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1.
Lin Li Yi Pan Farshad Amini Kuang Cuiping Jean-Louis Briaud 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2014,32(4):847-857
Post-Katrina investigations revealed that most earthen levee damage occurred on the levee crest and land-side slope as a result of either wave overtopping, storm surge overflow, or a combination of both. This study addresses erosion resistance performance of a levee strengthening technique—high performance turf reinforcement mat under combined wave and surge overtopping conditions using full-scale flume tests as well as erosion function apparatus (EFA) tests. Based on the results of full-scale flume tests, an “upper limit” of soil loss is observed for certain flow conditions. Erosion rate was presented as a function of velocity and freeboard. The effect of duration of overtopping on the erosion depth is also determined. The results of EFA tests indicate that the presence of grass roots substantially improve the critical velocity and soil erodibility. 相似文献
2.
Mariamawit Borga Burak F. Tanyu Celso M. Ferreira Juan L. Garzon Michael Onufrychuk 《Natural Hazards》2017,87(3):1285-1311
Hurricanes and tropical storms represent one of the major hazards in coastal communities. Storm surge generated by strong winds and low pressure from these systems have the potential to bring extensive flooding in coastal areas. In many cases, the damage caused by the storm surge may exceed the damage from the wind resulting in the total collapse of buildings. Therefore, in coastal areas, one of the sources for major structural damage could be due to scour, where the soil below the building that serves as the foundation is swept away by the movement of the water. The existing methodologies to forecast hurricane flood damage do not differentiate between the different damage mechanisms (e.g., inundation vs. scour). Currently, there are no tools available that predominantly focus on forecasting scour-related damage for buildings. Such a tool could provide significant advantages for planning and/or preparing emergency responses. Therefore, the focus of this study was to develop a methodology to predict possible scour depth due to hurricane storm surges using an automated ArcGIS tool that incorporates the expected hurricane conditions (flow depth, velocity, and flood duration), site-specific building information, and the associated soil types for the foundation. A case study from Monmouth County (NJ), where the scour damages from 2012 Hurricane Sandy were recorded after the storm, was used to evaluate the accuracy of the developed forecasting tool and to relate the scour depth to potential scour damage. The results indicate that the developed tool provides relatively consistent results with the field observations. 相似文献
3.
Details of an experimental study for 22 clear-water scour tests around bridge piers are presented in three combinations of flow-altering countermeasures against bed erosion. The combined countermeasures are as follows: (1) berm and geometry; (2) berm, geometry, and centered slot; and (3) berm, geometry, and off-centered slots. First, four different cross-sections were selected for the model piers (A series). The results of this group have shown that the lenticular model can decrease the scour depth remarkably. The efficient height of a berm was then determined through B series of tests for circular cylindrical model pier. Then, it was found that the first combination (C series) could not decrease the bed erosion significantly. Also, the second combination (D series) mainly decreased the scour depth only in the circular and round-nosed rectangular geometries. Finally, the third combination (E series) used for the first time with considering its structural aspects can be considered as the most effective countermeasure only for the common geometries of the model piers. The results showed that the combination of different countermeasures would not be an efficient tool for all geometries of model piers. 相似文献
4.
自1987年起,在实验流域和代表流域对现行流量过程线划分两种径流成分的环境同位素法的基本假定进行了实验检验.结果表明,由于沉域水文系统同位素条件的复杂性,8项基本假定大多是不正确观念,应用该模型所得结果误差较大.研究认为对天然流域流量过程线使用环境同位素方法划分两种或两种以上径流组分时,必须具有4项必要条件,才能取得合理结果. 相似文献
5.
