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1.
三维激光扫描技术在滑坡物理模型试验中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
大型滑坡物理模型试验中常采用高精度的特征点监测,缺少整体变形资料;而三维激光扫描技术可以高精度、快速、完整地扫描实物,获得海量的点云数据,构建实物的数字化模型,从而详细描述表面细部状况。将三维激光扫描技术引入到滑坡物理模型试验坡体表面整体变形监测中,通过数字仿真试验对点云数据4种变形测量方式进行了对比和评价,推导了点云数据单个扫描点的空间位置精度的评价模型,对点云密度进行了理论分析。通过滑坡物理模型试验实例,采用点云比较、重心法、点云叠加方法测量模型的整体变形和单个监测点的位移,对滑坡不同演化阶段变形特征进行了综合分析。研究表明:空间位置精度的评价模型、点云密度模型为三维激光扫描变形监测的测量成果评定,测量方案的优化设计提供了必要的理论基础。点云叠加、点云比较为面测量,可以获得整个模型坡面的变形和位移情况,测量模型的变形趋势和变形量级,重心法、拟合法则属于点测量,可以获得单个监测点准确的位移量。基于三维激光扫描技术坡面监测是结合点测量和面测量的优势,在保证高精度特征点监测同时,获得模型坡面的整体变形和位移。 相似文献
2.
在简述现代变形监测主要方法的基础上,着重阐述了基于车载激光扫描系统的变形监测方法,以灰色系统理论为基础推导了基于点云数据的滑坡变形监测模型,探讨了滑坡监测点选取方法。利用车载激光扫描系统对某区域进行滑坡监测,采用灰色模型方法对监测点数据进行分析预测。实验结果表明:利用车载激光扫描点云数据进行滑坡监测具有可行性。 相似文献
3.
谢谟文;胡嫚;王立伟 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2013,24(4):85-92
近年来,三维激光扫描仪越来越多地被应用于滑坡变形监测领域以降低或减少滑坡灾害带来的风险。本文以云南省乌东德地区金坪子滑坡为例,运用三维激光扫描仪监测技术对处在库区的金坪子滑坡表面变形进行了监测与研究。传统的监测数据显示,该滑坡正以每年约30cm的高速度向前推动,运动的结果可能危及周边居民的人身财产安全以及乌东德水电站的运营。研究中激光扫描数据集由高精度和高密度的三维点云组成,分别从6个站点、3次采集得到,时间跨度25个月(从2009年5月~2011年7月)。滑坡表面变形通过按时间序列排列扫描数据集的比较得出。通过采用三种方法,DEM(数字高程模型)比较,断面比较与固定点比较,分析已经过前处理的点云数据集,从而分析得到监测结果。此外,滑坡的变形量也计算得到。研究介绍了激光三维点云处理的流程,探讨了将三维激光扫描监测技术应用于大型、有部分植被覆盖的滑坡监测的可能性,并将监测结果分析与GIS平台结合起来,结果帮助我们大概地、基本地对滑坡稳定性做出评价。三维激光扫描监测滑坡变形的应用为我们在存在高风险的大型滑坡变形监测提供了另一种直观和高效的方式。 相似文献
4.
激光扫描仪对同一目标两次采集的点并不重合,无法通过点云的直接比较快速确定滑坡位移。考虑到单个点云位置的不确定性和区域点云密度的稳定性,将点云的密度作为滑坡表面变形的表征,提出了基于点云密度特征的滑坡位移监测方法。将离散的三维点云转化为二维的密度图像,再利用粒子图像测速技术分析位移前后两幅点云密度图像的相关性,从而计算栅格图像中各子集的相对位移值;当各子集的位移全部计算完成后,得到目标区域的平面位移场。室内块体移动试验表明该方法的计算精度受变形梯度的影响,在地表变化剧烈处会产生一定程度的误差,且子集相关性系数无法达到1。在黄藏寺滑坡的位移监测中,利用本方法识别出了边坡的变动区域,计算出了滑坡的平面位移场,直观地反映了滑坡表面变形状况,验证了该方法的实用性。 相似文献
5.
基于三维激光扫描的滑坡变形监测与数据处理 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
地面三维激光扫描技术可以高精度、高密度、高速度地测量物体表面三维空间坐标,从而详细描述表面细部状况。它已经在静态形状测量中获得了成功的应用。目前,滑坡地表变形分析主要是采用GPS或全站仪测量的少量特征点来进行,缺乏整体变形资料。但滑坡变形体的诸多细节变化对正确的变形分析有着重要的作用,将该技术引入到滑坡变形监测与分析中,可充分利用滑坡体上的大量点自然地物作为监测点,来完整监测和分析其变形。作为一项新的研究内容,文章对此进行了相应的理论分析与实际测量,获得了初步满意的结果。 相似文献
6.
