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1.
盾构地中对接冻结加固过程中形成不规则形状的冻结体,产生的冻胀效应会引起上部地层产生不均匀冻胀变形。为了获得冻结过程中冻胀效应对上部地层变形的影响规律,以上海地区软土地层中盾构地中对接冻结工程为原型,按照相似理论,设计进行了盾构对接位置地层冻结加固的模型试验,获得了如下结论:冻结过程中,冻胀引起上部地层的变形量随着冻结壁厚度的增长而线性增大,当冻结壁发展超过测点位置后,相应位置的地层变形不再变化。冻结产生的冻胀力对上部地层有压缩作用,随着地层内测点埋深的增加,地层变形量和地层平均应变都逐渐增大。当冻胀力超过土层的黏聚力后,上部土层的滑动使地层平均应变不再增加,地层不再被压缩,下部地层的变形会直接传递到上部地层。研究结果表明,影响冻结加固体上部地层变形量的主要因素是冻结壁的厚度,次要因素是地层的埋深。 相似文献
2.
为研究双圈管冻结壁温度场变化规律，以淮南某矿副井为研究对象，根据其相关地质参数，利用FLAC3D软件数值模拟双圈管冻结壁温度场形成过程以及不同因素对冻结壁平均温度的影响。研究结果表明:双圈管内土体温度最低，两侧温度逐渐升高；冻结孔间距越小，交圈时间越早，内外圈管交圈之后形成封闭的未冻承压水仓，对冻结壁不利，冻结锋面向内侧扩展速度大于向外侧扩展速度；双圈管冻结壁平均温度与冻结时间呈对数关系下降，有效厚度在内外圈管交圈后增长十分明显，且与冻结时间呈对数关系上升；双圈管主、界面温度场曲线随冻结时间近似由马鞍形分布逐渐转变为梯形分布，界面温度场扩展速度大于主面温度场；土体初始温度、盐水温度及导热系数对冻结壁平均温度影响均较大，土体初始温度和盐水温度越低、导热系数越大，冻结壁平均温度越低。研究成果为相关冻结工程的设计和施工提供参考。 相似文献
3.
多圈管冻结壁设计方案是解决深冻结问题的有效方法,为研究深厚砂黏层分界处不同工况下多圈管冻结温度场特性,采取分界处原黏性土XRD试验结果,利用ANSYS数值模拟冻结三圈管,对比分析了细砂土与膨胀性黏土在冻结管偏斜与不偏斜工况下温度场冻结壁形成与发展特性。研究表明:多圈管不偏斜冻结,细砂层与膨胀性黏土层冻结壁温度场均呈规则、对称、有序发展,主冻结中圈管间、内圈管间、中-内圈管间、中-外圈管间、外圈管依次形成交圈过程,随着冻结时间增加,中-内圈、中-外圈管间冻结温度由抛物线型发展为梯形降温形状,且温差减少,内、外圈管外侧呈倒八字型发展形态,内圈管内侧降温效果明显好于外圈管外侧。偏斜时,冻结壁温度场交圈降温不规则,冻结冷锋交圈叠加具有随机性和离散性。膨胀性黏土冻结壁形成时间严重滞后,偏斜、土性差异对冻结壁温度影响均较大,偏斜对膨胀性黏土影响尤其明显,与某矿冻结法凿井在地层-400 m以上砂黏分界处发生的多根冻结管断管事件较为吻合,研究成果可以为类似深层矿井冻结施工提供参考。 相似文献
4.
基于相似理论,开展了双圈管同步冻结条件下黏土冻结壁形成过程冻胀力模型试验研究．在试验条件下黏土冻结壁交圈顺序为外圈管、内圈管,两圈管之间,冻结310d后冻结壁发展到井帮位置．随时间发展,外圈管内侧温度分布逐渐均匀,而外圈管外侧仍存在较大温度梯度．结果表明：冻胀力的发展变化与冻结温度场密切相关,且表现出显著的时空不均匀性... 相似文献
5.