The breach of landslide dam often causes significant disaster in the inundated area; the prediction of breach hydrograph is in high demand for the dam breach risk evaluation. In this study, according to the model tests and Tangjiashan landslide dam breach case, the surface erosion accompanied by intermittent mass failure is known as the key breaching mechanism for landslide dam due to overtopping failure. The downstream slope angle would gradually decrease during the dam-breaching process, whereas a planar wedge failure occurs when the breach slopes at the dam crest and downstream breach channel fail. Based on the breach mechanism, a numerical model for landslide dam breach due to overtopping is developed to simulate the coupling process of water and soil. The model focuses on the breach morphology evolution during the breaching for the sake of the improvement of breach hydrograph prediction. Furthermore, the model can handle one- and two-sided breach, as well as incomplete and base erosion at the vertical direction. The case study of Tangjiashan landslide dam-breaching feedback analysis testifies the rationality of the present model with the relative errors less than 10% for peak discharge, final breach widths, and time to peak. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the final breach depth and soil erodibility affect the breach flow prediction of the landslide dam significantly, whereas the one- or two-sided breach mode is less sensitive. 相似文献
6.
7.
大地电磁法的1D无偏差贝叶斯反演 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用贝叶斯理论对一维(1D)大地电磁反演问题进行无偏差不确定度分析。在贝叶斯理论中,测量数据和先验信息包含在后验概率密度函数(PPD)中,它可以解释成模型的单点估计和不确定度等贝叶斯推断,这些信息的获取需要对反演问题进行优化求最优模型和在高维模型空间中对PPD进行采样积分。采样的完全、彻底和效率,对反演结果有着重要的影响。为了使采样更有效、更完全,数值积分采用主分量参数空间的Metropolis Hastings采样,并采用了不同的采样温度。在反演中,同时采用了欠参数化和超参数化方法,数据误差和正则化因子被当成随机变量。反演结果得到各参数的不确定度、参数间的相关关系和不同深度模型的不确定度分布。COPROD1数据的反演结果表明模型空间中存在双峰结构。非地电参数在反演中得到了约束,说明数据本身不仅包含地球物理模型信息(电导率等),还包含了这些非地电参数的信息。 相似文献
8.
为进一步优化拦砂坝溢流口体型,确定溢流口几何参数取值,通过物理模拟实验研究了不同拦砂坝溢流口体型条件下泥石流过坝的流态、坝后冲刷深度、消能率变化规律,并根据拦砂坝埋深设计标准与松散体水下临界平衡关系,探讨了溢流口收缩率的合理取值范围,结果表明:采用斜面或者大倾角的反弧型溢流口时,坝后泥石流落点与坝脚的距离近、冲刷深度大,而采用无倾角的反弧型溢流面时,不仅可以在一定程度上减小冲刷深度,而且大大增加了坝后泥石流落点与坝脚的距离;在泥石流规模与溢流面曲率半径相同情况下,适当增大侧向收缩率,有利于增强泥石流体与坝后动床之间的相互作用,提高泥石流通过坝后冲刷坑的消能率;当溢流口收缩率在0.2~0.6之间时,冲刷深度满足设计要求,且泥石流跌落点距坝脚较远,冲刷坑发展不会危及坝体安全。 相似文献
9.
Suspended sediments present in the flow are known to affect the flow resistance, velocity distribution and turbulent characteristics. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory flume to see the effect of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) on local scour around a cylindrical pier for a wide range of clay–sand mixed sediment beds for SSC up to 2700 mg/L. It has been observed that the effect of SSC on equilibrium scour hole parameters such as maximum equilibrium scour depth, and longitudinal and transverse extent of scour hole can be significant. Present data showed that the presence of SSC in the range 993–1332 mg/L can increase maximum equilibrium scour depth as much as 1.54 times compared to the clear water case. However, tests made for SSC in the range 2456–2700 mg/L showed that the maximum equilibrium scour depth reduced compared to that for SSC in the range 993–1332 mg/L, but these maximum equilibrium scour depths were still larger than that obtained for clear water. The effect of SSC on time variation of scour and equilibrium scour hole geometry was further investigated. 相似文献
10.