针对已有利用地面三维激光扫描(TLS)技术实施变形测量的局限性,如变形提取的一维性及对小变形的不敏感性。提出了一个基于重复扫描数据实施滑坡变形监测的新方法,该方法主要包括3个步骤：原始TLS数据的获取、TLS数据的总体配准以及基于子区域的变形计算。其核心是给出的一种三维表面匹配新算法（最小二乘2维图像匹配的泛化）。该方法可充分利用TLS数据的高冗余性,实现高精度的全三维变形测量,得到监测对象的位移量和旋转量,同时,在应用上具有高度的灵活性。通过模拟试验验证了该方法的性能。此外,利用该方法分析了一个滑坡变形监测实例,进一步证实了模拟试验的结果。该方法适用于变形监测,尤其是人员难以到达的面灾害监测领域。对促进变形监测从点测绘向形测绘的转变具有一定的实际意义。 相似文献
7.
目前国家和相关部门加强了对深基坑变形监测的重视,深基坑变形监测的监测原理和监测方法得到了一定的研究和发展。本文以北京某深基坑工程为研究对象,根据基坑周边环境、工程地质条件及水文地质条件,依据相关规范并结合基坑特点制定了基坑变形监测方案,描述了基坑监测的各个监测项目的内容以及各监测点的点位分布情况,对基坑土钉墙坡顶水平位移、土钉墙坡顶竖向位移、护坡桩坡顶水平位移、护坡桩坡顶竖向位移、深层水平位移、土钉及锚杆拉力、地下水位的监测方法及监测结果进行了分析。结果表明,本基坑监测项目和方法适当,能够真实准确地反映基坑的变形情况,基坑变形存在一定的规律性,其监测方法和变形规律,对其他深基坑变形监测的实施和研究,具有一定的参考价值和意义。 相似文献
8.
Xu等[1] 提出基于膨润土表面分形模型的膨胀变形计算方法 Vw／Vm=kPDs-3(式1),并得到了Tsukinuno膨润土、Wyoming膨润土和MX-80膨润土的膨胀变形和膨胀压力(统称膨胀变形)的膨胀试验数据的验证。当时由于条件限制,存在两个问题:(1)膨润土的表面分维一般采用氮吸附法测量,由膨胀变形试验数据反算得到的膨润土表面分维没有得到氮吸附试验数据的验证; (2)在归一化吸水体积与压力的分形模型(式1)中,K是膨润土的物性常数,没有给出理论表达式,只是经验系数。本文采用氮吸附方法测量了高庙子Na基膨润土、高庙子Ca基膨润土、商用膨润土和Tsukinuno膨润土的表面分维,根据式(1)由表面分维计算膨胀变形,并与膨胀试验数据比较,验证膨胀变形的分形模型; 根据双电层理论,导出用双电层参数表示式(1)中K值的理论表达式,用于膨胀变形的计算,并与膨胀变形试验结果进行比较验证。 相似文献
9.
直立式填方支护在建筑、机场、公路、铁路、矿山等大型基础设施建设项目中的作用不可或缺,但黄土地区边坡支护结构易出现桩基沉降、桩体弯曲、桩板墙开裂的现象。为进一步定量分析其变形特征,采用地形微变监测仪（IBIS-L）进行全天候不间断监测,通过对采集的点面数据进行研究,结果表明：1）支护结构变形总体上具有明显的区域性差异,近15 d的最大变形量为26.6 mm;2）对象监测点位移呈间隔24 h"波浪形"增长规律,且无收敛趋势,极可能导致边坡整体失稳;3）结合温度监测,以监测点Pix8为例,理论计算结果与监测数据相吻合,揭示了s-t曲线呈"波浪形"增长的原因,得出大体积混凝土在大气温度场条件下的变形具有"滞后效应"的响应特征。 相似文献
10.
重庆市万州区付家岩滑坡监测与变形分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
付家岩滑坡是三峡库区地质灾害专业监测预警工程二期专业监测点,监测方法有地表位移监测和钻孔深部位移监测。通过对3年的监测资料进行对比分析,结果表明各GPS变形监测点在水平向和垂向均有明显变形,其中纵Ⅱ、纵Ⅲ剖面GPS监测点变形尤为突出;各钻孔监测点变形明显,监测主纵剖面中下部钻孔变形突出。目前滑坡处于匀速变形阶段,为不稳定状态。 相似文献
11.
