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1.
We report the result of H2O-undersaturated melting experiments on charges consisting of a layer of powdered sillimanite-bearing metapelite (HQ36) and a layer of powdered tonalitic gneiss (AGC150). Experiments were conducted at 10 kbar at 900°, 925° and 950°C. When run alone, the pelite yielded 40 vol% strongly peraluminous granitic melt at 900°C while the tonalite produced only 5 vol% weakly peraluminous granitic melt. At 950°C, the pelite and the tonalite yielded 50 vol% and 7 vol% granitic melt, respectively. When run side by side, the abundance of melt in the tonalite was 10 times higher at all temperatures than when it was run alone. In the pelite, the melt abundance increased by 25 vol%. When run alone, biotite dehydration-melting in the tonalite yielded orthopyroxene and garnet in addition to granitic melt. When run side by side only garnet was produced in addition to granitic melt. Experiments of relatively short duration, however, also contained Al-rich orthopyroxene. We suggest that the large increase in melt fraction in the tonalite is mainly a result of increased activity of Al2O3 in the melt, which lowers the temperature of the biotite dehydration-melting reaction. In the pelite, the increase in the abundance of melt is caused by transport of plagioclase component in the melt from the tonalite-layer to the pelite-layer. This has the effect of changing the bulk composition of this layer in the direction of minimum-temperature granitic liquids. Our results show that rocks which are poor melt-producers on their own can become very fertile if they occur in contact with rocks that contain components that destabilize the hydrous phase(s) and facilitate dehydration-melting. Because of this effect, the continental crust may have an even greater potential for granitoid melt production than previously thought. Our results also suggest that many anatectic granites most likely contain contributions from two or more different source rocks, which will be reflected in their isotopic and geochemical compositions.  相似文献   

2.
Alkali olivine basalts from Skye were simultaneously contact metamorphosed by Tertiary gabbro and granite intrusions and altered by the hydrothermal convection system that the plutons induced. Four metamorphic zones were mapped around the plutons. Furthest from the intrusions, in the primary olivine zone, metabasalts are composed of combinations of igneous olivine, augite, plagioclase, titaniferous magnetite, ilmenite, zeolites, gyrolite, sulfides, and chlorite-smectite intergrowths. Closer to the plutons, in the smectite zone, saponite and carbonate appear, primary olivine and gyrolite disappear, and zeolites decrease dramatically in abundance. Still closer to the plutons, in the amphibole zone, actinolite, edenite, chlorite, sphene, epidote, andradite, and quartz appear and saponite and chlorite-smectite intergrowths disappear. Along parts of the contact between gabbro and basalt, in the orthopyroxeneolivine zone, orthopyroxene, metamorphic olivine, and biotite appear and amphibole, chlorite, sphene, epidote, andradite, carbonate, and quartz disappear. Whole-rock chemical data indicate only minor change in the major-element chemical composition of the metabasalts during progressive metamorphism/hydrothermal alteration. Two-pyroxene eothermometry and various mineral-fluid equilibria suggest the range of peak temperatures attained in the metamorphic zones: orthopyroxene-olivine zone, 900°1, 030° C; amphibole zone, 400°–900° C; smectite and primary olivine zones, < 400° C. Mineralogical and oxygen isotopic alteration of the metabasalts were closely coupled: Basalts from the primary olivine zone with nearly unaltered igneous mineralogies have normal or near-normal wholerock 18O>+5 (SMOW); mineralogically more altered basalts from the smectite zone have whole-rock 18O=+2 to +5; still more mineralogically altered basalts from the amphibole zone (with one exception) have 18O<+ 2; completely recrystallized hornfelses from the orthopyroxene-olivine zone have 18O<0. The principal mechanism of isotope exchange between basalt and metamorphic/ hydrothermal fluid probably was heterogeneous mineralfluid reaction.Metabasalts from the orthopyroxene-olivine zone are mineralogically fresh pyroxene hornfelses that record crystallization temperatures > 1,000° C yet have highly altered whole-rock oxygen isotope compositions, 18O<0%. The hornfelses chemically interacted with metamorphic/hydrothermal fluids either at very high temperatures or while they were heated to > 1,000° C or both. Their mineralogy, however, rules out significant water-rock interaction after they cooled below 900° C. Hydrothermal convection on Skye was a two-stage process: (a) fluid flow through wall rocks initially was pervasive while they are heated; (b) fluid flow after the thermal peak in the wall rocks was sufficiently channelized that rocks such as those in the orthopyroxeneolivine zone were isolated from further fluid-rock interaction during all or almost all of the cooling history of the hydrothermal system.  相似文献   

3.
Joint estimation of transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) in a confined aquifer is done via maximum likelihood (ML). The differential equation of groundwater flow is discretized by the finite-element method, leading to equation t+x t=u t. Elements of matrices and , as well as estimated covariance matrix of noise termu t, are functions of T and S. By minimizing the negative loglikelihood function corresponding to discretized groundwater flow equation with respect to T and S, ML estimators are obtained. The ML approach is found to yield accurate estimates of T and S (within 9 and 10% of their actual values, respectively) and showed quadratic convergence in Newton's search technique. Prediction of aquifer response, using ML estimators, results in estimated piezometric heads accurate to ±0.5 m from their actual, exact values. Statistical properties of ML estimators are derived and some basic results for statistical inference are given.  相似文献   

4.
The axial base and skin capacities of piles bored in cohesion less soils are often estimated using empirical, semi-empirical and theoretical methods. The aim of this paper is to assess the applicability and evaluate the accuracy of different predictions methods available in the literature, via comparison with data from 43 field pile load tests conducted on shafts drilled in the region of the United Arab Emirates. Janbu's theoretical method (1989) with the parameter (=75°) and Vesics theoretical method (1975) yielded accurate predictions for the base resistances. Burlands approach (1973) overpredicts the skin capacities with an average predicted-to-estimated ratio (q p /q e) of three times greater than the unity while using values of the coefficient of earth pressure (k=05k o ) and the angle of soil-pile friction (=23).  相似文献   

5.
Thermal treatments of anorthite carried out at up to 1,547° C show that the unit cell parameter changes as a function of the treatment temperature. The best fit curve found by non-linear least squares analysis is: =91.419-(0.327·10-6)T 2+(0.199·10-12)T 4-(0.391·10)T 6. The results obtained support significant Al,Si disorder (Al0.10, where Al=t 1(0)-1/3 [t 1(m)+t 2(0)+t 2(m)], Ribbe 1975), in anorthite equilibrated near the melting point and confirm a high temperature series differentiated from the low temperature series for calcic plagioclases in the An85–An100 range also. In the plot vs. An-content the high and low temperature curves intersect at An85 composition and progressively diverge in the An85–An100 range. The trends of the high and low temperature curves in this range are interpretable on the basis of the degree of Al, Si order in the average structures of calcic plagioclases.  相似文献   

6.
Iron- and vanadium-bearing kyanites have been synthesized at 900 and 1100° C/20 kb in a piston-cylinder apparatus using Mn2O3/Mn3O4- and MnO/Mn-mixtures, respectively, as oxygen buffers. Solid solubility on the pseudobinary section Al2SiO5-Fe2SiO5(-V2SiO5) of the system Al2O3-Fe2O3(V2O3)-SiO2 extends up to 6.5 mole% (14mole %) of the theoretical end member FeSiO5(V2SiO5) at 900°C/20 kb. For bulk compositions with higher Fe2SiO5 (V2SiO5) contents the corundum type phases M2O3(M = Fe3+, V3+) are found to coexist with the Fe3+(V3+)-saturated kyanite solid solution plus quartz. The extent of solid solubility on the join Al2SiO5-Fe2SiO5 at 1 100°C was not found to be significantly higher than at 900° C. Microprobe analyses of iron bearing kyanites gave no significant indication of ternary solid solubility in these mixed crystals. Lattice constants a 0, b 0, c 0, and V0 of the kyanite solid solutions increase with increasing Fe2SiO5- and V2SiO5-contents proportionally to the ionic radii of Fe3+ and V3+, respectively, the triclinic angles ,, remain constant. Iron kyanites are light yellowish-green, vanadium kyanites are light green. Iron kyanites, (Al1.87 Fe 0.13 3+ )SiO5, were obtained as crystals up to 700 m in length.  相似文献   

7.
Summary ¶This study experimentally investigated the transformation kinetics of synthetic polycrystalline aragonite to calcite at four temperature/pressure conditions (330°C/200MPa, 380°C/325MPa, 430°C/580MPa, and 480°C/875MPa), close to the calcite-aragonite equilibrium phase boundary. The extents of transformation measured as a function of time in a synthetic system, using in-situ annealed, high purity samples, are consistent with the kinetic model for grain-boundary nucleation and interface-controlled growth. The growth rates are slightly lower than those previously determined for a natural polycrystalline sample at 330 and 380°C. The activation energy (158kJ/mol) for calcite growth from synthetic samples is lower than that (247kJ/mol) from natural samples, but is close to the previously reported value (163kJ/mol) from a single crystal aragonite. The extrapolation of our experimental data to natural conditions reveals unusually fast transformation rates, in contrast to those of natural samples. The presence of deformational strain, fractures, defects or impurities in natural samples, and other factors may account for the discrepancy. This study suggests that the retrograde metamorphism of aragonite to calcite may proceed in a wide range of rates also depending on other geological factors than temperature and pressure.Received July 15, 2002; revised version accepted May 15, 2003  相似文献   

8.