水下大直径淹没圆柱在波流共同作用下的冲刷特性与非淹没情况有较大差别。在波流水槽中开展局部冲刷试验,将大直径淹没圆柱模型安装在中值粒径0.22 mm的平底沙床内,改变波浪波高和周期、水流流速和方向、圆柱淹没率,测量圆柱周围流速变化,记录柱周冲深发展历时,运用激光地形仪测量冲刷坑的地形形态,分析了淹没率Sr和相对高度hc/D对准平衡冲深的影响。结果表明,相同入射波流条件下,随相对柱高hc/D降低,冲刷发展速率、冲坑半径和深度都随之减小。当相对柱高hc/D>1时,冲深随柱高增长速率较快直至达到临界值。准平衡冲刷坑呈"倒勺状",沿圆柱左右两边呈对称分布,柱前呈半环状;圆柱正后方淤积成"马鞍状"沙丘。 相似文献
11.
Matthew A. McClerren Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Donald D. Carpenter 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(4):881-892
Scour and erosion potential of a soil are closely related to each other. Similarities or differences between them have not been defined fully and the terms are often used interchangeably or in association with one another. Erodibility is a property of soil that describes erosion potential. Therefore, a proper understanding of erodibility should help predict scour more accurately. In the past, researchers have looked into erosion of soils with the ultimate objective of understanding the erodibility with respect to the standard geotechnical properties. Most research has shown the difficulties associated with correlating erodibility to any one or more soil properties. The research described in this paper is mainly focused on the relationship between erodibility and dry unit weight of soil with varying fractions of fines. Soils tested using laboratory Jet Erosion Test (JET) indicated that the logarithm of erodibility makes a linear inverse relationship with the dry unit weight. In situ JETs confirmed the range of erodibilities established by the laboratory JETs. The best correlations between erodibility and dry unit weight appeared within a single category of soil as classified by the Unified Soil Classification System. In addition, it was also determined that the logarithm of erodibility is inversely related to the angle of internal friction of the fluvial soils tested during this investigation. 相似文献
12.
An artificial neural networks (ANN) model is developed to study the observed pattern of local scour at bridge piers using an FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) data set composed of 380 measurements at 56 bridges in 13 states. Various ANN estimates of observed pier scour depth on different choices of input variables are examined. Reducing the number of variables from 14 to 9 has negligible effect on the coefficient of determination, R2, (0.73 vs. 0.72). Further sensitivity analysis indicates that pier scour depth can be estimated using only four variables: pier shape and skew, flow depth and velocity with a coefficient of determination of 0.81, suggesting that inclusion of some variables actually diminishes the quality of ANN predictions of short term observed pattern of scour. The ANN estimates indicate that flow depth and flow velocity make up 66% of the coefficient of determination. 相似文献
13.
Reza Mohammadpour 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(18):416
Local scour around piers is one of the main causes of bridge failures. In this study, three robust techniques, artificial neural networks (ANNs), M5-Tree, and Gene Expression Programming (GEP), were employed for prediction of scour depth around complex piers. The clear water condition was chosen for all experimental tests. The results indicated that pier diameter (b c) and foundation level (Y) are the main parameters for local scour. Furthermore, the minimum scour depth occurs in range of Y/b c = 1.1~1.3. In next step, to evaluate the mentioned techniques, a wide range of dataset was collected from the present study and literature. The radial base function (RBF) with R 2 = 0.945 and RMSE = 0.031 provides better prediction in comparison with conventional equations, M5-Tree (R 2 = 0.883, RMSE = 0.292) and the GEP techniques (R 2 = 0.811 and RMSE = 0.263). The equations developed by M5-Tree and GEP are more useful for practical purposes and can be easily employed to predict the depth of scour at complex piers. 相似文献
14.
