共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
Ina Cecić 《Natural Hazards》1994,10(1-2):59-64
In 1986, a project was started concerning the improvement of macroseismic data management in Slovenia. It was decided to establish a network of collaborators all over Slovenia (20 251 km2, approx. 2 million inhabitants), dense enough to allow the use of the MSK scale. Since the uniform spatial distribution with desired density of collaborators is hard to achieve, several methods are being used to obtain new collaborators. At present we have approximately 4100 collaborators in our computer supported database.When an earthquake is felt in Slovenia, the seismologist decides to what areas the questionnaires are to be sent. The prospective observers can be chosen by two criteria: density and quality marks. The density mark allows us to choose a number of observers in the same town or village, based mostly on the quality of answers and demographic conditions. The quality mark is computed, combined with the previous marks, and updated every time a completed questionnaire is returned.The average number of shocks for which the questionnaires are being sent is about 25 per year during the normal seismic activity. The average number of questionnaires is approximately 300 per event. The percentage of the returned questionnaires is above 66%. A user-friendly, interactive program has been developed to manage the database with information about collaborators, to select an area, density and quality threshold of inquiry, and to print addresses onto questionnaires. 相似文献
2.
The ‘era of interdisciplinarity’ heralds collaborative inquiry as effective for addressing complex issues at the nexus of disciplinary interests. Geographers have long argued that they are particularly well-suited to contribute to interdisciplinary endeavors because of the breadth and depth that the discipline enfolds. However, within the literature about geography and interdisciplinarity, we find only two rather limiting conversations. The first conversation is concerned with the role(s) and position of geography within academia and focuses on what geographers can do to distinguish themselves while also improving their interactions with scholars from other disciplines. The second conversation largely revolves around how best to conduct interdisciplinarity ‘in the lab and classroom’ and focuses on practical issues associated with making collaborative research operate smoothly for multiple, disciplinary participants. We propose opening up intellectual space for a third conversation about the benefits, challenges and contributions of individual disciplines in interdisciplinary environments. Using survey data, we analyze how geography was perceived by collaborators from various disciplines in an interdisciplinary Urban Ecology program at the University of Washington. We offer this pilot study as a heuristic for others wishing to perform similar small-scale reflexive exercises and advance this “third conversation”. 相似文献
3.
Sallie L. Burrough David S.G. Thomas Richard M. Bailey 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(15-16):1392-1411
A distinct series of beach ridges marking the former shorelines of large inter-connected lacustrine basins in the Kalahari can be clearly identified from Landsat imagery and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data. These basins, which form the terminal sump of the Okavango system in northern Botswana, are now almost completely dry. During the Quaternary they were intermittently occupied by large stable lake bodies and are thought to have periodically filled to a point of coalescence inundating an area that, at its largest extent, encompassed 66,000 km2. Poor chronological control has previously limited the utility of this important palaeo-archive. As part of a region-wide lake palaeo-shoreline research programme, a systematic optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating programme has utilised a lightweight hydraulic auger to take samples at depth from relict shoreline features. Twenty drill-sites have generated 140 samples for dating, establishing a firm chronology for multiple lake full phases in all three component basins (Ngami, Mababe and Makgadikgadi) of this mega-lake. This paper presents the final set of ages in the programme, derived from four cores from the western and north-eastern shorelines of Makgadikgadi, and uses these ages to establish a chronology of mega-lake high-stands during the last ～300 ka providing a rare directly dated, long terrestrial record of positive hydrological excursions within the southern hemisphere. 相似文献
4.
Social epidemiology as medical geography: Back to the future 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Tom Koch 《GeoJournal》2009,74(2):99-106
There is something very traditional about Nancy Krieger’s decidedly modern work. She advances a social epidemiology that is
multidisciplinary, advancing a “quantitative population science” that is also spatial in its approach and method of analysis.
Many geographers see their work as affirming the potential of medical cartography and geography as disciplines critical to
public health studies of disease incidence. This article argues that the history of epidemiology and public health are historically
spatial and geographic, a link lost in the research of many twentieth century health researchers. A review of the history
of medical geography, and of public health, insists upon the spatiality of disease studies as a critical groundwork not simply
for contemporary disease studies but for the history of disease studies as they have slowly developed over for more than 200 years. 相似文献
5.
S. Lillouch Y. Ait Meziane H. Bendadouche 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(3):348-354
Geotechnics has a significant contribution in the construction engineering and natural risks, by providing for many useful data to direct the regional planning and prevent catastrophes. The geotechnical cartography became imperative to satisfy the intensive requirement of data concerning the soil and the basement, which initiated the urban development, often anarchistic. Indeed the cartography in geotechnics is a very complex task, because information concerning the soil and the basement are diverse. Due to its coastal and touristic position, Bejaia is one of the promising cities of Algeria. The site, on which the city is erected, is as an amphitheater where the sea is the scene. Indeed, Bejaia is located on a site surrounded by mountains on the three sides, north-south -west and it faces the sea on the east, its extension requires the use of lands with broken topography, and lead to appearance of new urban zones. These were built without consulting the experts in the field of the civil engineering, particularly geotechnics. This article presents the geotechnical cartography of Bejaia city; which shows the preliminary results of the zone of study, based on existing geotechnical, geological and topographic data. 相似文献
6.
