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1.
In this study, a novel method for measuring sand creep along a flat bed was developed. Specifically, a high-speed digital camera was employed to record the sand creep movement. With an unsigned image subtraction, a new image queue could be formed from the original experimental images. The particle tracking was then calculated, after which the velocity and trajectory of the creep of sand grains was obtained. In addition, the creep fluxes of the different sand samples could also be calculated based on the velocities of the creep grains. 相似文献
2.
Qingjie Han Jianjun Qu Kongtai Liao Kecun Zhang Ruiping Zu Qinghe Niu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(1):243-250
In this study, wind tunnel tests were performed to determine the relationships between sediment transport, the surface moisture content, and wind velocity using beach sands from a tropical humid coastal area of China. The variation in the properties of the creep proportion, relative decay rate as a function of height, and average saltation height in the flux profile were determined. Sand transport was measured using a standard vertical sand trap. The creep proportion (i.e., the proportion of the particles that move along the surface rather than undergoing saltation) and relative decay rate decreased and more particles were ejected to higher positions as moisture content and wind velocity increased. The creep proportion ranged between 0.12 and 0.33, and averaged 0.22. The creep proportion and relative decay rate decreased abruptly at moisture contents between 0.587 and 1.448%; the latter value was close to 1.591%, the moisture content at a matric potential of ?1.5 MPa. This moisture content limit may indicate a change in the form of soil water from adsorbed films on particle surfaces to capillary forces created by inter-particle water bridges. The surface moisture content therefore appears to decisively determine the degree of the restraint on particle entrainment by the wind. The average heights, below which 25, 50, 75, and 90% of sand transport occurred, increased with increasing moisture content (except at 0.231% moisture content) and wind velocity. The mean saltation height at various wind velocities increased linearly with increasing moisture content. 相似文献
3.
William F. Tanner 《Sedimentary Geology》1980,25(3):223-230
Indian mounds, near Careyville, Florida, about 2.0 m high, are located on hillsides and hilltops 10 to 20 m above the floodplain of the nearest river (Choctawhatchee). Each mound is composed largely of quartz sand, with a scattering of artefacts and stream pebbles (not in layers), but with no visible bedding.Probability plots showed 25 Gaussian distributions, 18 having the ‘dune hump’, three having the ‘surf break’ and nine being doubly-truncated or having other patterns of unknown or uncertain origin. The surf breaks probably were inherited from pre-Pleistocene marine terraces in the area. The pebbles and the sand were not introduced by the same agency. The sand probability plots, taken as a set, indicate an eolian origin. The rough symmetry of the mounds, and the lack of cross-bedding, argue against a migrating dune origin.On a variability plot (showing the variability of the means versus the variability of the standard deviations), one suite of samples fell clearly within the ‘dune’ number field, a second suite in the overlap area between ‘dune’ and ‘beach’, and a third suite, taken immediately adjacent to a creek bed, plotted in the overlap area between ‘beach’ and ‘coastal plain stream’.The pebbles, of common Southern Appalachian types, are attributed to the activities of the inhabitants, perhaps children. The sand is thought to have been carried by the wind, perhaps from nearby river sand bars, or from areas burned either by lightning-set wildfires or as part of “slash-and-burn” agriculture. The mounds are thought to represent clearings (for huts), and hence good trapping devices for wind-borne sand. 相似文献
4.
This laboratory study seeks to investigate the effect of surface irregularities on the motion characteristics of a falling rock. The irregularly-shaped surfaces of greywacke with a range of joint roughness coefficient (JRC) from 2 to 18 were used in an experimental setup where a falling rock was dropped from a height of 110 cm. A high-speed camera was utilised to capture the trajectory of the falling rock upon its impact with the rock surface. The data from 287 tests were statistically analysed to determine the dominant type of motion and to establish relationships between JRC and the coefficient of restitution (CoR). The effect of surface roughness was seen in different modes of motion of the falling rock with more irregular surfaces often produced ‘sliding’ or ‘rolling’ instead of ‘bouncing’. The obtained data indicated that the rock surface roughness did not seem to have a significant effect on CoR; however, it affected the rebound angle of the falling rock. 相似文献
5.
Using a model that couples wind flow with the motion of sand particles under different atmospheric stability intensities,
this paper studied the effects of atmospheric stability on the trajectory and velocity of sand particles in the saltation
layer, and the duration before a steady state was achieved. The vertical velocity, horizontal distance, and the maximum height
of saltating sand particles increased with increasingly negative stability intensity under unstable conditions. The wind–sand
flow reached equilibrium more quickly with increasingly negative stability intensity under unstable conditions, but reached
equilibrium more slowly with increasing stability intensity under stable conditions. 相似文献
6.