Arrested charnockite formation in southern India and Sri Lanka   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  
Arrested prograde charnockite formation in quartzofeldspathic gneisses is widespread in the high-grade terrains of southern India and Sri Lanka. Two major kinds of orthopyroxene-producing reactions are recognized. Breakdown of calcic amphibole by reaction with biotite and quartz in tonalitic/granitic gray gneiss produced the regional orthopyroxene isograd, manifest in charnockitic mottling and veining of mixed-facies exposures, as at Kabbal, Karnataka, and in the Kurunegala District of the Sri Lanka Central Highlands. Chemical and modal analyses of carefully chosen immediately-adjacent amphibole gneiss and charnockite pairs show that the orthopyroxene is produced by an open system reaction involving slight losses of CaO, MgO and FeO and gains of SiO2 and Na2O. Rb and Y are depleted in the charnockite. Another kind of charnockitization is found in paragneisses throughout the southern high-grade area, and involves the reaction of biotite and quartz±garnet to produce orthopyroxene and K-feldspar. Although charnockite formation along shears and other deformation zones at such localities as Ponmudi, Kerala is highly reminiscent of Kabbal, close pair analyses are not as suggestive of open-system behavior. This type of charnockite formation is found in granulite facies areas where no prograde amphibole-bearing gneisses exist and connotes a higher-grade reaction than that of the orthopyroxene isograd. Metamorphic conditions of both Kabbaltype and Ponmudi-type localities were 700°–800° C and 5–6 kbar. Lower P(H2O) in the Ponmudi-type metamorphism was probably the definitive factor.CO2-rich fluid inclusions in quartz from the Kabbaltype localities support the concept that this type of charnockite formation was driven by influx of CO2 from some deep-seated source. The open-system behavior and high oxidation states of the metamorphism are in accord with the CO2-streaming hypothesis. CO2-rich inclusions in graphitebearing charnockites of the Ponmudi type, however, commonly have low densities and compositions not predictable by vapor-mineral equilibrium calculations. These inclusions may have suffered post-metamorphic H2 leakage or some systematic contamination.Neither the close-pair analyses nor the fluid inclusions strongly suggest an influx of CO2 drove charnockite formation of the Ponmudi type. The possibility remains that orthopyroxene and CO2-rich fluids were produced by reaction of biotite with graphite without intervention of fluids of external origin. Further evidence, such as oxygen isotopes, is necessary to test the CO2-streaming hypothesis for the Ponmudi-type localities.  相似文献   

9.
Three small intrusions in Ketilidian gneisses near Julianehaab comprise sheets and veins of olivine-magnetite-grunerite or magnetite-amphibole rocks partly surrounded by garnetiferous hornblende-biotite granitoid rock. The latter skin locally widens out into diffuse bodies of fayalite-orthopyroxene-quartz syenite or monzonite and biotite granite, which show layering similar to that resulting from gravity settling of crystals. Near the intrusions the country rocks lose their foliation and have been partially melted. Intrusion probably occurred at the close of regional metamorphism 1,750–1,780 m.y. ago, just prior to emplacement of the rapakivi granite suite of South Greenland. The mafic minerals of the intrusions are markedly enriched in iron and, in the case of olivine, orthopyroxene, grunerite and garnet, in manganese as well: olivine Fa90Te5Fo5; orthopyroxene (inverted pigeonite) Ca2Fe77Mn6Mg15; calciferous amphiboles are typically hastingsitic; biotites generally have Fe/Fe+Mg ratios of 0.8; garnets are almandine-grossularite-spessartine mixtures; essentially pure magnetite is the dominant oxide mineral and ilmenite is only moderately manganiferous. Crystallization of the mafic rocks appears to have followed the trend of the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer curve from perhaps 800°C to <550°C at pressures, calculated from thermodynamic considerations, of 4 to 5 kb. However, the presence of Mn makes estimates of pressure and temperature uncertain. Comparison with other late- to post-orogenic intrusions—the South Greenland and Finnish rapakivi granite suites, the Labrador adamellite complex and the Pikes Peak batholith of Colorado—reveals both similarities and differences, particularly with respect to mineral parageneses, depth of emplacement and manganese enrichment.  相似文献   

10.