Hasan M. Bilani 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(1):7
Novel map projections can be derived by solving one of the two primary problems in mathematical cartography: direct and inverse. The combination of the equations of existing projections is a method that belongs to the direct problem category in mathematical cartography. As projections of different types, different classes, and different aspects can be combined, a considerable number of projections can be obtained by using this method. This paper aims to develop a novel projection by combining two conformal cylindrical projections with different aspects, namely normal and transverse, to reduce the distortions in map projection. It is observed that the resulting projection exhibits less distortion than those in normal and transverse cylindrical projections. Furthermore, the developed projection preserves conformality. 相似文献
7.
Jörg Maletz 《Geology Today》2017,33(6):233-240
Every student of palaeontology will stumble upon the term ‘graptolite’ at some point and will wonder what these strange little fossils mean. Thought to be long extinct, the few living graptolites and their extinct relatives have been united quite recently by palaeontologists through cladistic analysis. Not that the extant graptolites were overlooked, but the connection has never been made between the fossil graptolites and their modern descendants. We now have a much better scientific basis for our interpretation and understanding of these fossils and graptolites are recognized as part of a living clade of small and inconspicuous marine organisms, the Pterobranchia. They have been around since the Cambrian Period (c. 520–510 Ma) and, thus, they may represent one of the longest‐existing groups of organisms. Not that they should be termed ‘living fossils’, but their perseverance is remarkable in its own way and may lead to the question as to how they were able to achieve this success and survive for all these eons. May they be able to show us a key to survival in the future? 相似文献
8.
本区发育有十数条叶状石冰川,主要由倒石堆或岩屑锥演化而来。单个的石冰川一般宽60—150m、长35—100m、高30—40m,其顶部有反倾坡和槽脊,其前缘坡脚有挤压翘起平台。对2号石冰川上500块砾石的组构量测表明:1)此类石冰川各处AB面和A轴倾向与各自所处的沉积面坡向较为一致;2)各处AB面比A轴具有更为优势的组构倾向;3)其运动方向是自谷壁向外并垂直于表面等高线方向流动;4)其流动特征与阿尔卑斯舌状石冰川不尽相同,主要是受气候和地形因素影响所致。 相似文献
9.
10.
Mark Williams Vincent Perrier Carys Bennett Thomas Hearing Christopher Stocker Tom Harvey 《Geology Today》2015,31(5):193-200
Ostracods are tiny crustacean arthropods just a few millimetres long, with a bivalved carapace made of calcium carbonate that covers the whole body, and into which the animal can retreat from the world outside. Because of their diminutive size they are largely overlooked as fossils, but they have a fascinating history. Silent witnesses to life in the seas since the time of trilobites, they have a fossil record extending back to the Early Ordovician, and possibly the Cambrian. Ostracods have survived nearly 500 million years of Earth history including the ‘big five’ mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic Eon; they are true survivors. They are almost perfectly adapted for the aquatic environments in which they live, and can be found from the ocean abyssal plains to damp leaf litter. The ostracod carapace is a triumph of biological engineering that has been re‐configured into myriad different morphologies according to environment. Streamlined and agile species plough through the ocean water column, sometimes reaching a ‘giant’ size of a centimetre in length, whilst their tinier sea bottom cousins make elaborately ornamented carapaces to withstand the pressures of living at the seabed, or shape their carapaces into forms that facilitate burrowing into sediment. Ostracods are key components of aquatic ecosystems. As primary consumers they are food for larger animals both in seabed and planktonic habitats, and they recycle much of the organic detritus produced by larger animals and plants. Delve into the history of ostracods and it is possible to find pioneers who triumphed in the plankton, early colonisers of terrestrial aquatic ecosystems, and ostracods that literally conquered the land. And in more recent times, ostracods have even hitched rides on rockets into space. 相似文献
11.