波流作用于海床产生动态孔隙水压力,如不能及时消除会在其内部产生累积孔隙水压力,相邻两点间的孔隙水压力差值造成的水力梯度产生渗流力,渗流力引起水流动,海床表面为排水界面,从而会在海床内部形成向上的渗流力作用于泥沙颗粒上,使泥沙发生启动向海床表层运移,从而形成一定范围的粗颗粒层。本文采用数值模拟对不同流速下的海床累积孔隙水压力进行了研究,同时分析了硬壳层的存在对海床累积孔隙水压力的影响规律,根据取得的不同流速下海床内部的累积孔隙水压力值,计算海床任意位置处的渗流压力梯度,采用王虎等(2014) 推导建立的海床临界冲刷深度的计算方法,分析不同流速下的硬壳层形成深度。结果表明: 海流流向与波浪行进方向一致时,对累积孔隙水压力起促进作用,流速越大累积孔隙水压力越大,反之对累积孔隙水压力有抑制作用。表面硬壳层的存在会显著促进累积孔压的消散,累积孔隙水压力沿深度分布的极值均出现在下层原始海床中,流速U0=0m ·s-1时硬壳层厚度由1m增加到3m,极值点深度下降了1.38m。累积孔隙水压力引起的渗流力对于海床泥沙启动影响显著,在流速U0=0m ·s-1,U0=1m ·s-1时泥沙启动深度均为海床1.5m深度处,并且海流流向与波浪行进方向一致时,会产生较大ΔP/ΔL值带动较粗的泥沙颗粒至海床表层,但对泥沙启动的最大深度影响不大。 相似文献
15.
基于典型冲刷坑形态,通过改变冲刷深度来模拟不同局部冲刷作用,对典型的9桩群桩进行了冲刷前、后水平承载试验,对相同参数的单桩进行了平行对比试验,详细分析了荷载-位移特性、桩身弯矩分布、群桩效率系数以及荷载分担比的变化规律。结果表明,随着冲刷深度增加,单桩和9桩基础水平承载力均呈现减弱趋势,水平群桩效率系数逐渐增大,承台约束作用效应更加明显,桩身弯矩增大,最大弯矩点位置向桩端移动,前排桩荷载分担比增大,中、后排桩荷载分担比减小;前排角桩受冲刷深度和水平荷载影响最大,设计时需采取有效的加强措施。 相似文献
16.
Physically based modeling approach has been widely developed in recent years for simulation of dam failure process resulting
from overtopping flow. Due to the lack of field data, there exist few applications to natural quake dams with complex erosion
mechanisms. This paper presents a physically based simulation of the failure process of the Tangjiashan Quake Dam formed as
a result of the “May 12, 2008” Wenchuan earthquake in China. The one-dimensional model adopted features as cost saving but
enables capturing the main characteristics of the failure process, where selective sediment transport and gravitational slope
collapse are accounted for. The simulated flow hydrograph and breach progression process are generally in good agreement with
the observed data. Unsteadiness and non-uniformity are found to be substantial characteristics of breach progression during
the failure process of natural quake dams. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Manning resistance coefficient and the erodibility
coefficient in Osman and Thorne’s (J Hydraul Eng 114(2):134–150, 1988) model significantly influences the flow peak discharge but has less influence on its occurrence time, while the velocity
lag coefficient associated with bed-load transport may affect the two breaching parameters substantially. 相似文献
17.
Bridge pile foundations in the midst of water current are often subjected to scour, which induces the loss of soil support around the piles and thus results in a significant decrease of foundation capacities or even the failure of bridges. In the current practice, when the scour-affected behavior of the pile foundations is analyzed, either the whole scour-hole geometry or the possible changes in the stress history of the remaining soils is often ignored. In reality, however, scouring creates scour holes with certain dimensions around the pile foundations and the remaining soils that are not scoured away undergo an unloading process at the same time, which will increase the over-consolidation ratios of the remaining soils and accordingly changes of their mechanical properties. This paper examines the behavior of laterally loaded piles in soft clay under scour conditions by using the p-y method. The conventional p-y curves have been modified appropriately to reasonably reflect the effects of three-dimensional scour-hole geometry as well as the stress history of the soils, with the aid of integration of Mindlin’s fundamental solutions. A field test is used to serve as a reference case and to investigate the effects of stress history, scour depth, scour width, and scour-hole slope angle on the responses of laterally loaded piles in soft clay. The results indicate that neglecting the stress history effect can be unconservative for scour-affected pile foundations in soft clay, whereas neglect of the scour-hole dimensions and geometry would lead to over-conservative predictions/design of the laterally loaded piles under scour condition. 相似文献
18.