This study deals with the oxygen isotope composition of hematite-rich ore bodies in the Iron Quadrangle, Brazil. The area studied can be divided into two different regions: a western (W) zone of greenschist facies assemblages and an eastern (E) zone of amphibolite facies with transitions into granulite facies assemblages.The 18O values of 136 quartz-iron oxide pairs have been determined and temperatures of formation have been calculated. The 18O values of quartz vary between +6 and 20 except one value near +23, whereas the iron oxides fall between –4 and +10, with nearly 80% of the iron oxide values between –0.5 and 4.0. The regional distribution of the 18O values is as follows: in the W-region 85% of the quartz are >12, whereas in the E-region only 46% fall in this range, In contrast to quartz the iron oxides do not show any regional differences.The variation of oxygen isotope fractionations between quartz and iron oxides is obviously related to the complex deformation history of the iron ores. Samples with a primary schistosity (S1) only represent peak metamorphic conditions. In the E-region the (S1) high temperatures >700° C seem to correspond to orogenic events in the Archaen basement 2,700 m.y. ago. In the W-region S1-temperatures between 460° and 560° C seem to represent peak metamorphic conditions of the Proterozoic Minas metamorphism 2,000 m.y. ago. Iron ores which have been overprinted by later deformation events are selectively reset to lower isotopic temperatures. The more closely spaced the schistosity planes the larger the extent of a temperature lowering.The genetic processes associated with these hematite-rich ore bodies appear to be sedimentary-metamorphic rather than metasomatic processes. Furthermore, there is no evidence for secondary leaching by weathering solutions.  相似文献   

11.
A method is proposed to estimate the Al,Si distribution of alkali feldspars from two lattice translations, called Tr[110] and Tr[1¯10], which are the repeat distances in the [110] and [1¯10] directions. The Al content t10 of the T10 tetrahedral site is estimated from Tr[1¯10], whereas Tr[110] measures t1m, the Al content of the T1m site. In order to simplify the estimation procedure, the line separation =2 (131)-2 (1¯31) is given as a function of t10 and t10-t1m.  相似文献   

12.
The metamorphic evolution of the Western Gneiss Region of Norway (WGR) can be evaluated from examination of eclogites formed as an integral part of the gneiss terrain (ie. in situ). Petrologic data from one of the larger country-rock eclogites within the northwestern part of WGR have been used to construct a P, T, t-path for this crustal volume. Textural relations as well as mineral composition and zonation suggest an early period of amphibolite facies conditions, followed by movement along a very steep positive P/T-gradient towards very high pressure (P25 kb) and moderate temperature (T600° C). Orthopyroxene coexisting with garnet at such conditions was poor in Al (<0.5 wt% Al2O3) and is preserved in the cores of orthopyroxene grains in garnet websterites. The increasing Al-content of orthopyroxene towards garnet, and increasing edenite substitution rimwards in zoned amphiboles, suggest a period of decompression accompanied by heating, towards the metamorphic maximum at T 750° C, P20kb. Garnet zoning reflects a general prograde history, but the reactions that control the zoning are insensitive to pressure changes. Jadeitic pyroxenes may have formed in the gneisses at P-max, but would revert to plagioclase subsequent to the metamorphic maximum, giving rise to the observed mineralogy. Further decompression and cooling continued towards high-rank amphibolite facies conditions. This P, T, t-path reflects crustal thickening to 80–90 km during Caledonian time. The uplift path is qualitatively similar to theoretically derived paths in which uplift is assumed to be controlled by erosion. However, uplift following the metamorphic maximum may have been accelerated by a period of suture progradation.  相似文献   

13.
The classical partial differential equation for compaction proves to provide a rather singular model, if the deformations caused by overload become reasonably large. An alternative model for compaction is derived by adapting an Eulerian view and by deriving the model equations from integral equations rather than from a priori differentiability assumptions. The result is not — as usual — a single partial differential equation, but an infinite set of differential equations, interesting in both mathematical and geological terms.Although there are still several simplifications and linearizations in the derived model, the model illustrates at least that the classical Terzaghi equation and mathematical models in its vicinity are highly idealized and probably instable, if applied to large scale systems.
Zusammenfassung Die klassische partielle Differentialgleichung für die Kompaktion stellt ein sehr vereinfachtes Modell dar, zumindest für den Fall, daß die Deformationen infolge Auflast sehr groß werden. Hier wird ein alternatives Modell entwickelt, das nicht von der Voraussetzung der Differenzierbarkeit ausgeht, sondern über Integralgleichungen entwickelt wird, wobei die Eulersche Sicht des Raum-Zeitbezuges zur Anwendung kommt. Das Resultat ist dann nicht mehr eine einfache partielle Differentialgleichung, sondern ein unendliches System solcher Gleichungen.Obwohl auch das entwickelte Modell vereinfachte Annahmen erfordert und stark linearisiert, so verdeutlicht es doch zumindest, daß die klassische Therzaghi Gleichung und modifizierte Modelle, die auf diese Gleichung aufbauen, sehr wahrscheinlich instabil sind, wenn sie auf Systeme mit großen Deformationen angewandt werden.
Résumé L'équation classique aux dérivées partielles de la compaction fournit un modèle très simplifié, particulièrement dans le cas où les déformations dues à la surcharge deviennent considérables. L'auteur propose en alternative un modèle, adapté des conceptions eulériennes, qui repose sur les équations intégrales plutót que sur la présomption de différenciabilité. Le résultat n'est plus une simple équation aux dérivées partielles, mais un système infini de telles équations.Bien que le modèle présenté implique des hypothèses simplificatrices et des linéarisations, on peut néanmoins en déduire que l'équation classique de Terzaghi, ainsi que les modèles modifiés qui en découlent, sont très probablement instables s'ils sont appliqués à des systèmes à forte déformation.
