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1.
《工程地质学报》2016,24(5):732-740
特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡广泛发育于三峡库区重庆段万州城区及云阳地区。基于万州城区太白岩古滑坡以及云阳地区老药铺滑坡两个典型特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡,分析了其结构特征及破坏特点;建立了强降雨作用下特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡破坏的力学模型,解译了此类滑坡的破坏过程,并提出了滑带（面）超孔隙水压力是此类滑坡破坏的诱因。基于孔隙水压力与土体所处的应力状态的内在关系,推导了滑面处每个土条的孔隙水压力及水压力公式,并得出了考虑超孔隙水压力的滑坡稳定系数表达式。云阳地区老药铺滑坡算例表明,若将老药铺滑坡按zk5分为两个滑坡,两个滑坡的中心段是孔隙水压力值较高的区域;本文的孔隙水压力计算值略大于钻孔量测值,计算误差为5.8%～10%,原因在于滑面超孔隙水压力的消散;暴雨工况（含超孔隙水压力）下老药铺滑坡稳定系数为0.862,滑坡处于非稳定状态,并已发生破坏,验证了超孔隙水压力对滑坡体破坏的诱发作用;建议滑坡治理工程中应在按zk5分成的两个滑坡中间段打设排水孔,消除或降低滑面处的超孔隙水压力值,并结合滑坡周围及坡面的截排水工程以及封填裂隙治理老药铺滑坡。 相似文献
2.
Poro‐mechanical and thermo‐mechanical processes change the fracture aperture and thus affect the water flow pattern in the fracture during the cold water injection into enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). In addition, the stresses generated by these processes contribute to the phenomenon of reservoir seismicity. In this paper, we present a three‐dimensional (3D) partially coupled poro‐thermoelastic model to investigate the poroelastic and thermoelastic effects of cold water injection in EGS. In the model, the lubrication fluid flow and the convective heat transfer in the fracture are modeled by the finite element method, while the pore fluid diffusion and heat conductive transfer in the reservoir matrix are assumed to be 3D and modeled by the boundary integral equation method without the need to discretize the reservoir. The stresses at the fracture surface and in the reservoir matrix are obtained from the numerical model and can be used to assess the variation of in situ stress and induced seismicty with injection/extraction. Application of the model shows that rock cooling induces large tensile stresses and increases fracture conductivity, whereas the rock dilation caused by fluid leakoff decreases fracture aperture and increases compressive total stresses around the injection zone. However, increases in pore pressure reduce the effective stresses and can contribute to rock failure, fracture slip, and microseismic activity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
拉裂-滑移式黄土崩塌是黄土地区高速公路建设过程中常见的一种崩塌灾害。根据土体极限平衡方程,得到黄土斜坡后缘最大竖直拉张裂隙深度。引进水致弱化函数,分别建立了竖直裂隙面介质及潜在滑移面介质的本构方程。根据崩塌体能量守恒原理及尖点突变理论,建立了拉裂-滑移式黄土崩塌隐患的尖点突变模型。根据该模型,探讨了拉裂-滑移式黄土崩塌的形成机制。认为黄土斜坡开挖后,后缘形成拉张裂隙,在裂隙充水的作用下,竖直拉张裂隙的剪切模量增大,潜在滑移面的剪切模量减小,当黄土含水饱和度达到一定程度时候,系统发生突变,滑裂面形成,土体重心不断向临空面移动。其重心一旦滑出陡坡,就会产生崩塌。根据极限平衡方程,结合摩尔-库仑定律,建立了拉裂-滑移式黄土崩塌隐患体的稳定性计算公式。研究结果对黄土崩塌治理的设计与施工具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
4.
Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is a commonly used technique in geotechnical engineering for ground improvement such as ground water control and temporary excavation support during tunnel construction in soft soils. The main potential problem connected with this technique is that it may produce heave and settlement at the ground surface, which may cause damage to the surface infrastructure. Additionally, the freezing process and the energy needed to obtain a stable frozen ground may be significantly influenced by seepage flow. Evidently, safe design and execution of AGF require a reliable prediction of the coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of freezing soils. With the theory of poromechanics, a three‐phase finite element soil model is proposed, considering solid particles, liquid water, and crystal ice as separate phases and mixture temperature, liquid pressure, and solid displacement as the primary field variables. In addition to the volume expansion of water transforming into ice, the contribution of the micro‐cryo‐suction mechanism to the frost heave phenomenon is described in the model using the theory of premelting dynamics. Through fundamental physical laws and corresponding state relations, the model captures various couplings among the phase transition, the liquid transport within the pore space, and the accompanying mechanical deformation. The verification and validation of the model are accomplished by means of selected analyses. An application example is related to AGF during tunnel excavation, investigating the influence of seepage flow on the freezing process and the time required to establish a closed supporting frozen arch. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
浅埋土质隧道的稳定性研究一直是隧道工程的关键问题,而孔隙水压力的存在影响着浅埋土质隧道的安全。构建了隧道顶部为圆弧形的浅埋土质隧道的三维塌落机制,基于非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则和极限分析上限法,并考虑孔隙水压力的作用,推导出浅埋土质隧道的塌落范围及支护力的最优上限解计算公式。通过与既有研究进行对比,验证了所提方法的合理性。分析了不同参数对塌落范围、塌落土体的重力及支护力的影响,结果表明：孔隙水压力对浅埋土质隧道的塌落范围、塌落土体的重力及支护力有着显著的影响;孔隙水压力对塌落范围、塌落土体重力的影响比较复杂,而支护力都随着孔隙水压力系数的增大而增大;不同参数对浅埋土质隧道的塌落范围、塌落土体的重力及支护力的影响规律不同。新方法可为浅埋土质隧道的设计优化提供理论支撑。 相似文献
6.
降雨在松散堆积土中入渗引起内部水土力学的变化是影响稳定性的关键。目前研究多侧重考虑颗粒粒径、含量等因素对斜坡破坏的影响,但是针对斜坡体内部水土响应及稳定性时空演化方面的研究存在不足。基于野外滑坡案例,通过室内降雨滑坡模型试验、土力学试验和理论分析手段,研究了降雨触发松散堆积体斜坡变形破坏过程及模式,采用Van Genuchten模型（VG模型）重构了土体的土-水特征曲线,重点探究了斜坡内部水土力学变化以及稳定性时空演化规律。结果表明：（1）堆积体斜坡破坏经历了微裂隙发育-局部破坏-整体破坏3个阶段,呈现出“初期拉裂-坡面坍塌-塑性滑动”的破坏模式;（2）入渗过程斜坡体积含水率以及孔隙水压力急速增加,而土颗粒之间基质吸力下降甚至消散,促进了斜坡破坏发展;（3）土体力学强度随体积含水率升高呈指数下降,体积含水率为36.3%时,有效黏聚力和有效内摩擦角仅为0.27 kPa、3.39°;（4）基于极限平衡理论和斜坡土水特征监测数据,构建了斜坡稳定性时空演化图谱,与模型试验破坏特征有较好的一致性。研究结果对降雨作用下的堆积层斜坡监测预警与防灾减灾提供理论支撑。 相似文献
7.
