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1.
The second-order derivatives of the Earth’s potential in the local north-oriented reference frame are expanded in series of
modified spherical harmonics. Linear relations are derived between the spectral coefficients of these series and the spectrum
of the geopotential. On the basis of these relations, recurrence procedures are developed for evaluating the geopotential
coefficients from the spectrum of each derivative and, inversely, for simulating the latter from a known geopotential model.
Very simple structure of the derived expressions for the derivatives is convenient for estimating the geopotential coefficients
by the least-squares procedure, at a certain step of processing satellite gradiometry data. