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1.
The capital of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) is both the oldest and the newest settlement in Korea. The basic concepts in its early urban development made it the model for Korean cities of later ages. In the 6th and 7th century AD P’yôngyang was one of the largest cities in Asia, second only to the imperial capital of China, but it later declined. It partly recovered its former position when it became the capital of North Korea after World War II. Its reconstruction since the Korean War has made it one of the most striking examples of socialist city planning. 相似文献
2.
This essay provides analyses of labor strikes at two early sites (first quarter of the 20th century) of the global production line – Singer Manufacturing Company’s factories at Clydebank, Scotland and Podolsk, Russia – and the labor management strategies that led to and resulted from these particular enactments of power. I focus on the degree to which Singer and its employees were embedded in local, regional and national contexts, and how and why workers’ agency mattered to the course of early globalization. I also suggest that such analyses provide significant understanding of how and why early global production was both different from and similar to contemporary globalization. By so doing, this analysis contributes to theoretical discussions concerning degrees of territorial embeddedness of transnational corporations, particularly in regard to changes over time as well as geographic scale, and adds historical nuance to theoretical questions concerning labor geographies under conditions of globalization. 相似文献
3.
Herman van der Wusten 《GeoJournal》2001,52(4):339-344
Stalin and Hitler planned major changes in the townscapes of their capital cities. These plans were part of their effort to install highly mobilized despotic regimes that needed a wide-ranging set of symbols to focus allegiance and to impress awe. These plans remained to some extent paper exercises but part of it left significant traces in the contemporary cities, particularly in Moscow. The intended changes showed similarities in their megalomania expressed in plans for a gigantic dome surrounded by a huge public square in the core of the city. There were also differences as regards the type of symbols used due to both dictotors' different roles within their regimes, the degree of didactic intent due to the nature of the commanding ideologies and the level of modernization of both countries, and the diverging versions of antimodernist building style (which they shared with many others elsewhere at the time). 相似文献
4.
Herman van der Wusten 《GeoJournal》2000,52(2):339-344
Stalin and Hitler planned major changes in the townscapes of their capital cities. These plans were part of their effort to install highly mobilized despotic regimes that needed a wide-ranging set of symbols to focus allegiance and to impress awe. These plans remained to some extent paper exercises but part of it left significant traces in the contemporary cities, particularly in Moscow. The intended changes showed similarities in their megalomania expressed in plans for a gigantic dome surrounded by a huge public square in the core of the city. There were also differences as regards the type of symbols used due to both dictotors' different roles within their regimes, the degree of didactic intent due to the nature of the commanding ideologies and the level of modernization of both countries, and the diverging versions of antimodernist building style (which they shared with many others elsewhere at the time). 相似文献
5.
Paul Claval 《GeoJournal》2000,51(1-2):73-81
Capital cities reflect the nature and organization of the states they control. Their functional role is higher in centralized systems, societies where the state is the source of all legitimacy, and countries using Continental Law. It is lower in federal systems, pillarized societies and countries, which are ruled according to a Common Law. The symbolic status of capital cities is higher when the state is the source of all legitimacy, lower in consociationalist societies. Theses processes were responsible for the development of two types of political capital cities and one type of economic and cultural capital cities during the nineteenth century. A partial standardization of the functions and statuses of capital cities occurred later. The European Union is neither a state nor a super-state since its main responsibilities are still in the economic field, it lacks a huge administrative bureaucracy and does not have definitive territorial limits. The European Union has officially three capital cities, Strasbourg, Luxembourg and Brussels. The really important one is Brussels. Its functions are nevertheless quite different from those of national capital cities during the first half of the twentieth century. European capital cities are thriving because most of them managed to become economic metropolises. The result is that the European Union has a complex and rapidly evolving system of capital cities. 相似文献
6.
Yu. A. Lavrushin E. A. Spiridonova A. V. Engovatova 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2016,24(6):637-650
The succession of short-term natural events at the thermal humid maximum in the Middle Ages (10th–12th centuries) within the forest zones of European Russia was established. The archaeological excavation in the most ancient part of the town of Yaroslavl opened a thick cultural horizon, where fragments of lacustrine deposits dating back to the 11th–12th centuries were preserved. The most ancient fragments of the construction, found in lacustrine deposits, date back to the first third of the 13th century. An analysis of the structural and textural peculiarities of these deposits made it possible to reconstruct types of hydrogeological regime in the Timerevo paleolake and a paleostrait between this paleolake and Lake Nero. Thus, the waterway between the central part of the Principality of Rostov and early Yaroslavl (the first Russian settlement at the Great Volga Waterway) was revealed. The probable reasons for a rapid warming event followed by a cooling one in the Middle Ages are discussed. 相似文献
7.
O. Gritsai 《GeoJournal》1997,42(4):341-347
This paper deals with the trends of economic restructuring in Moscow in the 1990s under globalization and reforms. The comparison of structural shifts in Moscow with the largest cities of the West gives an idea about the position of the Russian capital on the trajectory of post-industrial transformation. The analysis covers three dimensions: a) general trends of post-industrial restructuring, b) the role of large cities in national economies, and c) universal and special trends of intra-urban transformation. The reforms of the 1990s initiated many new developments in the economic life of Moscow, making it more similar to the Western cities, both in general sectoral structure and intra-urban landscape. Nevertheless, Moscow still lags far behind the world cities as regards the stage of the most important post-industrial processes. The conflict between new market developments and the inherited patterns of the socialist city becomes one of the driving forces of the economic transformation in Moscow as a whole and in different types of its districts. 相似文献
8.
试图揭示位于我国青藏高原东北部的青海省海西州德令哈地区近千年来世纪尺度年降水量变化规律。分析结果表明,该地区近千年年降水量变化存在显著的多尺度周期变化特征,其中以13～18世纪中的200年主控周期最为明显,并在15～17世纪达到最强,而近200年则以准120年的周期振荡为主,且在19世纪两种主要周期变化趋势相反,在近百年又趋向一致。年降水量序列的均值突变一般以30～100年尺度最为明显,世纪尺度的均值突变时段分别为公元1100～1111年、1403～1449年及1615～1661年,表现为年降水量的减少,以及公元1321～1348年、1497～1557年、1728～1743年及1885～1891年,表现为年降水量的增加。200年以上时间尺度的方差突变主要表现为序列的低频变化幅度,从公元1220年前后至1580年前后持续增大,且以15世纪的方差突变最为明显。 相似文献
9.
Francisco Javier Monclús 《GeoJournal》2000,51(1-2):57-63
Planning strategies in Barcelona are linked to its capital city aspirations. Like other European cities, capitals and non-capitals, Barcelona throughout the course of the 20th century has drawn upon a number of different planning strategies, directed towards reinforcing its prestige at both a national and international level. During this period Barcelona has sought to become Spain's second capital, the cultural capital, the industrial capital, capital of Catalonia, capital of the West Mediterranean, etc. Always in competition with Madrid, the aspirations of capital status ranking have been ambiguous. The dream of the great monumental Barcelona of the start of the century tried to emulate the European capital cities (especially Paris). By contrast more recent strategies emphasise the new role that Barcelona can play within a south-west European macro-region. The subject raised in this paper then is two-fold. On the one hand the continuity or not in the capital aspiration starting from the recuperation of Catalonia's autonomy, with its corresponding urbanistic and architectonic connotations. On the other hand the originality and analogies between strategies carried out in Barcelona, in relation to other European cities, capitals and non-capitals. 相似文献
10.
Johannes Klein Jaana Jarva Dmitry Frank-Kamenetsky Igor Bogatyrev 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(4):1629-1645
The current active development of the city of St. Petersburg in Russia has led to high growth rates in both industrial and housing areas, causing an increased load on geological media. Taking into account the rather unfavourable geological conditions of the city area, such a development can entail to an intensification of environmental risks. Sustainable and cost-effective land-use planning requires information on geological conditions. Stakeholders need general geological information on the area of St. Petersburg, hydrogeological information on groundwater and information on geological risks. Geological risk maps help to identify whether an area under consideration requires special measures for geological risk management. This paper describes a first attempt to analyze potential geological risks in the city of St. Petersburg, Russia. The approach is to introduce a methodology for multi-risk assessment to be used in land-use planning. The core of the methodology is a matrix that assigns a certain level of geological risk depending on the combination of land use stipulated by the master plan of St. Petersburg and geological characteristics. Based on the matrix, a map presenting potential integrated geological risk can be created. At the same time, the combination of the integrated geological risk map, single geological risk maps and the matrix allows the retracement of which geological characteristics and which land use types contribute to the resulting risk. Users of the methodology in St. Petersburg were trained and an end-user manual was prepared by the authors. The methodology was introduced to professionals who utilize geological information and assess potential risks related to geology. 相似文献
11.