The deformation matrix and the deformation ellipsoid 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Derek Flinn 《Journal of Structural Geology》1979,1(4):299-307
Homogeneous strain can be computed most easily by the methods of matrix algebra. Lines, planes and ellipsoids represented in matrix form can be homogeneously deformed by simple matrix multiplication by linear transformation matrices, the elements of which are the coefficients of the transformation equations. Deformation matrices or linear transformation matrices which cause geological-type homogeneous strain are divided into four classes based on the presence or absence of symmetry and/or orthogonality. The nature of the homogeneous strain caused by each class of deformation matrix is examined. Orthogonal-symmetrical and orthogonal matrices cause rotation. Symmetrical matrices cause irrotational strain with co-axial strain as a special case. Matrices which are neither orthogonal nor symmetrical cause many different types of rotational strain, some of which are examined. 相似文献
12.
传统的非连续变形分析法（DDA）法采用简单的线性位移模式计算效率高,描述大块体的高阶多项式位移模式在一定程度保留了该特点,并提高了计算精度。近年来流行的耦合有限元、自然单元的DDA法实质上是引入相应的插值形函数构成块体位移函数,计算相对低效,但具有计算更精细、更容易施加边界条件等优点。为结合传统DDA法与DDA耦合法各自的优点,建立了一种同时利用传统DDA法线性位移模式与耦合型DDA法非线性位移模式的混合法。该方法非线性模式主要针对大块体,采用了自然单元插值,缘于其具有一定无网格特征,且效率比有限元高。建立了混合模式下的整体矩阵并推导出接触等因素刚度子矩阵和荷载子向量的具体表达式。该方法建模更加方便合理,计算精度、效率介于线性模式的传统DDA法和非线性位移模式的耦合法之间。通过基本算例验证了混合法的有效性,并给出了节理围岩-隧道衬砌整体分析模型的计算结果,体现了新方法的优越性。 相似文献
13.
We report for the first time the occurrence of polygonal faults in sandstone, which is compelling given that layer-bound polygonal fault systems have been observed so far only in fine-grained sediments such as clay and chalk. The polygonal faults are shear deformation bands that developed under shallow burial conditions via strain hardening in dm-wide zones. The edges of the polygons are 1–5 m long. The shear deformation bands are organized as conjugate faults along each edge of the polygon and form characteristic horst-like structures. The individual deformation bands have slip magnitudes ranging from a few mm to 1.5 cm; the cumulative average slip magnitude in a zone is up to 10 cm. The deformation bands heaves, in aggregate form, accommodate a small isotropic horizontal extension (strain <0.005). The individual shear deformation bands show abutting T-junctions, veering, curving, and merging where they mechanically interact. Crosscutting relationships are rare. The interactions of the deformation bands are similar to those of mode I opening fractures. The documented fault networks have important implications for evaluating the geometry of km-scale polygonal fault systems in the subsurface, top seal integrity, as well as constraining paleo-tectonic stress regimes. 相似文献
14.
We have studied the plastic deformation of Mg2SiO4 wadsleyite polycrystals. Wadsleyite was synthesized from a forsterite powder in a multianvil apparatus. It was then recovered
and placed in a second multianvil assembly designed to induce plastic deformation by compression between two hard alumina
pistons. After the deformation experiment, the microstructures are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
and large-angle convergent beam electron diffraction (LACBED). Deformation experiments have been carried out at 15–19 GPa
and at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1800–2000 °C. Five different dislocation types have been identified by
LACBED: [100], 1/2〈111〉, [010], 〈101〉 and [001]. The [001] dislocations result from dislocation reactions and not from activation
of a slip system. The [010] dislocations are activated under high stresses at the beginning of the experiments and further
relax by decomposition into 1/2〈111〉 dislocations or by dissociation into four 1/4[010] partial dislocations. The following
slip systems have been identified: 1/2〈111〉{101}, [100](010), [100](001), [100]{011}, [100]{021}, [010](001), [010]{101} and
〈101〉(010).
Received: 15 July 2002 / Accepted: 14 February 2003
Acknowledgements High-pressure experiments were performed at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut under the EU IHP – Access to Research Infrastructures
Programme (Contract no. HPRI-1999-CT-00004 to D.C. Rubie). P.C. has benefited from a Congé thématique pour recherche from
the University of Lille, and would like to thank warmly all the people in Bayreuth who contributed to this work by daily assistance
and discussions: Nathalie Bolfan-Casanova, Daniel Frost, Jed L. Mosenfelder and Brent Poe. The quality of the preparation
of the TEM specimens by H. Schultze is greatly appreciated. 相似文献
15.
We have studied the dislocation microstructures that develop in (Mg0.9Fe0.1)2SiO4 wadsleyite deformed by simple shear at high pressure. The experiments were performed in a multianvil apparatus with the shear
assembly designed by Karato and Rubie (1997). The samples were synthesized in a separate experiment from high-purity oxides.
The deformation experiments were carried out at 14 GPa and 1300 °C with time durations ranging from 1 to 8 h leading to plastic
shear strains of 60 and 73%, respectively. The microstructures investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show
that dislocation glide is activated under these conditions over the whole experimental time. The easy slip systems at 1300
°C involve 1/2<111> dislocations gliding in {101} as well as [100] dislocations gliding in (010) and {011}.
