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1.
By means of identical cubic elements, we generate a partition of a volume in which a particle-based cosmological simulation is carried out. In each cubic element, we determine the gas particles with a normalized density greater than an arbitrarily chosen density threshold. By using a proximity parameter, we calculate the neighboring cubic elements and generate a list of neighbors. By imposing dynamic conditions on the gas particles, we identify gas clumps and their neighbors, so that we calculate and fit some properties of the groups so identified, including the mass, size and velocity dispersion, in terms of their multiplicity(here defined simply as the number of member galaxies). Finally, we report the value of the ratio of kinetic energy to gravitational energy of such dense gas clumps, which will be useful as initial conditions in simulations of gravitational collapse of gas clouds and clusters of gas clouds.  相似文献   

2.
We investigate the possibility of an additional acceleration of the high speed solar wind by whistler waves propagating outward from a coronal hole. We consider a stationary, spherically symmetric model and assume a radial wind flow as well as a radial magnetic field. The energy equation consists of (a) energy transfer of the electron beam which excites the whistler waves, and (b) energy transfer of the whistler waves described by conservation of wave action density. The momentum conservation equation includes the momentum transfer of two gases (a thermal gas and an electron beam). The variation of the temperature is described by a polytropic law. The variation of solar wind velocity with the radial distance is calculated for different values of energy density of the whistler waves. It is shown that the acceleration of high speed solar wind in the coronal hole due to the whistler waves is very important. We have calculated that the solar wind velocity at the earth's orbit is about equal to 670 km/sec (for wave energy density about 10?4 erg cm?3 at 1.1R⊙). It is in approximate agreement with the observed values.  相似文献   

3.
We studied fragmentation process of the interstellar molecular cloud which is predominated by supersonic turbulence with special regard to collisions of turbulent gas elements and formation of a shock-compressed layer by receding shock waves. The propagation of the shock waves and the evolution of the compressed layer are followed by one-dimensional gas dynamical simulation until self-gravity becomes significant, taking account of the effects of thermal properties of the molecular gas and magnetic fields. It is shown that the efficient cooling by CO molecules and its sensitive dependence on gas density make the shock-compressed layer so cold and dense that the layer becomes gravitationally unstable and breaks into fragments even if the gas elements are gravitationally stable prior to the collision. The mass of the unstable fragment is estimated to be about two solar masses or less, irrespective of the presence of the magnetic field. The stars formed by collisions of supersonic turbulent gas elements accelerate the surrounding gas in T Tauri stage and replenish the turbulent energy to maintain the mechanical equilibrium of the molecular cloud.  相似文献   

4.
When protoplanets growing by accretion of planetesimals have atmospheres, small planetesimals approaching the protoplanets lose their energy by gas drag from the atmospheres, which leads them to be captured within the Hill sphere of the protoplanets. As a result, growth rates of the protoplanets are enhanced. In order to study the effect of an atmosphere on planetary growth rates, we performed numerical integration of orbits of planetesimals for a wide range of orbital elements and obtained the effective accretion rates of planetesimals onto planets that have atmospheres. Numerical results are obtained as a function of planetesimals’ eccentricity, inclination, planet’s radius, and non-dimensional gas-drag parameters which can be expressed by several physical quantities such as the radius of planetesimals and the mass of the protoplanet. Assuming that the radial distribution of the gas density near the surface can be approximated by a power-law, we performed analytic calculation for the loss of planetesimals’ kinetic energy due to gas drag, and confirmed agreement with numerical results. We confirmed that the above approximation of the power-law density distribution is reasonable for accretion rate of protoplanets with 1-10 Earth masses, unless the size of planetesimals is too small. We also calculated the accretion rates of planetesimals averaged over a Rayleigh distribution of eccentricities and inclinations, and derived a semi-analytical formula of accretion rates, which reproduces the numerical results very well. Using the obtained expression of the accretion rate, we examined the growth of protoplanets in nebular gas. We found that the effect of atmospheric gas drag can enhance the growth rate significantly, depending on the size of planetesimals.  相似文献   