为获得浅覆土下矩形冻结加固体的温度场分布及冻胀变形规律,以广州地铁6号线穿越3号线的冻结工程为原型,根据相似理论,设计进行了水平冻结的模型试验。结果表明,在地表散热的影响下浅埋冻结工程中紧邻地表的冻结区域降温速度较慢,形成的冻结壁是整个加固体的薄弱环节;冻结过程中冻结壁向内发展较快,其平均发展速度是向外发展速度的1.5倍左右;形成封闭的冻结壁前,采用较高的盐水温度进行冻结,可有效地控制土体的冻胀变形,冻结壁封闭后,降低盐水温度,冻胀变形会明显增加;冻胀过程中产生的冻胀力对上部土层有压密作用,使土层的冻胀变形随着埋深的变浅而减小;对于浅埋矩形地下冻结工程,上部覆土和冻结加固体之间相互影响作用明显,上部土层的散热会影响冻结加固体内温度场的分布规律,而下部冻土的冻胀作用也会压密上部土层。 相似文献
6.
提出了南京地铁2号线新街口－上海路隧道穿越薄富含水层冻结法止水加固方案,利用ADINA有限元软件对该浅埋暗挖隧道涌水段建立冻结温度场数值模型,分析了冻结管间距、冻结盐水温度、冻结管直径对冻结壁发展速率、冻结壁厚度、平均温度的影响,以此为基础对冻结参数开展优化设计,并获得成功应用。研究结果表明：利用人工冻结技术能够有效解决这一特殊岩土工程难题。为了在支护段获得有效地止水冻土帷幕,冻结管间距应小于等于1 m;冻结工程中采取-30℃的盐水温度既能满足需冷量,又能符合经济性要求;采取大直径的冻结管对增加冻土墙厚度与降低冻土壁平均温度的影响并不显著。 相似文献
7.
为获得多圈管冻结壁形成与融化过程中冻结壁内部冻胀力发展特性和孔隙水压力变化规律,进而分析冻结壁力学性态及安全性,在淮南某煤矿开展了冻结壁冻融过程中内、外部冻胀力和孔隙水压力的现场实测研究.实测结果表明:在地层冻融过程中,冻结壁内、外部形成了不均匀的冻胀应力,测试地层最大冻结压力达6.0 MPa,为初始地压的2.4倍;当井筒开挖至测试层位时地层冻结压力呈线性降低;随着浇筑外层混凝土井壁,冻结压力又有回升,当冻结壁融化后地层冻胀力为零,井壁恢复受水土压力作用.孔隙水压力变化经历了静止孔隙水压力和冻结过程的超静孔隙水压力两个阶段,超静孔隙水压力达到4.0 MPa,约为静止孔隙水压力的2.0倍. 相似文献
8.
本在分析有关实测资料的基础上，应用近似方法求解了二类边界条件下有相变的平面轴对称的热传导方程，给出了人工冻结凿井设计中用以确定冻结壁交圈时间的相邻两冻结管周围冻结土体轴向相交接的时间，冻结壁形成变化规律，冻结壁平均温度和温度和内外冻结壁厚度关系。将计算结果与实测资料比较表明，中所给计算方法和公式有较高的精度。 相似文献
9.
深厚冲积层冻结压力取值大小是冻结法凿井外层井壁设计计算的重要依据。为此,基于符合深井冻土蠕变特性的改进西原模型,利用ABAQUS软件的用户子程序接口,实现该模型的UMAT开发。考虑土体冻结过程中的热-力耦合作用获得井筒开挖前土体冻胀应力分布规律,在此基础上,计算分析了深部冻结井的掘砌过程,获得了作用于外层井壁的冻结压力发展变化规律。计算结果表明：土体埋深、冻结壁温度、土体冻胀率等因素均影响冻结压力的大小。在其他条件不变的情况下,当埋深由400 m增加到500 m时,冻结压力增加21%;当冻结壁平均温度由-16 ℃降低至-18 ℃时,冻结压力减小10%;当土体冻胀率由2%增加到3%时,冻结压力增加3.8%。冻结压力随层位深度及土体冻胀率的增加而增加,而降低冻结壁温度则有利于冻结壁的稳定。数值计算结果与实测值的误差小于15%,比理论计算更有利于实际工程中深井冻结压力的计算预测。 相似文献
10.