Two or more different fluids generally saturate chalk in oil reservoir, and therefore its behaviour can be very complicated. In this paper, a constitutive law is proposed for modelling the mechanical behaviour of a chalk saturated by two non‐miscible fluids, water and oil. The effects of the capillary pressure or suction are taken into account. They are considered as an independent variable, as in the Barcelona's basic model developed for unsaturated soils. On the other hand, internal friction and pore collapse are modelled as independent mechanisms. The determination of the parameters is based on triaxial and oedometer tests. Finally, in order to validate the model, predictions are compared with experimental results of water‐flooding test. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
静压桩侧阻力的实质是桩-土之间的摩擦,但其机制研究并未使用目前成熟的摩擦学理论。系统地介绍了摩擦学中黏着摩擦机制和变形摩擦机制,进而利用其分析解释静压桩桩-土界面的滑动摩擦机制,并得到较好的效果,为桩侧摩阻力的研究提供了新的思路。研究结果表明,桩-土之间的干摩擦是外摩擦;沉桩过程中桩-土之间的滑动摩擦是泥浆润滑下的湿摩擦,从而使桩侧阻力远小于载荷试验时的桩侧阻力;沉桩停顿使压桩力急剧增大的主要原因是：泥浆润滑膜的消失使桩-土之间的摩擦从湿摩擦变为干摩擦;载荷试验在桩破坏前桩-土之间的摩擦是干摩擦;桩端附近桩侧阻力强化的主要原因是：桩端土的强度提高引起桩端附近切向力的增大,从而导致桩-土之间摩擦系数提高。 相似文献
9.
季节冻土区特殊的温湿环境造成盐渍土累积变形是导致众多工程问题的主要原因,但其变形破坏机理尚不十分明确。通过配制不同含盐量的粉土开展冻融循环试验,研究试验过程中温度、未冻水含量、孔隙水压力、基质吸力和位移的变化规律。结果表明：孔隙水压力和基质吸力对土体温度敏感,对土体变形有重要影响。类比于非饱和土有效应力原理,给出了冻结盐渍土的有效应力方程,将土体变形分为温度应变、盐胀、冻胀、溶陷、融沉和残余应变,很好地解释了冻结盐渍土的变形机理。研究了含盐量对土体变形的影响程度,发现低含盐量时土体应变以冻胀和融沉为主;随着含盐量的增加,盐胀和溶陷的贡献越来越大;而含盐量为1%时土体变形最小,表明适当控制含盐量可有效抑制土体变形。 相似文献
10.
This paper proposes a multi‐level parallelized substructuring–frontal combined algorithm for the analysis of the problem of thermo/hydraulic/mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soil. Temperature, displacement, pore water pressure and pore air pressure are treated as the primary variables in a non‐linear analysis. Details are given firstly of the substructuring–frontal combined approach. The incorporation of the algorithm in a multi‐level parallel strategy is then discussed. The parallel processing can thus be carried out at different substructural levels. The method thus developed impacts, in a positive way, on both computer storage requirement and execution time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
覆盖型岩溶塌陷的塌陷机制分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
以覆盖型岩溶塌陷为研究对象,首先分析了覆盖型岩溶塌陷的演化机制,然后考虑土体自重、真空负压、降雨和爆破等因素的共同作用,并基于极限平衡理论建立了覆盖型岩溶塌陷土体稳定系数及塌陷范围的计算方法,以重庆市南岸区涂山湖二外桥梁左侧塌陷为例,发现计算出的塌陷范围与现场塌陷范围基本一致,并分析出该处土体在爆破、真空负压、自重和渗透等因素作用下的稳定系数和塌陷范围变化规律为:稳定系数在土层厚度增加时可增大46%,而当水深从0.1 m增加到1 m和真空负压由0 kPa增大到50 kPa时,可降低30%～35%。最后考虑爆破的时效性,探讨了土柱稳定系数随着爆破振动的变化规律,在考虑爆破荷载作用后,土柱稳定系数将降低4%,爆破对土柱的作用时间约为6 s。 相似文献
12.