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14.
Zusammenfassung Biostratigraphie und Ergebnisse der Grobkornanalyse an Sedimenten vom marokkanischen und portugiesischen Kontinentalhang werden an zwei Kernen erläutert. Folgende Parameter scheinen sich besonders zur Korrelation zu eignen: Anteil des terrigenen Materiales an der Sandfraktion, Pteropodengehalt, Korngrößenverteilung des terrigenen Detritus, relative Temperaturangaben nach planktonischen Foraminiferen, Windungssinn von dreiGloborotalia- Arten. Beide Kerne erreichen Sedimente der letzten Kaltzeit, was dadurch unterstrichen wird, daß eistransportiertes, terrigenes Material und Hinweise auf Temperaturminima nach planktonischen Foraminiferen zusammenfallen.
Biostratigraphy and the results of the sand grain analysis on Moroccan and Portuguese continental slope sediments are discussed. The investigation is based on samples taken from two cores. The following parameters seem to be well suited for correlation: The percentage of the terrigenous material of the sand-fraction, the pteropod content, grainsize distribution of the terrigeneous material, temperature curves based on planktonic foraminifera and coiling ratios of threeGloborotalia species.In both cores sediments from the last glacial period are reached. This is demonstrated by a very good correlation between the ice-transported terrigenous material and the temperature minima as determined by planktonic foraminifera.
Résumé Notre présente étude concerne la biostratigraphie et l'analyse sédimentologique de deux carottes prélevées sur la pente continentale maroco-portugaise. Des corrélations ont été déduites de l'évolution des paramètres suivants: Pourcentage du matériel terrigène et des ptéropodes de la fraction sableuse, répartition granulométrique du matériel terrigène, variation faunique des foraminifères planctoniques, sens de l'enroulement de trois espèces deGloborotalia.Ces deux sondages pénètrent dans les sédiments de la dernière période glaciaire. La présence de matériel terrigène transporté par les glaces et les indications de température fournies par les foraminifères planctoniques s'harmonisent et confirment l'affirmation précédente.
. : , Pterododen, , , Globorotalia. . .
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15.
Deep-sea carbonates: Reading the carbon-isotope signal   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
The carbon isotope signal in deep-sea sediments reflects a mix of (1) global changes in the rates of exchange of the ocean's carbon reservoir with biosphere, soil, and sediments, (2) global and regional changes in surface water productivity, (3) internal shifts in water-mass structure and circulation (basin-basin fractionation, oxygen minimum development), and (4) organism-specific fractionation effects due to changes in micro-habitat and/or ontogenic fractionation (»vital effects«). Additional complications arise from differential preservation. It is impossible to entirely isolate these various factors. As a rule of thumb, long period signals that are parallel for planktonic and benthic data reflect external (global) fractionation patterns, whilst short-period signals are more likely tied to internal patterns (water-mass fractionation). The various approaches to interpretation are illustrated with three case studies: the Glacial-Holocene transition, the Messinian Carbon Shift, and the Miocene Monterey Excursion.
Zusammenfassung Das Kohlenstoff-Isotopensignal in den Tiefseesedimenten spiegelt ein Zusammenspiel wider, das (1) von den globalen Austauschraten des ozeanischen Kohlenstoffreservoirs mit der Biosphäre, den Böden und den Sedimenten gesteuert wird, (2) in dem ein globaler und regionaler Wechsel in der Produktivität des Oberflächenwassers und (3) interne Veränderungen in der Wassermassen-Struktur und -Zirkulation (Becken-zu-Becken-Fraktionierung, Sauerstoffminimumentwicklung) zum Ausdruck kommen, und (4) in dem eine spezifische Fraktionierung hervorgerufen durch die Milieuänderung im Lebensraum der Organismen und/oder ontogenetische Fraktionierung (»Vitaleffekte«) erscheint. Zusätzliche Komplikationen entstehen aus unterschiedlichen Erhaltungsmöglichkeiten. Es ist unmöglich, alle diese verschiedenen Faktoren vollständig zu isolieren. Als Faustregel kann man annehmen, daß langpenodische Signale, die parallel mit Plankton- und Benthosentwicklungen verlaufen, externe globale Fraktionierungstrends widerspiegeln, während kurzzeitige Signale eher an interne Muster gebunden sind (Fraktionierung innerhalb der Wassermassen). Die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Interpretation werden an speziellen Fällen diskutiert: am Übergang Pleistozän zu Holozän, an der Veränderung des Kohlenstoffverhältnisses im Messinium und an dem Monerey-Maximum im Miozän.