多圈管冻结法施工已在深厚地层矿井中广泛应用,为了研究多圈管冻结壁温度场发展规律,以淮南某矿为研究对象,利用现场实测数据和FLAC3D软件2种方式对比分析研究多圈管冻结壁温度场发展规律。研究结果表明:冻结壁中圈孔最先开始交圈,其次是外圈孔,最后是内圈孔,测温孔温度和冻结壁平均温度随冻结时间的延长均呈对数关系下降,最终趋于稳定,冻结壁有效厚度在交圈后增长明显,随冻结时间的延长呈对数关系增大,主面和界面温度场曲线在冻结管处近似呈V形发展,主面和界面温度随冻结时间的延长逐渐降低,对比分析验证了冻结壁温度场模型数值模拟的可行性,数值模拟对工程施工具有参考指导价值。 相似文献
11.
为解决天然气水合物冷冻取样钻具冷源难以在孔底长时间存储及冷冻岩心效率低的问题,本文提出了采用冷源外置式冷冻岩心样品的方法,即将冷源存放在打捞器中减少冷源在孔内的存储时间,提高冷源的存储效率,并在冷冻过程中向冷冻腔内通入氮气增强低温酒精与岩心的对流换热以提高岩心的冷冻效率。采用液氮与酒精混合形成的低温酒精（-130 ℃）作为冷源进行冷源存储及岩心冷冻试验,模拟孔内环境存储30 min后,冷冻能量保存率为731%。通过注入氮气提高冷源与岩心的换热效率,可将岩心平均温度降至-1492 ℃,与传统方式相比冷冻效率提高243%。试验结果表明,通过冷源外置式的结构和通过注气增强对流换热的方法能够解决冷源不能长时间存储及岩心冷冻效率低的问题,为天然气水合物钻探获取原始样品提供了一种可行的方法。 相似文献
12.
Ground-freezing is used in mining and civil engineering to make water-bearing strata temporarily impermeable and to increase their compressive and shear strength by transforming joint water and interstitial water into ice. Freezing of rock or soil layers is achieved by means of an array of cased boreholes, through which a cold liquid is circulated in order to remove heat energy, comparable to cooling coils. Frost expansion from the boreholes into the ground is monitored, for a better and more economic control of the freezing process. For this purpose, instruments for the determination of borehole deviation, for measurement of the temperature field and for an assessment of the degree of freezing with ultrasonic waves, have proved useful. These three techniques are described based on results obtained from field measurements. 相似文献
13.
Temporary ground freezing is a valuable technique for stabilizing soft soils during construction. It imparts large increases in strength and bearing capacity to most soils. However, freezing can cause significant changes in soil structure and density which can lead to adverse settlement during thaw. Settlement of clay soils after freezing and thawing is the result of the suction forces that draw pore water to the freezing front. These suction forces cause an increase in the effective stress on the clay beneath the freezing front, and thus cause an overconsolidation of the clay. As these suction forces often exceed 1 atm, their direct measurement is not easy. A technique for indirectly determining the maximum suction occurring during freezing is presented which utilizes the apparent memory that clay soils have for maximum past (preconsolidation) pressures. Suctions as large as 532 kN m−2 were observed after freezing and thawing a clay soil which was initially consolidated to 128 kN m−2. The volume changes resulting from the freezing and thawing of clays were related to the plastic limit and were observed in the laboratory to be as high as 25%. If provisions are not made to account for these volume changes in a ground freezing project, considerable damage to structures can occur from settlement and the resulting stresses. 相似文献
14.
The engineer is normally concerned with the effects of the freezing of soils; the heaving pressure, the amount of frost heave and the thaw weakening. To quantify these effects various soil parameters and theoretical considerations are used, often leading to different frost susceptibility criteria. Although a tremendous amount of work has been done to develop frost susceptibility criteria, it seems that, from an engineering point of view, little progress has been made over the last decades. However, an important development has taken place concerning the theory behind the frost heaving mechanism and to develop numerical models of frost heave. 相似文献
15.
Appropriate thermal design of an artificial soil freezing system should include the linking between the performance of the refrigeration system and the thermal regime in the soil, as well as the influence of variable thermal properties and complicated geometries. The paper presents design systems, based on computer programs, where these features are demonstrated. The refrigeration capacity is given as a boundary condition at the freezing pipe, either as temperature or flux. Two programs are discussed; a one-dimensional (1-D), finite difference program for the analysis of a single pipe, and a two-dimensional (2-D), finite element code, with seepage flow as an option, more suited for real problems. The programs are used to display the influence of various design parameters, such as refrigeration capacities, material properties and geometries. A comparison is made between the 2-D program and a simplified method developed by K.R. Khakimov, which shows that the simplified method gives a very conservative estimate of the frozen volume vs. elapsed time. Finally, the 2-D program computing combined heat and seepage flow is applied to a laboratory model of a soil freezing system, and the agreement between measured and computed values of temperature and water flow is shown to be acceptable. 相似文献
16.
Controlled ground freezing for mining and construction applications has been in use for over a century. Despite the great technological evolution which has occurred during this period, it still remains more of an art than a science. Both the ground freezing system and related frozen earth structure are, as a practical matter, indeterminate from the standpoint of accurate engineering computations. Because of this, the successful execution of a ground freezing project depends to a large extent on the personal experience of the individuals involved in its design and execution. The purpose of this paper is to present information on proven methods for accomplishing and verifying some of the most important construction operations used during installation and maintenance of a ground freezing system and related frozen earth structure. The data on which this paper is based are derived from records of numerous completed projects for which ground freezing was employed to provide temporary ground suppport groundwater control, and/or structural underpinning. Applications included shafts, tunnels, deep open excavations, underpinning, and emergency or remedial repair of other types of construction used in the same applications. Based on the data studied, the paper concludes with some fundamental recommendations for applied research topics. 相似文献
17.
A practical discussion of critical factors for designing and constructing temporary frozen earth ground support and groundwater control systems for large open excavations is reported. Many construction projects require extensive subsurface work which can best be completed in a large open excavation, shaped to accommodate the subsurface structure. Frequently, lateral ground support of adjoining property and groundwater control within the excavation are major problems for completion of subsurface work. Construction ground freezing has now become an economically competitive solution for many such applications, particularly in bad ground. The general experience gained from completing ground freezing for numerous open excavation projects over the past ten years is reported to assist in the evaluation, design and construction of future projects. The principal emphasis of this report is the practical construction and field instrumentation procedures necessary successfully to complete ground freezing for a project. Examples from past projects ranging from large nuclear power plants to small sewerage pumping stations are employed to emphasize important points. 相似文献
18.
The finite element method, formulated for non-linear heat conduction, allows the solution of practically any ground freezing problem. Stabilization of wet soils by artificial freezing and freezing under roads induced by cold winter conditions are considered in this paper. Special features of the program used include parabolic isoparametric elements, a new time stepping scheme and an improved procedure for the estimation of thermal properties. 相似文献
20.
Freezing temperature is an important parameter in studying the freezing mechanism of saline soil. An equation for calculating the freezing temperature is proposed based on the phase transition theory in porous medium, including two main influencing factors, the water activity and pore size. In this equation, the effect of the water activity on the freezing temperature of soil is calculated by Pitzer model, while the impact of pore size is replaced by water content. Through comparing the calculated results with the published experimental data, the equation is proved to be competent in predicting the freezing temperature for the saline soil with sodium chloride or calcium chloride. For the saline soil with sodium carbonate, the effect of salt hydrate crystallization should be taken into consideration. With respect to the saline soil with sodium sulfate, it is difficult to determine the freezing temperature, since there is uncertainty of the resultant when freezing (that is, heptahydrate or decahydrate). In addition, the effects of pore size and multi-component solutes on freezing temperature are also discussed. The study would be helpful for revealing the freezing mechanism and also providing a useful theoretical method for engineering design of saline soil in cold regions. 相似文献
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