高速远程滑坡具有较强的灾害性,已逐渐成为国内外地质灾害领域研究的热点。大型滑坡滑动过程中滑带剧烈摩擦和生热,使得局部温度升高,改变岩土体的抗剪强度等性质、以及产生气垫效应等,可能促进高速远程滑坡运动。为了定量地研究滑坡滑带中热量的生成和温度场分布规律,本研究改进自主开发的MatDEM离散元软件,建立了约23万单元的二维边坡模型,对滑坡的启动、高速滑动和堆积全过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明:MatDEM较为准确地模拟了滑坡典型特征,同时展示了边坡模型的热量生成特征;模拟结果表明滑带附近形成明显的"核形"高热量带,100 m高的边坡滑带单元热量增加值最高达3×105 J,理想条件下造成比热容为550 J/kg·℃的1 kg土体升高545.5 ℃左右;高热量带依附于滑带并随着滑体最厚处向前扩展;MatDEM单元连接状态图和热量场图直观地展现了滑体和滑床中的裂隙发育过程。本研究为滑坡数值模拟研究提供了一个新手段。 相似文献
13.
基于对数螺旋破坏模式,考虑黏土的非均质特征,采用极限分析上限法推导了盾构隧道掌子面支护力计算公式,通过优化计算得到了不同条件下的最优上限解。采用该破坏模式与已有的模型试验、工程实例进行对比,验证了在非均质土中采用双对数螺旋极限分析上限法的适用性;同时详细分析了在土体不同参数条件下,隧道掌子面支护力、滑动面范围的变化趋势以及工程影响,结果显示在非均质土中,掌子面支护效率的主导因素是初始黏聚力与掌子面超前核心土,最后通过归一化处理得到了非均质土中极限支护力的设计推荐图,可为工程中初步确定盾构隧道掌子面支护压力提供理论依据。 相似文献
14.
本文以福建省龙岩市永定区樟坑村岩溶塌陷地质灾害点为研究对象,通过开展室内物理模型试验,研究了水位波动条件下岩溶覆盖层孔隙水压力和沉降的变化规律,结果表明:（1）孔隙水压力响应情况与水位波动呈现良好的一致性,根据孔隙水压力的变化可基本判断岩溶土洞内部土体的塌陷发展情况;（2）土洞内部塌陷同时向上部及水平方向扩展,但向上部扩展速度大于水平方向;（3）塌陷发展不规律,地表形成的近似圆形塌陷坑中心与原始空洞中心不在同一垂线上。同时,在分析覆盖型岩溶土洞发育特征的基础上,总结出覆盖型岩溶土洞在水位循环波动条件下的致塌模式,提出了岩溶土洞塌陷变形发展经历了土洞发育、土洞扩展和地表塌陷3个演化阶段。研究结果对岩溶土洞塌陷的监测预警具有理论及实际意义。 相似文献
15.
This paper introduces an unconventional constitutive model for soils, which deals with a unified thermo‐mechanical modelling for unsaturated soils. The relevant temperature and suction effects are studied in light of elasto‐plasticity. A generalized effective stress framework is adopted, which includes a number of intrinsic thermo‐hydro‐mechanical connections, to represent the stress state in the soil. Two coupled constitutive aspects are used to fully describe the non‐isothermal behaviour. The mechanical constitutive part is built on the concepts of bounding surface theory and multi‐mechanism plasticity, whereas water retention characteristics are described using elasto‐plasticity to reproduce the hysteretic response and the effect of temperature and dry density on retention properties. The theoretical formulation is supported by comparisons with experimental results on two compacted clays. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
软黏土中地下结构浮力测试试验与分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
浮力计算是地下结构抗浮设计的关键,而弱透水黏性土中浮力大小的确定一直存在争议。对此,设计一套免受摩擦力影响的模型试验装置,对埋置于软黏土中的地下结构模型进行浮力测试。试验采用卸重上浮的思路,力学模型简单明确,浮力即等于浮起瞬间的剩余配重,并通过水压和位移的实时监测来判定结构上浮的临界状态。试验结果表明,软黏土中的水压是一个动态变化量,受渗流、温度、卸重回弹以及土-水相互作用的影响,且往往小于理论水压;实测浮力是理论浮力的0.93倍,存在少量折减;水压和位移时程曲线显示上浮过程是持续动态变化的,最终浮起时具有突发性。 相似文献
17.