Résumé Le signal isotopique du carbone enregistré dans les sédiments océaniques résulte d'un ensemble de mécanismes qui reflètent: 1) les variations globales dans l'intensité des échanges entre le réservoir du carbone de l'océan et la biosphère, les sols et les sédiments, 2) les variations globales et régionales de productivité des eaux de surface, 3) les changements dans la structure et la circulation des masses d'eaux (fractionnement de bassin à bassin, développement d'un niveau à minimum d'oxygène), et 4) les effets de fractionnement propres aux organismes, dûs à des changements de micro-habitat et/ou à un fractionnement au cours de l'ontogénie (»effet vital«). La préservation différentielle ajoute certaines difficultés d'interprétation. Il n'est pas possible d'isoler entièrement chacun de ces différents facteurs. D'une manière générale les signaux à longue période dont les variations sont parallèles pour les données planctoniques et benthiques correspondent à un fractionnement dû à des facteurs externes (globaux), alors que les signaux à courte période sont plus vraisemblablement liés à des facteurs internes (fractionnement des masses d'eaux). Trois cas étudiés permettent d'illustrer ces différents types d'interprétation: la transition Glaciaire/Holocène, le »décrochement Messinien« et l'»enrichissement de Monterey« au Miocène.
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16.
Sapphirine-1Tc, a polymorph of sapphirine, was found in granulites near Wilson Lake, Labrador. It is triclinic with unit cell data: a=10.04, b=10.38, c=8.65 Å, =107°33, =95°07, =123°55. The X-ray diffraction patterns of several crystals of sapphirine from Wilson Lake were investigated and evidence was found of solid state reactions that lead from the ordered polymorph-1Tc to a disordered arrangement of domains with the structure of sapphirine-2M, that is normal sapphirine.  相似文献   

17.
The Singhbhum Shear Zone separates the rocks of a highly metamorphosed northern group from an unmetamorphosed southern group. It had been recognised by earlier workers as a thrust zone in which the thrust movements were achieved by slip along a pre-existing schistosity. Deformed conglomerates crop out in discontinuous bands along the Shear Zone. Strain determinations from these conglomerates have been made to ascertain the strain pattern within the Shear Zone. None of the existing methods of determining strain from stretched pebbles can be applied to these conglomerates. An approximate value for shortening perpendicular to the schistosity can however be obtained from cross-cutting buckled veins. Detailed study of various small-scale structures clearly indicates that the principal structures of this region cannot be explained simply by a slipping on the schistosity.
Zusammenfassung Die Singhbhum-Scherzone trennt die Gesteine der stark metamorphen nördlichen Gruppe von denjenigen einer nicht metamorphen südlichen Gruppe. Nach früheren Autoren ist es eine Überschiebungszone, worin die Überschiebungsbewegungen durch das Gleiten entlang einer älteren Schieferung zustande kamen. Deformierte Trümmergesteine treten in ununterbrochenen Bändern entlang der Scherzone auf. Man hat Deformationsbestimmungen von diesen Trümmergesteinen gemacht, um das Deformationsbild in der Scherzone zu erklären. Eine ausführliche Untersuchung der verschiedenen kleinmaßstäblichen Strukturen zeigt deutlich, daß die Hauptstrukturen dieser Gegend nicht einfach durch das Gleiten auf der Schieferung erklärt werden können.
Résumé La zone de cisaillement de Singhbhum sépare les roches très métamorphiques au nord, de celles d'un groupe non-métamorphique au sud. Elle avait été reconnue lors de recherches précédentes comme étant la base de charriages suivant laquelle la poussée se serait faite par glissement le long d'une schistosité pré-existante. Des conglomérats déformés affleurent par bandes discontinues le long de cette zone. Grâce à ces conglomérats, des estimations sur la déformation ont été faites pour définir le style de déformation dans la zone de glissement. Une étude détaillée de différentes structures à petite échelle indique clairement qu'on ne peut pas expliquer les principales structures de cette région uniquement par un glissement sur la schistosité.
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18.
Zusammenfassung Sowohl für den gesamten Alpenraum als auch speziell für die angegebene Geotraverse liegen bereits einige Temperaturangaben vor. Die Temperaturen im Bereich der Mohorovicic-Diskontinuität werden zwischen 600° C und 1400° C angegeben.Mit Hilfe von 33 Wärmestromdichtewerten lassen sich vier Gebiete abgrenzen: Voralpen (1,86 HFU), nördlicher Alpenraum (2,04 HFU), Bereich des Tauern-Fensters (1,64 HFU) und der südliche Alpenraum (1,77 HFU). Wird diese Verteilung unter stationären Bedingungen in Abhängigkeit von der Wärmeproduktion im Untergrund untersucht, so ergibt sich eine deutliche Aufwölbung des Übergangs vom sauren zum basischen Material in den Tauern.