Field measurements of the flux and speed of wind-blown sand 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
A field experiment was conducted to measure the flux and speed of wind-blown sand under known conditions in a natural setting. The experiment, run at Pismo Beach, California, involved a tract 100 m long (parallel with the wind) by 20 m wide. The site was instrumented with four arrays of anemometers to obtain wind velocity profiles through the lower atmospheric boundary-layer, temperature probes to determine atmospheric stability and wind vanes to determine wind direction. From these measurements, wind friction speeds were derived for each experimental run. In order to measure sand saltation flux, a trench 3 m long by 10 m wide (transverse to the wind direction) by 0·5 m deep was placed at the downwind end of the tract and lined with 168 collector bins, forming an ‘egg-box’ pattern. The mass of particles collected in each bin was determined for four experimental runs. In order to assess various sand-trap systems used in previous experiments, 12 Leatherman traps, one Fryberger trap and one array of Ames traps were deployed to collect particles concurrently with the trench collection. Particle velocities were determined from analysis of high-speed (3000 and 5000 frames per second) motion pictures and from a particle velocimeter. Sand samples were collected from the trench bins and the various sand traps and grain size distributions were determined. Fluxes for each run were calculated using various previously published expressions, and then compared with the flux derived from the trench collection. Results show that Bagnold's (1941) model and White's (1979) equation most closely agree with values derived from the trench. Comparison of the various collector systems shows that the Leatherman and Ames traps most closely agree with the flux derived from the trench, although these systems tended to under-collect particles. Particle speeds were measured from analysis of motion pictures for saltating particles in ascending and descending parts of their trajectories. Results show that particle velocities from the velocimeter are in the range 0·5–7·0 m s?1, compared to a wind friction velocity of 0·32–0·43 m s?1 and a wind velocity of 2·7–3·9 m s?1 at the height of the particle measurements. Descending particles tended to exceed the speeds of ascending particles by ～ 0·5 m s?1. 相似文献
7.
YanYan Yang LianYou Liu XiaoYan Li PeiJun Shi GuoMing Zhang YiYing Xiong YanLi Lyu LanLan Guo Bo Liang MengDi Zhao JiaDong Dai XiYang Zuo XuJiao Han 《Sedimentology》2019,66(2):590-603
Aeolian sand entrainment, saltation and deposition are important and closely related near surface processes. Determining how grains are sorted by wind requires a detailed understanding of how aerodynamic sand transport processes vary within the saltating layer with height above the bed. Grain‐size distribution of sand throughout the saltation layer and, in particular, how the associated flux of different grain size changes with variation in wind velocity, remain unclear. In the present study, a blowdown wind tunnel with a 50 cm thick boundary layer was used to investigate saltating sand grains by analyzing the weight percentage and transport flux of different grain‐size fractions and the mean grain size at different wind velocities. It was found that mean grain size decreases with height above the sand bed before undergoing a reversal. The height of the reversal point ranges from 4 to 40 cm, and increases with wind velocity following a non‐linear relationship. The content of the finer fractions (very fine and fine sand) initially increases above the sand bed and then decreases slightly with height, whereas that of the coarser fractions (medium and coarse sand) exhibits the opposite trend. The content of coarser grains and the mean grain size of sand in the saltation layer increase with wind velocity, indicating erosional selectivity with respect to grains in multi‐sized sand beds; but this size selectivity decreases with increasing wind velocity. The vertical mass flux structure of fine sand and very fine sand does not obey a general exponential decay pattern under strong wind conditions; and the coarser the sand grain, the greater the decrease rate of their transport mass with height. The results of these experiments suggest that the grain‐size distribution of a saltating sand cloud is governed by both wind velocity and height within the near‐surface boundary layer. 相似文献
8.