Received: 15 July 2002 / Accepted: 14 February 2003
Acknowledgements High-pressure experiments were performed at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut under the EU IHP — Access to Research Infrastructures
Programme (Contract no. HPRI-1999-CT-00004 to D.C. Rubie). The quality of the preparation of the TEM specimens by H. Schultze
is greatly appreciated. 相似文献
16.
The role of internal deformation in resetting argon ages of micas has been investigated by measuring 40Ar/39Ar ratios of biotite and muscovite, before and after experimentally deforming them. Neither mica crushed cataclastically at room temperature on-line with a mass spectrometer showed any measurable change in 40Ar/39Ar age. Muscovite crystals either sheared along the K-interlayer and/or kinked at 400 °C and 100–200 MPa confining pressure, exhibit small (0.7–1.0%) reductions in age and marked increases in bulk diffusion coefficients, as determined from argon release during the initial stages of step-heating between 550 and 810 °C. We conclude that the relatively young ages of fine-grained mica populations in naturally deformed mylonites result primarily from grain size refinement and reductions in length scale for volume diffusion and/or by syntectonic neocrystallization. Internal deformation involving dislocation slip and kinking may contribute to some argon loss by pipe diffusion, but reductions in closure temperature associated with multipath diffusion are small. 相似文献
17.
Migration of crustal deformation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Keichi Kasahara 《Tectonophysics》1979,52(1-4)
Observations on the migration rates of crustal deformation, as recently discovered in several tectonic areas, such as the south Kanto and central Tohoku districts, Japan and the West Cordillera Mts., Peru, has opened up a new opportunity for the study of crustal dynamics. Briefly, these examples from coastal areas are characterized by migration landwards with a velocity of about 10–100 km/yr. This agrees well with the velocity of mIgration of seismicity as previously known. Dispersion and dissipation of the deformation waveform are also noted as characteristics.Simple extrapolation of the migration path back toward the ocean may locate a possible origin of the event. In the case of the south Kanto district, for example, the deformation front seems to have originated in the early 1950s from the vicinity of the junction of the Japan and Izu—Mariana trenches. The deformation front in the central Tohoku district, on the other hand, is thought to have originated in the northern part of the Japan Trench in the late 1960s. One may suppose that either a repeated irregular aseismic plate motion generates the deformation events, or that it results from a periodic seismic slip at a plate boundary. In the latter case, the 1953 Boso-oki and the 1968 Tokachi-oki earthquakes might be suspected of generating the deformation fronts in the south Kanto and central Tohoku districts respectively.As Scholz speculated, the migration of a deformation front might trigger earthquakes, if it hits areas of high seismic potential. Studies of migration events can contribute significantly to earthquake prediction studies. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Structural Geology》1999,21(8-9):1209-1218
Macroscopic deformation mechanisms such as folding, fracturing–faulting and formation of rock fabrics compete with one another in a fashion similar to the competition among crystalline deformation mechanisms such as cataclasis, grain boundary sliding, dislocation creep and diffusive mass transfer. Many authors seek to develop a unique structural chronology for a given field area based on what are considered exclusive overprinting relationships between structures. In contrast the approach taken here suggests that relative changes in external or internal variables within a rock mass can cause significantly different `dominant' types of macroscopic deformation to be developed in hand specimen and/or outcrop at the same time. Rather than representing distinct structural `facies', observed dominant macroscopic features are waypoints in continuum processes. 相似文献
19.
20.
《Journal of Structural Geology》1999,21(8-9):1255-1265
Isotope diffusion in a mineral is strongly temperature dependent but is also a function of grain size. Deformation must, therefore, be an important consideration in the interpretation of isotopic data because it provides a means of modifying grain size and shape. We illustrate the range of different deformation mechanisms common in micas and use simple models to investigate the relationship between these and isotope diffusion. We consider three different thermal scenarios with deformation taking place during: (a) the prograde heating path, (b) at the closure temperature of the deforming mineral, and (c) at temperatures significantly below the closure temperature. We have modelled these simple systems using a finite difference algorithm that simulates argon diffusion profiles and bulk ages. This modelling illustrates that obtaining deformation ages is critically dependent on an understanding and recognition of the different deformation mechanisms that have affected the sample. In the cases where deformation causes a change in grain size, it is important to characterise both the temperature at which deformation takes place and the closure temperature of grains formed during the deformation. The development of grains with Tc greater than the deformation temperature may record a deformation age. Examples of this condition include: (i) neocrystallisation; (ii) grain size reduction occurring at temperatures below Tc (of the reduced grain size) where the deformation mechanism has reset the grains; and (iii) deformation-induced grain coarsening. 相似文献