For the entire area of the Alps and especially for the geotraverse some temperature data are already available. For the Mohorovicic-Discontinuity temperatures of 600° to 1400° C are quoted.On the basis of the results of 33 heat flow measurements four areas can be delimited: Lower Alps (1.86 HFU), Northern Alps (2.04 HFU), Tauern-window (1.64 HFU), and the Southern Alps (1.77 HFU). The study of this distribution under stationary conditions as a function of the heat production in the subsurface yields a distinct upwarping of the transition zone between acid and basic material in the Tauern.
Résumé Tant pour le domaine entier des Alpes que, en particulier, pour la géotraverse indiquée, il existe déjà quelques données de température. Les températures s'appliquant au domaine de la discontinuité de Mohorovii sont indiquées comme se situant entre 600° G et 1400° C.À l'aide de 33 valeurs de la densité de flux de chaleur, il est possible de délimiter quatre domaines: les Préalpes (1,86 HFU), le domaine des Alpes du Nord (2,04 HFU), le domaine de la fenêtre géologique des Tauern (1,64 HFU) et le domaine des Alpes du Sud (1,77 HFU). Cette répartition, conçue dans des conditions stationnaires en fonction de la thermogénèse dans le substratum, conduit, dans les Tauern, à une allure en voûte nettement prononcée pour la zone de transition passant du matériau acide au matériau basique.
, , . 600 1400° . 33- : (1,86 HFU), (2,04 HFU), (1,64 HFU) (1,77 HFU). , .
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19.
Zusammenfassung Es wurden Kalifeldspäte aus Orthogneisen, Paragneisen und Glimmerschiefern des westlichen Tauemfensters (Hohe Tauern, Tirol) mit optischen und röntgenographischen Methoden im Hinblick auf ihren Strukturzustand untersucht.Es zeigte sich, daß in den Randbereichen des Tauemfensters in Gesteinen der Grünschieferfazies weitgehend geordneter Mikroklin mit einem optischen Achsenwinkel 2 Vx 80°, Auslöschungswinkel Z (010)=15–20°, Doppelbrechung nz-nx= 0,0065, Triklinität=0,90-–0,95, ca. 0,88 Al auf T1O-Position und einem Ab-Gehalt von ca. 5 Gew.% auftritt. Dagegen wurden in Gesteinen der schwachtemperierten Amphibolitfazies des zentralen Bereichs Orthoklase bis intermediäre Mikrokline mit stark schwankenden optischen Eigenschaften, mit Triklinitäten zwischen 0 und 0,7, 0,8 bis 0,9 Al in T1-Positionen, 0,45–0,8 Al auf T1O und Ab-Gehalten von ca. 10 Gew.% festgestellt. Die Kalifeldspatkristalle zeigen ungleichmäßige Auslöschung mit Winkeln von Z (010) zwischen 0 und 15°, 2 Vx zwischen 50 und 75° und nz-nx=0,005 bis 0,006. Teilweise ist Zonarbau mit geringerer Triklinität am Kornrande erkennbar. Diese undulös auslöschenden Kalifeldspäte enthalten einzelne schmale Lamellen von maximal triklinem Mikroklin mit Z (010)=15–20° und nz-nx= 0,006–0,007.Die Grenze zwischen dem Verbreitungsgebiet von maximalem Mikroklin einerseits und Orthoklas bis intermediärem Mikroklin andererseits verläuft in den westlichen Hohen Tauern ungefähr konform mit der Albit-Oligoklas-Grenze (Morteani &Raase, 1974) und mit der aus Sauerstoff-Isotopen-Untersuchungen bestimmten 500° C-Isotherme (Hoernes &Friedrichsen, 1974).
The potassic feldspar in orthogneisses, paragneisses, and mica schists from the western Tauernfenster (Hohe Tauern, Tyrol) were studied by optical and X-ray methods with regard to their structural state and in relation to grade of metamorphism.In the peripheral region of the Tauernfenster in greenschist-facies rocks highly triclinic microcline occurs with an optic angle 2 Vx of about 80°, extinction angle Z (010) =15–20°, birefringence nz-nx=0.0065, triclinicity=0.90–0.95, approx. 0.88 Al in T1O-site, and an Ab-content of about 5 wt.%. In the central area with rocks of the low-grade amphibolite facies, on the other hand, orthoclase to intermediate microcline with highly variable optical properties, triclinicities in the range of 0–0.7, 0.8–0.9 Al in T1-sites, 0.45–0.8 Al in T1O-site, and an Ab-content of about 10 wt.% was recognized. The K-feldspar grains have nonuniform extinction Z (010) scattering in the range of 0–15°, 2 Vx in the range of 50–75°, and nz-nx= 0.005–0.006. Sometimes a zonal structure with lower triclinicity exists at the rim. These undulatory K-feldspar grains usually contain small lamellae of highly triclinic microcline with Z (010) =15–20° and nz-nx=0.006–0.007.From the occurrence of maximum microcline and of orthoclase to intermediate microcline in the Hohe Tauern area an isograd was defined that is approximately conformable with the albite-oligoclase isograd (Morteani &Raase, 1974) and with the 500° C isotherm based on oxygen isotope analyses (Hoernes &Friedrïchsen, 1974).