5.
We discuss a heuristic model to implement star formation and feedback in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation and evolution. In this model, gas is allowed to cool radiatively and to form stars at a rate given by a simple Schmidt-type law. We assume that supernova feedback results in turbulent motions of gas below resolved scales, a process that can pressurize the diffuse gaseous medium effectively, even if it lacks substantial thermal support. Ignoring the complicated detailed physics of the feedback processes, we try to describe their net effect on the interstellar medium with a fiducial second reservoir of internal energy, which accounts for the kinetic energy content of the gas on unresolved scales. Applying the model to three-dimensional, fully self-consistent models of isolated disc galaxies, we show that the resulting feedback loop can be modelled with smoothed particle hydrodynamics such that converged results can be reached with moderate numerical resolution. With an appropriate choice of the free parameters, Kennicutt's phenomenological star formation law can be reproduced over many orders of magnitude in gas surface density. We also apply the model to mergers of equal-mass disc galaxies, typically resulting in strong nuclear starbursts. Confirming previous findings, the presence of a bulge can delay the onset of the starburst from the first encounter of the galaxies until their final coalescence. The final density profiles of the merger remnants are consistent with de Vaucouleurs profiles, except for the innermost region, where the newly created stars give rise to a luminous core with stellar densities that may be in excess of those observed in the cores of most elliptical galaxies. By comparing the isophotal shapes of collisionless and dissipative merger simulations we show that dissipation leads to isophotes that are more discy than those of corresponding collisionless simulations.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
We test here the first stage of a route of modifications to be applied to the public GADGET2 code for dynamically identifying accretion centers during the collision process of two adjacent and identical gas cores. Each colliding core has a uniform density profile and rigid body rotation; its mass and size have been chosen to represent the observed core L1544; for the thermal and rotational energy ratios with respect to the potential energy, we assume the values α = 0.3 and β = 0.1, respectively. These values favor the gravitational collapse of the core. We here study cases of both head‐on and off‐center collisions, in which the pre‐collision velocity increases the initial sound speed of the barotropic gas by up to several times. In a simulation the accretion centers are formed by the highest density particles, so we here report their location and properties in order to realize the collision effects on the collapsing and colliding cores. In one of the models, we observe a roughly spherical distribution of accretion centers located at the front wave of the collision. In a forthcoming publication we will apply the full modified GADGET code to study the collision of turbulent cores. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

8.
Kilogauss-strength magnetic fields are often observed in intergranular lanes at the photosphere in the quiet Sun. Such fields are stronger than the equipartition field B e, corresponding to a magnetic energy density that matches the kinetic energy density of photospheric convection, and comparable with the field B p that exerts a magnetic pressure equal to the ambient gas pressure. We present an idealized numerical model of three-dimensional compressible magnetoconvection at the photosphere, for a range of values of the magnetic Reynolds number. In the absence of a magnetic field, the convection is highly supercritical and characterized by a pattern of vigorous, time-dependent, 'granular' motions. When a weak magnetic field is imposed upon the convection, magnetic flux is swept into the convective downflows where it forms localized concentrations. Unless this process is significantly inhibited by magnetic diffusion, the resulting fields are often much greater than B e and the high magnetic pressure in these flux elements leads to their being partially evacuated. Some of these flux elements contains ultraintense magnetic fields that are significantly greater than B p. Such fields are contained by a combination of the thermal pressure of the gas and the dynamic pressure of the convective motion, and they are constantly evolving. These ultraintense fields develop owing to non-linear interactions between magnetic fields and convection; they cannot be explained in terms of 'convective collapse' within a thin flux tube that remains in overall pressure equilibrium with its surroundings.  相似文献   

9.
富坚 《天文学进展》2011,(4):473-476
星际气体是星系中重子物质的重要组成部分,其中的分子气体（主要是分子氢H2）以及原子气体（主要是中性氢HI）对于星系中发生的各个物理过程至关重要。本文在前人的星系形成和演化的半解析模型基础上,加入了描述星系盘中分子气体和原子气体成分的物理模型,来研究分子气体和原子气体对于星系形成和演化所起的作用。我们主要使用了马普天体物理所Munich Group的L-Galaxies半解析星系形成模型,并借鉴了星系化学演化模型的方法,把半解析模型中的每一个星系盘分成了多个同心圆圈,然后在每个圈中分别追踪气体下落、分子气体和原子气体转化、恒星形成、金属增丰、超新星爆发加热冷气体等发生在星系盘上的物理过程,并且每个同心圈都是独立演化的。在我们的模型中,一个基本假设是每个时间步内气体都是以指数形式下落到星系盘上,并且直接叠加在已有的气体径向面密度轮廓之上,其中指数盘的标长rd正比于星系所在暗物质晕的维里半径rvir与旋转参量λ的乘积。我们的模型使用了两种描述分子气体形成的模型:一种是基于Krumholz等人解析模型的结果,其中分子气体的比例与局域气体面密度以及局域气体金属丰度相关;另一种是分子气体比例与星际压强相关的模型,根据Obreschkow等人的近似,分子气体的比例与气体面密度以及恒星质量面密度相关。由于恒星形成过程发生在星际巨分子云之中,并且根据Leroy等人的观测结果,恒星形成率面密度近似正比于分子气体的面密度,因此我们在模型中使用了与分子气体面密度相关的恒星形成规律。  相似文献   