Enclosure of the urban commons 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This is an essay about the territorial enclosure of urban neighbourhoods. It develops the argument that the shared public
realms that became regarded as normal in the cities of the 20th century are inherently unstable. More particularly, they are
an unstable form of co-ownership domain (condominium). In many different cultures and economies new forms of local territorial
governance are emerging to make joint consumption more sustainable. Most of the essay is devoted to exploring this evolutionary
argument and is theoretically oriented and illustrated with historical examples. We end with illustrations of urban enclosure
from China, a country that has had to discover almost overnight new forms of organisational, institutional and spatial order. 相似文献
12.
海潮从长江口沿江上溯,可达内陆600km以上的潮区界,为世界大河所少见。中国古人就对这一现象有所感知,在一些文学著作与地方志中可找到长江潮区界及其变化的信息。在公元3世纪末、4世纪初,长江的潮波已越过柴桑(今江西九江);在公元9世纪早期,长江枯水期的潮区界已经退到九江的湓浦口;在13世纪最后的十几年,长江潮区界下移至皖赣交界的小孤山附近。从公元9世纪早期到13世纪晚期的470年间,潮区界下移了64 km,年均为0.136km/a。20世纪中叶以来的学者普遍认为,长江的潮区界又下移至安徽铜陵的大通镇。可见,长江干流在尚未被大型水利工程截断以前,长江潮区界持续向下游移动。在13世纪末至20世纪中叶的670年中,长江潮区界下移170km,年均为0.254km/a,速率几乎是前一时期的2倍。分析表明,潮区界下移速率和三角洲向海的淤长有关,还可能受气候变化的重要影响。对比发现,在长江干流大型水利工程开始蓄水的几年后、九江站流量约8440m3/s的特大枯水时期,潮汐引起的水位上涨影响可达九江附近、即1100多年前中唐时代的潮区界位置。 相似文献
13.
The tide can now propagate upstream for more than 600 km from the Changjiang River estuary to hinterland,which is rare in the world. In China,information and records reflecting tidal limit and its movement in the Changjiang River can be found from some ancient books,literary works and local chronicles. At the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 4th century AD, the tide limit of the Changjiang River reached the upstream of Chaisang(now named Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province). At the early 9th century,the tide limit in the dry season retreated to the Penpukou in Jiujiang. In the last ten years of the 13th century,the tidal limit moved back to the Xiaogushan Mountain near the border between Anhui Province and Jiangxi Province. By the middle of the 20th century,the modern researchers generally agreed that the tidal limit retreated to Datong in Anhui Province. Before the main stream of the Changjiang River was cut off by large-scale water conservancy projects,the tide limit had retreated seaward continuously. From the 3rd decade of the 9th century to the last decade of the 13th century,the tide limit moved downstream 64 km during the 470 years,with an average annual rate of 0.136km/a. During the 670 years from the end of the 13th century to the middle of the 20th century,the tide limit had moved downstream 170 km,with an average annual rate of 0.254 km/a,almost twice as much as that of the previous period. We suggest the climate change accounted for the different retreat rate of the tidal limit between the two periods discussed. In addition,a recent study found that during the extremely dry periods,when the discharge of Jiujiang station was about 8440 m3/s,the tidal limit reached near Jiujiang. In the years when the water conservancy project on the main stream of the Changjiang River began to store water,the tide limit actually returned to the previous position of the middle Tang Dynasty,i.e. 1100 years ago. 相似文献
14.
S. Talamo V. Aldeias P. Goldberg L. Chiotti H. L. Dibble G. Guérin J.-J. Hublin S. Madelaine R. Maria D. Sandgathe T. E. Steele A. Turq S. J. P. Mcpherron 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(7):961-973
The grand abri at La Ferrassie (France) has been a key site for Palaeolithic research since the early part of the 20th century. It became the eponymous site for one variant of Middle Palaeolithic stone tools, and its sequence was used to define stages of the Aurignacian, an early phase of the Upper Palaeolithic. Several Neanderthal remains, including two relatively intact skeletons, make it one of the most important sites for the study of Neanderthal morphology and one of the more important data sets when discussing the Neanderthal treatment of the dead. However, the site has remained essentially undated. Our goal here is to provide a robust chronological framework of the La Ferrassie sequence to be used for broad regional models about human behaviour during the late Middle to Upper Palaeolithic periods. To achieve this goal, we used a combination of modern excavation methods, extensive geoarchaeological analyses, and radiocarbon dating. If we accept that Neanderthals were responsible for the Châtelperronian, then our results suggest an overlap of ca. 1600 years with the newly arrived Homo sapiens found elsewhere in France. 相似文献
15.