William R. Stanley Prof. Dr. 《GeoJournal》1990,22(1):67-79
Taxes and royalties from the oil industry in Nigeria have made possible massive infrastructural and social development throughout the country; this single industry continues to be the most important contributor to the national treasury. Along with oil, however, have come environmental and social problems, some severe and, in the social sector, possibly of long duration. Questionnaires were employed to solicit environmental and socioeconomic information from residents in the oil-impacted area as well as to ascertain the views of the oil companies with respect to their Nigerian operations, in particular to their socio-economic responsibilities to the local residents. Responses point to serious discontent on the part of the impacted population, especially in the most important southern (Niger Delta) oil producing region. These negative attitudes in part are based upon the impacted population’s inability to secure for itself a sufficiently large number of oil industry jobs and in part to the presence in the local community of ethnic strangers who do have such employment. There is evidence of serious environmental damage, but its biological dimension has been overshadowed by claims for monetary compensation at the local level. Data derived from these investigations might well be applicable in the wider field of trans-national mining and petroleum extraction operations in developing countries, especially to the unwritten social obligations of the expatriate firm to local residents. 相似文献
12.
新近纪哺乳动物的起源、辐射、扩散、绝灭等方面反映了气候环境的重大变化,晚新生代青藏高原的形成对东亚地区哺乳动物的演化具有直接而深远的影响。高原的隆升使自然环境发生改变,环境的变化又导致动物组成和分布的分异,以及动物对环境适应性的调整。中国新近纪哺乳动物化石研究的结果不仅表明哺乳动物群的组成和特征具有明显的区域性差异,而且中国还是一些代表性门类的起源扩散中心,也是哺乳动物洲际迁徙的关键通道。青藏高原新近纪晚期的哺乳动物群具有非常重要的意义,因为在随之而来的第四纪冰期中这些寒冷适应性动物获得了优势地位,由此成为现代动物地理区系和多样性的基础。通过以点带面的综合研究,将能够全面地认识新近纪动物地理区系对重大气候事件的响应,更准确地判断青藏高原隆升对陆地生态系统的影响。 相似文献
13.
影响碎屑岩天然气储层物性的主要控制因素 总被引：25，自引：3，他引：25
碎屑岩天然气储层，尤其是埋藏历史较长、埋深较大的致密碎屑岩天然气储层物性的控制因素比较复杂，本文通过对我国中新生代主要含气盆地的碎屑岩储气层埋藏历史和成岩阶段与孔隙度关系的研究，提出了按产状将碎屑岩储层孔隙分为粒间孔、粒间溶孔、组分内孔隙和裂隙四种类型的划分方案，分析了各类孔隙对砂岩孔渗性的贡献。从碎屑颗粒物理性质和化学性质；砂岩中泥质杂基和自生粘土矿物；沉积速度与埋藏历史；碎屑岩粒径和分选程度；泥质岩成岩作用；构造背景和构造运动以及镜质体反射率和有机质成熟度等方面讨论了它们对碎屑岩天然气储层物性的控制机理。 相似文献
14.
On the basis of modern works of a Spanish paleographer, a North American geographer and, a historian-sailor, also North American, respectively, we have reexamined some controversial aspects of the cosmographic ideas ascribed to the Columbus brothers (Christopher and Bartholomew), regarding the preparation of their first transoceanic voyage. First, we present a discussion of two versions of the translation and explanation of a part or phrase of one of the marginal notes or postils, written supposedly by one of them or both in Latin in their IMAGO MUNDI (d'Ailly, Pierre. Tract of Geography of century XV) copy that seriously questions the credibility of the Columbus brothers' knowledge of the cartography of that time. Secondly, we have analized three hypotheses attempting to explain the methods they could have used, to measure the length of a terrestrial degree either on the equator or on a meridian. We will show that these hypotheses are unacceptable due to the manipulation of the information by its authors and, because there is not enough historical evidence to demonstrate that Christopher Columbus or his brother made such geodesical measurements. 相似文献
15.
The present day morphology of the Zagros fold-thrust belt is dominated by magnificent exposures of NW–SE trending folds. These folds differ in their size and geometry and these differences are related mainly to the rheological profile of the cover rock. The cover rock succession of the Zagros consists of a sequence of competent and incompetent units which vary both along and across the belt. Field based study combined with the use of satellite images reveals that the thickness and facies distribution of the cover rock succession has a significant impact on the style of deformation. During the shortening linked to the current convergence of the Arabian and Iranian plates, the incompetent units act as detachment horizons which localise thrusting and which act as décollement above which detachment folds form. In addition, where these incompetent units are thick (e.g.> 1 km), they allow the deformation above and below them to become completely decoupled enabling disharmonic folding to occur. As a result the folds above and below the incompetent units in the central part of the Zagros Folded Belt, have significantly different geometries and wavelengths. As the Zagros folds host the majority of the hydrocarbon reserves in Iran and Iraq, an understanding of the processes that influence their geometry and spatial organization at different levels in the cover rock is crucial for the future exploration in the region. 相似文献
16.