Effect of uncertainty in land use, damage models and inundation depth on flood damage estimates 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
With the recent transition to a more risk-based approach in flood management, flood risk models—being a key component in flood
risk management—are becoming increasingly important. Such models combine information from four components: (1) the flood hazard
(mostly inundation depth), (2) the exposure (e.g. land use), (3) the value of elements at risk and (4) the susceptibility
of the elements at risk to hydrologic conditions (e.g. depth–damage curves). All these components contain, however, a certain
degree of uncertainty which propagates through the calculation and accumulates in the final damage estimate. In this study,
an effort has been made to assess the influence of uncertainty in these four components on the final damage estimate. Different
land-use data sets and damage models have been used to represent the uncertainties in the exposure, value and susceptibility
components. For the flood hazard component, inundation depth has been varied systematically to estimate the sensitivity of
flood damage estimations to this component. The results indicate that, assuming the uncertainty in inundation depth is about
25 cm (about 15% of the mean inundation depth), the total uncertainty surrounding the final damage estimate in the case study
area can amount to a factor 5–6. The value of elements at risk and depth–damage curves are the most important sources of uncertainty
in flood damage estimates and can both introduce about a factor 2 of uncertainty in the final damage estimates. Very large
uncertainties in inundation depth would be necessary to have a similar effect on the uncertainty of the final damage estimate,
which seem highly unrealistic. Hence, in order to reduce the uncertainties surrounding potential flood damage estimates, these
components deserve prioritisation in future flood damage research. While absolute estimates of flood damage exhibit considerable
uncertainty (the above-mentioned factor 5–6), estimates for proportional changes in flood damages (defined as the change in
flood damages as a percentage of a base situation) are much more robust. 相似文献
19.
Abdelhafid El Alaoui El Fels Ali Bachnou Noureddine Alaa 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(24):554
The Tinitine sub-watershed of Rheraya is renowned for its semiarid climate, irregular supply of water flow, and its historical floods; for these reasons, it is classified as vulnerable areas during a rainfall event. We conducted this study to propose flood prediction models adapted to this risky zone. For this, a hydrological method of flood forecasting rainfall-runoff used to determine a model conforms to the semiarid basin. This model is based on the articulation of the series production and transfer function. The goal of the production function is to determine the portion of the rainfall runoff, which is performed by two approaches that differ in their structures: (1) the first approach is based on the mathematical model of Horton; (2) the second approach is based on the determination of the part of the rain contributes to runoff and obtained by a spatial map of runoff coefficient (GIS). The transfer function is based on the two models of Clark and Nash, rainy efficient routes to the catchment outlet from a unit hydrograph. The characteristic parameters of these models are obtained through the application of mathematical optimization methods such as genetic algorithms. Thereby, the coupling function producing Horton (identified by the parameters: initial infiltration?=?15.03, final infiltration?=?0.3, and phi?=?0.45) and Clark transfer function (identified by the parameters CA?=?0.21 and CB?=?0.79) was given very satisfying results, mainly the low difference between observed and simulated hydrograph and Nash coefficient which is about 85%. This shows the interest of this coupling model in flood forecasting. 相似文献
20.
在波流环境中,反斜桩周围的涡流结构及波浪传播特性与垂直桩存在较大差异,进而影响到桩基局部冲刷进程。为了解波流共同作用下反斜桩局部冲刷特性,在波流水槽中针对不同倾角的反斜桩开展了局部冲刷试验,初步探究了局部冲深历时特性、影响因素及床面形态特征。研究结果表明:在清水冲刷条件下,反斜桩局部冲刷深度始终小于垂直桩; 当桩身倾角增加时,平衡冲刷深度逐渐减小,相对时间尺度逐渐增大; 冲刷坑宽度相对垂直桩更小,呈现“水滴状”形态,尾后沙丘呈现出更长的单峰“带状”结构,不规则性较为突出; 局部冲深与弗劳德数之间存在着较高的相关性,但向上游倾角产生的波浪变形效应使得冲刷深度与流速比和Keulegan-Carpenter数的具体函数关系更难以确定。 相似文献