This paper describes and analyses the geographical development and the governmental, budget and administrative structure of
Brussels. It defines the place Brussels occupies among the cities of Europe and assesses the value of its Regional Development
Plan. Brussels appears to be highly successful in international inter-city competition, but it also appears to be unable to
develop a strategy for dealing with the problems of the divided city it has become in the late-20th century. Key factors in
explaining this paradox are a discrepancy between the political delimitation of the Brussels Capital Region (a member state
of the federal state of Belgium) and the geographical urban region, and the administrative fragmentation of the Brussels Capital
Region. These factors are strongly related to the reform of the Belgian state and the forces behind this reform. In the absence
of a strategy based on solidarity within the metropolitan community, one has to fear for the development towards a repressive
city.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
James L. Cobban 《GeoJournal》1993,29(2):143-154
Colonial society in Indonesia during the first forty years of the 20th century faced housing problems for both the European and native populations analogous to those in many Third World countries today. Some colonial cities tried to provide more housing first by annexing more land and so making building sites available and second by supporting the few private building societies which arose. In the mid-1920s housing proponents organized two national housing congresses. One result was the creation of limited liability public housing companies financed jointly by the central and city governments. By 1940 these companies had failed to provide more housing and so improve housing conditions particularly for the urban native population. The poverty of the masses, the shortage of funds, increasing populations, and government priorities which existed in colonial Indonesia are different in scale in Third World countries today and one may wonder if present-day solutions to housing problems will be any more effective. 相似文献
17.
Although possessing ancient and distinguished histories, the recent urbanization and planning approaches of Madrid, Rome and Athens are relatively unknown to English-speaking planners and urban geographers. This paper reviews the development of each city from the mid-19th century to the present. Special attention is given to the planning instruments developed in each city to guide growth. Each city experienced rapid growth over the past century because of its capital city functions. As a result of strong growth pressures, city planning policies were frequently subverted by private sector interests. Only in the latter part of the 20th century have planning measures become effective in controlling and directing urban growth. 相似文献
18.
Doklady Earth Sciences - This paper reports on changes in the dates of the beginning, end, and duration of the stable cold and warm seasons in Russia in the second half of the 20th century and the... 相似文献
19.
LEIF KULLMAN OLA ENGELMARK 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1990,19(4):323-331
Radiocarbon dates of subfossil pines found on dry ground above the present-day tree-limit are reported from northern Sweden. The uppermost and oldest specimen germinated c. AD 300–600. During some shorter part of this interval the tree-limit might have been 235 m higher than it was at the turn of the last century. Based on a current adiabatic lapse rate of 0.7°C per 100m, it may be tentatively deduced that the summers were at least 1.6°C warmer. The pine tree-limit and upper pine populations are inferred to have declined substantially shortly after AD 600. The tree-limit reached a low at the end of the Little Ice Age. In parallel with the warming of c. 1°C during the first half of the 20th century the tree-limit advanced 110m altitudinally. Spruce forest dominance seems to have increased at the study site during the first half of the 19th century, when thermal and hygric conditions may have been optimally balanced. Although basically a direct climatic response, it can be hypothesized that the spruce expansion was facilitated by the pine demise during the Little Ice Age. 相似文献
20.
Frolova N. L. Kireeva M. B. Magrickiy D. V. Bologov M. B. Kopylov V. N. Hall J. Semenov V. A. Kosolapov A. E. Dorozhkin E. V. Korobkina E. A. Rets E. P. Akutina Y. Djamalov R. G. Efremova N. A. Sazonov A. A. Agafonova S. A. Belyakova P. A. 《Natural Hazards》2016,80(1):103-125
Hydrological extreme events pose an imminent risk to society and economics. In this paper, various aspects of hydrological hazards in Russia are analysed at different scales of risk assessment. It is shown that the number of hydrological and meteorological hazards in Russia has been growing every year. The frequency of economic losses associated with extreme low flow in this century has increased by factor five compared to the last decade of the previous century. With regard to floods, an interesting spatial patter can be observed. On the one hand, the number of floods in the Asian part of the country has increased, whereas on the other hand, the number and intensity of floods in estuarine areas in the European part of Russia have significantly reduced since the middle of the twentieth century, especially in the 2000s. This decrease can be attributed to runoff flooding in the mouths of regulated rivers, with an effective system of flood and ice jam protection. The analysis shows that there is an 8–12-year periodicity in the number of flood occurrences and that flood surges have intensified over the last 110 years, especially on the European territory of Russia. An integrated index that accounts for flood hazards and socio-economic vulnerability was calculated for each region of Russia. A classification of flood risk was also developed, taking into account more than 20 hydrological and social–economic characteristics. Based on these characteristics, hazard and vulnerability maps for entire Russia were generated which can be used for water management and the development of future water resources plans.
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