Youjun Zhang Toshimori Sekine Yin Yu Hongliang He Chuanmin Meng Fusheng Liu Mingjian Zhang 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2014,41(5):313-322
Antigorite is one kind of hydrous serpentine that is present in meteorites and in the Earth mantle. In order to understand its dynamic behaviors, metastability and decomposition, shock experiments on antigorite have been conducted using a two-stage gas gun, and wave profiles of particle velocities have been measured to obtain the Hugoniot up to ~130 GPa and sound velocity at high pressures. The results show three regions of low-pressure phase below ~43 GPa and its metastable extension above a pressure of ~43 GPa for short durations of shock and high-pressure phase(s) above a pressure of ~43 GPa for long durations of shock. The dynamic behaviors of antigorite depend on not only the pressure but also the compression duration. Metastable extension state indicates that antigorite may survive beyond the stability depending on the shock conditions. Shock temperatures for antigorite are calculated along the Hugoniot. The pressure–density, sound velocity–pressure and shock temperature–pressure plots demonstrate that the decomposition reaction of antigorite into high-pressure phase(s) is accompanied by a volume expansion, sound velocity increase and temperature decrease, relative to the metastable extension phase above ~43 GPa. The decomposition should be sluggish and needs enough reaction time to complete and to overcome the activation energy. As a result of the high metastability of antigorite and possible decomposition assemblages, the hydrous serpentine (antigorite) may play a crucial role for the origin of water during the Earth accretion. 相似文献
17.
《Geoforum》2014
The high-growth, resource- and pollution-intensive industrialization model that China has pursued has caused severe environmental pollution and deterioration, particularly in a number of clusters in the coastal regions of East and Southeast China, where the Reform and Opening-up policies first started. The lack of uptake of environmental norms/values, deficit of regulatory enforcement of environmental policies, and insufficient institutional capacity have been compounding factors. As environmental standards were raised by China’s central government, the enforcement of environmental regulation has been compromised more in inland China than in coastal regions, due to China’s “decentralized governance structure” and regional disparity in terms of both economic development and environmental pollution. This paper therefore argues that rising environmental regulations, as well as firm characteristics, regional hub effect and political environment, have all been particularly important in forcing China’s pollution-intensive enterprises to restructure their production, through innovation, upgrading, geographical relocation, outsourcing and plant closure, especially in China’s coastal regions. It contributes to recent studies by developing a heuristic analytical framework that aims to be sensitive to the impacts of environmental regulation, political environment and regional hub effect over firm restructuring, but which does so by stressing these impacts are simultaneously inflected by the nature and attributes of firms. The empirical analysis suggests a roughly inverted “U”-shaped relationship between firm relocation tendency and firm size (or firm capability), resulting from complex interactions between political environment, regional hub effect and environmental regulation. 相似文献
18.
Zhongshu Zhao 《GeoJournal》1992,26(2):149-152
Round sky and square earth is a basic concept in the tradition of ancient Chinese geography. It appeared at least two thousand years ago and has influenced Chinese geography significantly — both for good and for ill. As an academic subject in China, the history of geographical thought is new. It has become the center of geographical history (Yang 1989, p. 7; Wang 1982, p. 4). This transformation began in the 1980s. Earlier studies of the history of ancient Chinese geography paid more attention to the history of exploration, cartography, and geographers themselves. It neglected serious study of the concept and influence of the idea of round sky and square earth. This paper discusses this concept, its influence on ancient Chinese cartography, and its significance in early geographical literature, specifically the Geographical Society Yu Gong (Tribute of Yu). 相似文献
19.
随着电子计算机在地图学中的应用，屏幕显示地图日益广泛。为开发地图应用的潜力，利用计算机自动语音合成技术研制成功的屏幕有声地图系统，为实现地图有声化开辟了一个新的途径。介绍了屏幕有声地图的结构原理及其特点。 相似文献
20.
R. Stoneley 《Tectonophysics》1975,25(3-4)
Regional geological evidence appears to be incompatible with the hypothesis that the alpine-type ophiolites, which are found at numerous localities on the northern margins of the Arabian and Indian continental blocks, represent oceanic lithosphere emplaced by obduction. All of them were emplaced during the same brief period in the Late Cretaceous, at which time these Gondwana continents were at varying distances from Eurasia and were drifting passively northwards towards a north-dipping subduction zone at the opposing, northern side of the closing Tethys ocean: they were apparently emplaced on inactive continental margins which show no evidence of underlying subduction or, necessarily, of compression. As a possible solution to the problem of their origin, it is suggested that they reached their present positions above the miogeosynclines on the continental margins by means of gravitational gliding from an uplift, caused by the intrusion/extrusion of mantle material at a locus of weakness along those margins. Although some material from the former Tethys floor may be included, the ophiolites are thought to consist primarily of mantle material that has broken through the earth's surface under conditions of tension. The necessary identification of ophiolites as fragments of oceanic lithosphere, as marking former plate boundaries, and as indicative of a compressive environment, should be regarded with caution. 相似文献