Grain-size distributions of fluvial, eolian and marine sediments were explicated decades ago. For lake sediments, however, there is still great uncertainty in explaining the genesis of grain-size components due to the inherent complexity of their polymodal distributions. In this study, the grain-size components of the surface sediments of Daihai Lake, Inner Mongolia, were partitioned using a lognormal distribution function and the relationship between the identity of each component and the specific sedimentary environment was investigated. The data indicate that the modern clastic sediments of Daihai Lake contain five distinct unimodal grain-size distributions representing five grain-size components. Each of the components retains its identity including modal size, manner of transportation and environment of deposition although the relative percentage varies with the hydraulic condition throughout the lake. These components are specified from fine to coarse modes as long-term suspension clay, offshore-suspension fine silt and medium-to-coarse silt, and nearshore-suspension fine sand and saltation medium sand. The percentage of the components interpreted as an indication of nearshore environments displays a negative correlation with water depth across the modern lakebed, suggesting a model for linking the nearshore components in sediment cores to the lake level status in the geological past. The model was applied to a sediment core from the lake where high percentages of the nearshore components in the core sediments were correlated with low regional precipitations reconstructed on the pollen profile of the same core. The coincidences between two independent proxies do not only demonstrate the validity of lognormal distribution function in partitioning polymodal sediments but also reveals the potential of the grain-size component–lake level status model for lake’s paleohydrological reconstruction. 相似文献
9.
钙质砂是远洋地区港口、机场和民用建筑等构筑物的天然地基材料。通过钙质砂一维压缩蠕变试验和微观结构测试,发现了蠕变前后表面孔隙面积减小且呈分散分布的规律以及试验过程中试样瞬时变形、快速变形和衰减变形特征与粒径的高度相关性;利用基于分形理论改进的相对颗粒破碎率和质量分形维数描述了蠕变前后颗粒破碎程度,得到了分形维数和蠕变与时间的衰减形态曲线关系以及宏观质量分形维数和微观表面分形维数的线性关系,并在此基础上对单一粒径组钙质砂蠕变过程中的分形破碎行为进行了多尺度分析和宏微观跨尺度关联性研究,获得了蠕变过程中颗粒破碎发展以及微观孔隙变化规律,证明了钙质砂蠕变过程中的颗粒重组排列、破碎和研磨行为,揭示了钙质砂蠕变机制。 相似文献
10.
钙质砂是一种海洋生物沉积形成的具有特殊结构和力学性质的岩土材料,是我国南海岛礁吹填工程的物源材料。为进一步了解其蠕变特性,采用三轴流变仪对取自中国南海某岛礁的钙质砂进行不同围压条件下的长期蠕变试验研究。试验结果表明,在小于其破坏强度的恒定应力作用下,饱和钙质砂发生衰减蠕变,随时间增加,变形不断增加,但变形速率不断减小,直至变形稳定,所受应力越大则达到变形稳定所需时间越长,且蠕变变形量与所受偏应力正相关、与有效围压反相关。应力-应变与应变-时间均为非线性关系。试验研究发现,可采用幂函数对钙质砂蠕变应变-时间进行数学描述,基于试验结果,提出了一种蠕变应变与时间、偏应力和有效围压相关的四参数新的蠕变模型,可以对钙质砂的蠕变过程进行较好的数学描述;与经典的Mesri蠕变模型相比,所提出的数学蠕变模型不需要开展常规三轴压缩试验确定破坏时的峰值偏应力,减少了试验工作,具有一定的优势。 相似文献
11.
Eduard A. Koster 《第四纪科学杂志》1988,3(1):69-83
Although partly active aeolian sand sheets and dunes cover large areas in the zones of (dis)continuous permafrost, little precise information is available about the influence of cold-climate conditions on modern aeolian processes. This means that palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in the stabilised, mainly Late Pleistocene dune fields and cover sand regions in the ‘sand belts’ of the European Lowlands and the Northern Great Plains of the USA and Canada, are necessarily still based on ancient evidence. Cold-climate wind deposits are typically derived from areas of abundant sediment supply like unvegetated flood plains, glacial outwash plains, till plains and lake shores. The common parabolic and transverse dune forms resemble those observed in temperate regions. Although a variety of periglacial features has been identified in Late Pleistocene dune and cover sands none of them indicate that permafrost is crucial to aeolian activity. Specific structures in aeolian strata permit tentative interpretation of the moisture content of depositional sand surfaces, the nature of annual sedimentation cycles and the processes by which strata were deposited and/or contorted. But surprisingly little is known about the role of vegetation in the process of sand accumulation. Dunes are most informative with respect to reconstructions of past wind regimes, which offer important data for verification of palaeoclimatic simulations. 相似文献
12.