10.
Starting from Bosma (1981) paper, it was demonstrated by different authors that the observed shape of rotation curves of many spiral galaxies can be explained if to assume that the radial density distribution of the dark matter is correlated with the distribution of HI: the column densities of the dark matter and HI are proportional. We show that this correlation is obviously to be an artifact and can be explained by assuming that the gas surface density is approximately equal or in general proportional to the critical density for the local gravitational stability of gaseous layer.  相似文献   

11.
Hydrostatic equilibrium and energy conservation determine the conditions in the gravitationally stabilized solar fusion reactor. We assume a matter density distribution varying non-linearly through the central region of the Sun. The analytic solutions of the differential equations of mass conservation, hydrostatic equilibrium, and energy conservation, together with the equation of state of the perfect gas and a nuclear energy generation rate = 0 n T nT m ,are given in terms of Gauss' hypergeometric function. This model for the structure of the Sun gives the run of density, mass, pressure, temperature, and nuclear energy generation through the central region of the Sun. Because of the assumption of a matter density distribution, the conditions of hydrostatic equilibrium and energy conservation are separated from the mode of energy transport in the Sun.  相似文献   

12.
假设超新星在坍缩过程中,当物质达到超核密度状态后,在临界密度下发生夸克相交．用ＷＷ（８８）初始模型在有夸克相交情形下对坍缩反弹和激波传播作了模拟,重点讨论了夸克相变对转移能量的影响．在适当的临界密度下发生夸克相交,可以增加转移能量从而得到更强的激波．  相似文献   

13.
The linear density and velocity perturbations are analyzed in a differentially rotating thin gravitating disc consisting of gas and dust. For the radial behaviour of the equilibrium density and the velocity of sound we assume a power law. The zeros of these perturbations have a distance behaviour like the distances of the planets and their satellites known as the Titius-Bode rule. It is suggested, that the knots of the velocity disturbances are the places where ring like dust accumulations occur. The mechanism is the same as in the Kundt's tube, where collisions between the dust and the oscillating gas are responsible for this effect.  相似文献   

14.
We study the steady-state structure of an accretion disc with a corona surrounding a central, rotating, magnetized star. We assume that the magneto-rotational instability is the dominant mechanism of angular momentum transport inside the disc and is responsible for producing magnetic tubes above the disc. In our model, a fraction of the dissipated energy inside the disc is transported to the corona via these magnetic tubes. This energy exchange from the disc to the corona which depends on the disc physical properties is modified because of the magnetic interaction between the stellar magnetic field and the accretion disc. According to our fully analytical solutions for such a system, the existence of a corona not only increases the surface density but reduces the temperature of the accretion disc. Also, the presence of a corona enhances the ratio of gas pressure to the total pressure. Our solutions show that when the strength of the magnetic field of the central neutron star is large or the star is rotating fast enough, profiles of the physical variables of the disc significantly modify due to the existence of a corona.  相似文献   

15.
In the present work we assume that the universe is dominated with a two component mixture which do not evolve separately but interact non-gravitationally with one another. we consider the issue of the tachyon as a source of the dark energy and modified Chaplygin gas as background fluid. So we study the interacting between tachyon field and modified Chaplygin gas in different forms of interactions term Q in both flat and non-flat FRW universe. Then we reconstruct the potential and the dynamics of the tachyon field which describe tachyon cosmology. Also we find a equivalence potential for MCG in this model. Next we study two dark components respect to redshift and we find the conditions that are required for the stability of this model.  相似文献   

16.
An instability criterion for perturbations of the gravitational potential in an inhomogeneous, large gas cloud is derived. We assume that perturbations propagate through the central area of the cloud, along the basic state density gradients. The instability criterion obtained in this way represents generalization of the Jeans's criterion to the case when the system is inhomogeneous in the basic state.  相似文献   

