的地震动记录,研究竖向地震加速度反应谱及其与水平向加速度反应谱比值特征;然后统计分析了断层距、场地条件、震级以及断层机制对竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比的影响.结果表明,一般情况下竖向加速度具有更丰富的短周期分量,并且竖向加速度反应谱衰减较慢;断层距在20km以内的近断层区域、软弱土层场地、中等震级地震和逆断层大震级中长周期范围等条件下,具有较大的竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比值;在近断层区域的结构抗震设计中应充分考虑竖向地震动的影响. 相似文献
16.
The troposphere and lower stratosphere (TLS) is a region with active atmospheric fluctuations. The Wuhan Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar is the first MST radar to have become operational in Mainland China. It is dedicated to real-time atmospheric observations. In this paper, two case studies about inertia gravity waves (IGWs) derived from three-dimensional wind field data collected with the Wuhan MST radar are presented. The intrinsic frequencies, vertical wavelengths, horizontal wavelengths, vertical wavenumber spectra, and energy density are calculated and analyzed. In this paper, we also report on multiple waves existing in the lower stratosphere observed by the Wuhan MST radar. Lomb-Scargle spectral analysis and the hodograph method were used to derive the vertical wavenumber and propagation direction. Meanwhile, an identical IGW is observed by Wuhan MST radar both in troposphere and lower stratosphere regions. Combining the observations, the source of the latter IGW detected in the TLS would be the jet streams located in the tropopause region, which also produced wind shear above and below the tropopause. 相似文献
17.
采用高精度的拟谱方法,数值模拟了层结海洋中小振幅内行进波的演变和破碎过程.在演变过程中,导致内波破碎的PSI不稳定机制在共振相互作用中逐渐占据主导地位,能量从初级波向低频、高波数运动缓慢传递并形成一次级波包,随即破碎发生.破碎后产生的层化湍流引起的强烈混合以及湍流间歇性可从总能量和涡度峰度随时间的变化趋势看出.我们分析了层化湍流的一些统计特性,包括动能和有效位能沿垂向波数ky的功率谱.结果表明,动能和有效位能谱都存在一个谱段满足k-3y律,且分别可表示为01N4k-3y和02N4k-3y(N为Brunt Visl频率),通常称其为浮力子区.另外,我们分析了Cox数(湍流扩散系数与分子扩散系数之比),在层化湍流维持在一定强度时,计算结果和由海洋内区观测(远离内波强生成源和复杂地形)所推测的结论较为吻合. 相似文献
18.
Using a numerical model for temperature and neutral and ion composition behaviour at middle atmospheric heights, an analysis has been made of the dependence of atmospheric structural parameters on temperature, solar activity, and on turbulent transfer intensity. For mesospheric heights, an inverse dependence of the nitric oxide density on the temperature has been found. It is thus possible to explain experimentally obtained temperature variations over a cyclc of solar activity at mesospheric and lower thermospheric heights. Numerical simulation results indicate that the temperature in the height range 75–120 km depends considerably on both the absolute values of turbulent transfer coefficients and their vertical gradients. 相似文献
19.
本文介绍了一套纯转动Raman测温激光雷达系统,通过高分辨光谱分光与滤光优化设计、收发精确匹配以及弱信号检测等技术,实现在武汉城市上空从10km至40km的中低空大气温度高精度探测.观测结果与同时段探空气球进行比对,在30km以下激光雷达探测温度与探空气球得到的温度数据吻合较好,最大偏差约为3.0K,表明了该激光雷达温度测量的可靠性.采用30min时间分辨率,在10~20km高度范围内温度统计误差约为0.3K(300m空间分辨);20~30km统计误差约为0.8K(600m空间分辨);30~40km统计误差约为3.0K(900m空间分辨).通过整晚的温度廓线反演,为研究中低层大气中的波动现象提供依据.该转动Raman激光雷达实现了至40km高度的高精度大气温度探测,进一步可与Rayleigh测温激光雷达30~80km的高度衔接,为实现中低层大气连续观测研究提供了重要手段. 相似文献
20.
In this paper, the background of MGF-K migration in dual domain (wavenumber-frequency K-F and space-time) in anisotropic media is presented. Algorithms for poststack (zero-offset) and prestack migration are based on downward extrapolation of acoustic wavefield by shift-phase with correction filter for lateral variability of medium’s parameters. In anisotropic media, the vertical wavenumber was determined from full elastic wavefield equations for two dimensional (2D) tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) model. The method was tested on a synthetic wavefield for TTI anticlinal model (zero-offset section) and on strongly inhomogeneous vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) Marmousi model. In both cases, the proper imaging of assumed media was obtained. 相似文献