The discrete element method has been used to investigate the micro mechanics of cemented sand. High‐pressure drained triaxial tests are modelled in 3D using a flexible membrane that allows the correct deformation to develop. Simulations with up to 12 MPa confining pressure are presented, which are compared with laboratory experiments on a sand with a range of cement contents. Cementation is modelled using ‘parallel bonds’, and various parameters and strength distributions are investigated. Varying levels of cementation are successfully modelled, with the correct qualitative behaviour observed and the separate effects of cementation and confining pressures demonstrated. The triaxial behaviour is found to be highly influenced by the distribution of bond strengths. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
The characteristics of wind-blown sand on Gobi/mobile sand surface have been investigated through field observation and wind
tunnel experiments. On moving sand surface, the pattern of wind speed profile in sand flow follows the power function
and its power exponent is about 0.20. While on Gobi surface, due to collision of sand grains with gravels, the structure
of sand flow differs from that on moving sand surface, which decreases exponentially with height. The height of blown sand
activities on Gobi surface is mainly concentrated below 20 cm. In addition, the structure of sand flow can reach a peak at
a certain height and increases with inlet wind velocity. 相似文献
14.
A vertical-slot sand trap was constructed incorporating a device to adjust the freedom of flow through the trap. Using a dune-sand of equivalent diameter 0.25 mm, measurements of sand transport were made with this flow so adjusted that no change of sand surface geometry detectable by eye occurred upstream of the trap; this was considered to be a correct procedure. Further measurements were taken with the flow through the trap deliberately set to be (a) more vigorous and (b) less vigorous than the correct setting. In the latter case very significant differences were observed in measured transport rates of sand compared with the ‘correct’measurements. The disparities are of interest because it is commonly assumed that sand grains have enough ‘penetration’to enter a slot trap freely despite a degree of stagnation upstream of it. This does not appear to be a prudent assumption and substantial errors may result from lack of attention to the provision of free air flow through the trap. 相似文献
15.
Wind tunnel experiments were carried out with respect to the vertical distributions of wind-blown sand flux and the processes
of aeolian erosion and deposition under different wind velocities and sand supplies above beds with different gravel coverage.
Preliminary results revealed that the vertical distribution of wind-blown sand flux was a way to determine whether the gobi
sand stream was the saturated one or not. It had different significances to indicate characteristics of transport and deposition
above gobi beds. Whether bed processes are of aeolian erosion or deposition was determined by the sand stream near the surface,
especially within 0–6 cm height, while the sand transport was mainly influenced by the sand stream in the saltating layer
above the height of 6 cm. The degree of the abundance of sand supply was one of the important factors to determine the saturation
level of sand stream, which influenced the characteristic of aeolian erosion and deposition on gravel beds. Given the similar
wind condition, the sand transport rates controlled by the saturated flow were between 2 and 8 times of the unsaturated one.
Those bed processes controlled by the saturated flow were mainly of deposition, and the amount of sand accumulation increased
largely as the wind speed increased. In contrast, the bed processes controlled by the unsaturated flow were mainly of aeolian
erosion. Meanwhile, there was an obvious blocking sand ability within the height of 0–2 cm, and the maximal value of sand
transport occurred within the surface of 2–5 cm height. 相似文献
16.
In recent years, a new model for deposition of sand bodies in a shelf environment has appeared. This model, known as the shelf sand-plume model, is hypothesized to result from storm-driven currents that are deflected around a deltaic headland, stripping sand from the headland and redepositing it in a downcurrent ‘plume’ on the inner shelf. The modern analogue for this model is considered to be an arcuate shelf sand body located off the Damietta branch of the Nile Delta. However, the distribution of older deltaic and shoreline sands probably controls the arcuate outline of the sand body. The present current system has certainly reworked these sands into ridges and large-scale bedforms but is not responsible for the overall outline of the sand body. Grain-size range and distribution of sand on the shelf demonstrate that the source of sand in the Nile shelf sand body is not the modern Damietta headland as postulated by the shelf sandplume model. In our view, the shelf sand-plume model is presently unsubstantiated and has orginated as a misapplication of the original Nile example. As a geological model, the shelf sand-plume model lacks a set of observable, consistently applicable criteria. The only common denominator to the model is the ‘plume’ geometry of a sand body located off a deltaic promontory. However, workers postulating the existence of shelf sand-plumes have neither clearly established a ‘plume’ geometry nor shown the juxtaposition of these bodies with respect to coeval deltaic headlands in their outcrop or subsurface examples. The model does not provide criteria to distinguish a ‘shelf sand-plume’ from other classes of shelf sand bodies, notably sand ridges and storm-generated sheet-like sands. Its application to the rock record should be re-evaluated. 相似文献
17.
Dynamic processes acting on a longitudinal (seif) sand dune 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
HAIM TSOAR 《Sedimentology》1983,30(4):567-578
ABSTRACT Field measurements were made on a longitudinal dune in the Sinai Desert in order to understand its morphology and dynamics. The field measurements contradicted the wind structure indicated by the helicoidal flow theory. Rather, it was found that winds coming from two basically different directions at different times and striking the dune obliquely were responsible for sand transport and erosion or deposition along the lee flank.