渗透性与降雨强度对堆积层滑坡稳定性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文基于非饱和渗流理论及非饱和土的Fredlund双应力变量强度理论,对一沿岩土接触面滑动的堆积层滑坡模型,分别进行了8种条件下的降雨入渗数值模拟试验,研究了不同土体渗透性及降雨强度对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)堆积层滑坡的稳定性与土体的渗透性有密切关系,在降雨后的短期内,土体渗透性越好,滑面孔隙水压力升高越明显,滑坡的稳定性降低程度越大;(2)降雨期间,埋深较浅的滑面,入渗雨水能够较快到达,对滑坡稳定性的影响较大;(3)在相同的降雨时间内,降雨强度越大,滑坡稳定性降低速率越快;(4)降雨强度影响着滑坡发生的滞后性,在降雨总量一定的条件下,若降雨强度较大,雨停后,滑坡稳定性继续下降的程度较大;(5)降雨总量控制着滑坡的最终稳定性。 相似文献
18.
Large-scale shaking table model tests were carried out to study the dynamic behaviors of slopes and failure mechanism of landslide in permafrost regions. The model slope was constituted of silty clay layer stacked on an ice layer with 8° surface slope. Acceleration, displacement, and pore pressure were measured subjected to vertical and horizontal seismic loadings. The horizontal wave has a stronger influence on the failure of the model than the vertical wave motion, and the natural frequency of vibration in the horizontal direction decreased obviously at the failure state. The model slope has three components of different nonlinear mechanical properties, which are the soil layer, soil-ice interface, and ice layer. The amplification factor of peak ground acceleration is obviously smaller at the soil-ice interface than that at the soil and ice layer. The acceleration responses are nonlinear because of the nonlinear soil properties and degradation of modulus with increasing horizontal acceleration. Especially, excess pore pressure generation was observed near the soil-ice interface of the slope subjected to higher input acceleration, which resulted in the decrease of the effective stress. Failure surface appeared to be the soil-ice interface, which was consistent with the field observations of landslides in permafrost regions. Slope failure could be defined based on the massive movement of the slope, characterized by integral sliding pattern along the soil-ice interface without the distinct deformation inside the sliding body. The results show that the sliding of the slope with soil layer at gentle gradient is mainly triggered by the combined action of horizontal seismic wave, existence of soil-ice interface, and pore pressure generation in permafrost regions. 相似文献
19.
This paper presents a numerical model for the elasto‐plastic electro‐osmosis consolidation of unsaturated clays experiencing large strains, by considering electro‐osmosis and hydro‐mechanical flows in a deformable multiphase porous medium. The coupled governing equations involving the pore water flow, pore gas flow, electric flow and mechanical deformation in unsaturated clays are derived within the framework of averaging theory and solved numerically using finite elements. The displacements of the solid phase, the pressure of the water phase, the pressure of the gas phase and the electric potential are taken as the primary unknowns in the proposed model. The nonlinear variation of transport parameters during electro‐osmosis consolidation are incorporated into the model using empirical expressions that strongly depend on the degree of water saturation, whereas the Barcelona Basic Model is employed to simulate the elasto‐plastic mechanical behaviour of unsaturated clays. The accuracy of the proposed model is evaluated by validating it against two well‐known numerical examples, involving electro‐osmosis and unsaturated soil behaviour respectively. Two further examples are then investigated to study the capability of the computational algorithm in modelling multiphase flow in electro‐osmosis consolidation. Finally, the effects of gas generation at the anode, the deformation characteristics, the degree of saturation and the time dependent evolution of the excess pore pressure are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
When a heat source such as a canister of radioactive waste is buried in a saturated soil the temperature changes that occur will cause the pore water to expand a greater amount than the voids of the soil. The temperature change will thus usually be accompanied by an increase in pore pressure. If the soil is sufficiently permeable these pore pressures will dissipate. This paper develops an analytic solution for the fundamental problem of a point heat source buried deep in a saturated soil. 相似文献