Résumé Les feldspaths potassiques d'orthogneiss, de paragneiss et de micaschistes de la Fenêtre des Tauern occidental (Hohe Tauern, Tirol) ont été étudiés du point de vue de leur état structural.Dans les roches du faciès schistes verts de la région périphérique de la Fenêtre des Tauern les microclines sont caractérisés par un angle des axes optiques 2 Vp =80°, un angle d'extinction ng (010)=15–20°, une biréfringence ng-np=0,0065, une triclinicité= 0,90–0,95, 0,88 Al dans le site T1O et par une teneur en albite d'environ 5%. Au contraire, dans les roches du faciès amphibolite à faible degré de la région centrale, ont été observées des orthoses allant à des microclines intermédiaires avec des propriétés optiques très variables, un degré de triclinicité de 0 à 0,7, 0,8–0,9 Al dans les sites T1, 0,45–0,8 Al dans T1O et avec une teneur en albite d'environ 10%.Les cristaux de feldspath montrent une extinction irrégulière avec des angles Z (010) variable de 0 à 15°, 2 Vp de 50 à 75° et ng-np=0,005–0,006.On peut voir quelquefois une structure zonée avec une triclinicité moindre au bord des cristaux. Ces feldspaths potassiques contiennent de minces lamelles de microcline à triclinicité maximum, avec ng (010)=15–20° et ng-np 0,006–0,007.La limite entre les régions à microcline maximum d'une part, et à orthose ou microcline intermédiaire d'autre part, suit, dans les Hohe Tauern, sensiblement l'isograde albite-oligoclase (Morteani &Raase, 1974) et, l'isotherme de 500° C telle qu'elle fut determinée les isotopes de l'oxygène (Hoernes &Friedrichsen, 1974).
, ( , ) ., 2 Vx80°, Z (010)=15–20°, nz–nx=0,0065, =0,90–0,95, 0,88 l T1O Ab 5 .-%. , 0 0,7, 0,8-0,9 1 T1 l 10 .-%. Z V (010) 0 15°, 2 Vx 50 75° nz–nx=0,005–0,006. . Z V (010) =15-20° nz–nx=0,006–0,007. , Morteani & Raase (1974) 500° , Hoernes & Friedrichsen (1974).
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20.
A Rb-Sr whole-rock investigation of suites of samples from two orthogneiss bodies in the Almendralejo area of the Oporto-Portalegre-Badajoz-Córdoba belt points to an Ordovician age for the granitic magmatism: about 470 Ma for the Almendralejo Gneiss (peralkaline metagranite) and about 425 Ma for the Ribera del Fresno Gneiss (leucocratic subaluminous metagranite), both with high initial87Sr/86Sr ratios. This points to a post-Ordovician (Hercynian) age for the metamorphism and tectonic deformation that affected the area, including the gneisses, and rules out the alleged Cadomian or even older age.
Zusammenfassung Die Rb-Sr-Gesamtgesteinsanalysen von Probeserien zweier orthogneisischer Körper der Almendralejo-Region des Oporto-Portalegre-Badajoz-Córdoba-Gürtels weisen auf ein ordovizisches Alter des granitischen Magmas hin: rund 470 Ma für den Almendralejo-Gneis (peralkaliner Metagranit) und rund 425 Ma für den Ribera del Fresno-Gneis (leukokratischer Metagranit), beide bei einem hohen initialen87Sr/86Sr. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf ein post-ordovizisches (herzynisches) Alter der Metamorphose und der tektonischen Deformation hin, die das Gebiet, einschließ-lich des Gneises, beeinflußt haben. Sie schließen ein vermeintliches kadomisches oder älteres Alter aus.
Résumé Une étude par Rb-Sr sur roche totale de séries d'échantillons de deux massifs d'orthogneiss de la région d'Almendralejo, dans la ceinture Oporto-Portalegre-Badajoz-Cordoue, indique un âge ordovicien pour le magmatisme granitique: environ 470 Ma pour le gneiss d'Almendralejo (métagranite peralcalin) et environ 425 Ma pour le gneiss de Ribera del Fresno (métagranite leucocrate subalumineux), tous deux avec des rapports initiaux87Sr/86Sr élevés. Ces résultats indiquent un âge post-ordovicien (hercynien) pour le métamorphisme et la déformation tectonique qui ont affecté la région, y compris les gneiss, et éliminent l'hypothèse proposée par ailleurs d'un âge cadomien ou même plus ancien.
— — — Rb/Sr : 425 -- ( ) 470 ( ) 87Sr/86Sr . - ( ) , , . , .
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