The essence of this mechanism is the deflection of the wind airflow on the lee flank of the dune to a direction parallel to the crest line. The occurrence of erosion or deposition depends upon the angle of incidence between the wind and the crest line. When this angle is < 40° the velocity of the deflected wind is higher than on the crest line or the windward flank and longitudinal sand transport occurs. When the angle is less acute (> 40°) the velocity of the deflected wind drops and deposition takes place on the lee flank.
The angle of incidence in each wind storm is changed intermittently between 30° and 100° along the dune because the dune meanders and because of the sinuous outline of the crest line. In this manner sand transport and erosion or deposition occurs along the lee flank depending on the angle of incidence between the wind and the crest line. As a result of the deflection of the wind the dune elongates at an average rate of more than 1 m per month. Peaks and saddles along the crest line advance at an average rate of 0.7 m per month.
The lack of uniformity in the effects of the wind on both sides of the dune creates a lack of uniformity in the rate of erosion and deposition. This can explain the formation of peaks along the crest line of the dune. 相似文献
The essence of this mechanism is the deflection of the wind airflow on the lee flank of the dune to a direction parallel to the crest line. The occurrence of erosion or deposition depends upon the angle of incidence between the wind and the crest line. When this angle is < 40° the velocity of the deflected wind is higher than on the crest line or the windward flank and longitudinal sand transport occurs. When the angle is less acute (> 40°) the velocity of the deflected wind drops and deposition takes place on the lee flank.
The angle of incidence in each wind storm is changed intermittently between 30° and 100° along the dune because the dune meanders and because of the sinuous outline of the crest line. In this manner sand transport and erosion or deposition occurs along the lee flank depending on the angle of incidence between the wind and the crest line. As a result of the deflection of the wind the dune elongates at an average rate of more than 1 m per month. Peaks and saddles along the crest line advance at an average rate of 0.7 m per month.
The lack of uniformity in the effects of the wind on both sides of the dune creates a lack of uniformity in the rate of erosion and deposition. This can explain the formation of peaks along the crest line of the dune. 相似文献
18.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(3):179-190
Void ratio has been used as a state variable for predicting the liquefaction behaviour of soils under the critical state, sometimes also referred to as the steady state, framework. Recent publications show that void ratio may not be a good parameter for characterising sand with fines because the steady state line (or curve) in the e-log(p′) space moves downward with increase in fines content until it reaches a threshold value referred to as the threshold fines content (TFC). Recently, an alternative state variable, referred to as the equivalent granular void ratio, has been proposed to resolve this problem. To calculate this alternative state variable, an additional parameter ‘b’ is needed. This parameter ‘b’ represents the fraction of fines that actively participate in the force structure of the solid skeleton. However, predicting the ‘b’ value is problematic. This paper examines the factors affecting the ‘b’ value based on published work on binary packing. This leads to a simple semi-empirical equation for predicting the ‘b’ value based on fines size and fines content. The proposed equations were evaluated with published data sets. Then, the concept of an equivalent granular steady state line is proposed. This concept was used to predict the location of SSLs for sand with different fines content from either the SSL of clean sand or the SSL of sand with a given fines content. The predictions agree well with experimental results. 相似文献
19.
大庆长垣西部地区葡萄花油层主要发育水下分流河道和小片席状砂,砂体厚度1~3 m,横向变化快,分布零散,地震储层预测精度受到限制,给油藏评价和开发带来较大风险。为了提高薄窄砂体预测精度,以古龙油田为例,提出了分步逐级井震联合反演方法:以岩石物理响应特征分析为基础,优选反演方法,优化流程参数,不断增加滚动井数,通过5批161口开发井的优选及调整,砂体预测精度不断提高,确保了该油田初步开发方案实施效果,形成了可以推广应用的滚动预测跟踪调整的工作流程。 相似文献
20.
Problems of vertical alignment and vibrations of disposable coffee cups used in a modified version of the De Ploey saltating sand catcher were solved. The new version was tested in a sediment wind tunnel. Its catches appeared linearly related to amounts of eroded sand, largely independent of wind speed and wind direction, and depended logarithmically on height. The catch efficiency may therefore be taken to be approximately independent of wind speed and direction. The instrument performed well under conditions of inhomogeneously saltating sand in a strongly desertified environment in Central Sudan. Use and results show the improved simple catcher to be easy to assemble, reproducible and cheap, suitable for multipoint use to cover all inhomogeneities in outdoor saltating sand fields. 相似文献