17.
The classical way to treat absorption of solar light in thermophysical modeling of cometary nuclei (and other ice-rich bodies such as jovian satellites) has been to assume complete opaqueness of the surface material. However, as shown by Davidsson and Skorov (2002, Icarus156, 223-248), substantial light penetration can occur in porous ice even if it is very dusty, implying that gradual absorption of energy in a surface layer should be accounted for.We present a thorough comparison between a surface energy absorption model and a layer energy absorption model, for various combinations of heliocentric distances, conductivities, opacities, pore sizes, and rotational periods relevant for cometary nuclei, by fully solving the coupled differential equations of heat transfer and gas diffusion. We find substantial differences between the models in terms of gas production rate, thermal lag angle, surface temperature, and the origin of coma molecules. For example, the surface energy absorption model overestimates the total gas production by a factor of 2-7, underestimates the lag angle by a factor of 2-3, and places the origin of coma molecules at the surface, instead of the near-surface interior.  相似文献   

18.
In this letter, we have considered that the universe is filled with normal matter and variable modified Chaplygin gas. Also we have considered the interaction between normal matter and variable modified Chaplygin gas in FRW universe. Then we have considered a correspondence between the holographic dark energy density and interacting variable modified Chaplygin gas energy density. Then we have reconstructed the potential of the scalar field which describes the variable modified Chaplygin cosmology.  相似文献   

19.
Studies of the X-ray surface brightness profiles of clusters, coupled with theoretical considerations, suggest that the breaking of self-similarity in the hot gas results from an 'entropy floor', established by some heating process, which affects the structure of the intracluster gas strongly in lower-mass systems. By fitting analytical models for the radial variation in gas density and temperature to X-ray spectral images from the ROSAT PSPC and ASCA GIS, we have derived gas entropy profiles for 20 galaxy clusters and groups. We show that, when these profiles are scaled such that they should lie on top of one another in the case of self-similarity, the lowest-mass systems have higher-scaled entropy profiles than more massive systems. This appears to be due to a baseline entropy of depending on the extent to which shocks have been suppressed in low-mass systems. The extra entropy may be present in all systems, but is detectable only in poor clusters, where it is significant compared with the entropy generated by gravitational collapse. This excess entropy appears to be distributed uniformly with radius outside the central cooling regions.
We determine the energy associated with this entropy floor, by studying the net reduction in binding energy of the gas in low-mass systems, and find that it corresponds to a pre-heating temperature of 0.3 keV. Since the relationship between entropy and energy injection depends upon gas density, we are able to combine the excesses of 70140 keV cm2 and 0.3 keV to derive the typical electron density of the gas into which the energy was injected. The resulting value of implies that the heating must have happened prior to cluster collapse but after a redshift z 710. The energy requirement is well matched to the energy from supernova explosions responsible for the metals which now pollute the intracluster gas.  相似文献   

20.
The properties of underluminous Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) of the 91bg subclass have yet to be theoretically understood. Here, we take a closer look at the structure of the dim SN Ia 2005bl. We infer the abundance and density profiles needed to reproduce the observed spectral evolution between −6 d and  +12.9 d  with respect to B maximum. Initially, we assume the density structure of the standard explosion model W7; then we test whether better fits to the observed spectra can be obtained using modified density profiles with different total masses and kinetic energies. Compared to normal SNe Ia, we find a lack of burning products especially in the rapidly expanding outer layers  ( v ≳ 15 000 km s−1)  . The zone between ∼8500 and 15 000 km s−1 is dominated by oxygen and includes some amount of intermediate-mass elements. At lower velocities, intermediate-mass elements dominate. This holds down to the lowest zones investigated in this work. This fact, together with negligible-to-moderate abundances of Fe-group elements, indicates large-scale incomplete Si burning or explosive O burning, possibly in a detonation at low densities. Consistently with the reduced nucleosynthesis, we find hints of a kinetic energy lower than that of a canonical SN Ia: the spectra strongly favour reduced densities at  ≳13 000 km s−1  compared to W7, and are very well fitted using a rescaled W7 model with original mass  (1.38 M⊙)  , but a kinetic energy reduced by ∼30 per cent (i.e. from  1.33 × 1051  to  0.93 × 1051 erg  ).  相似文献   

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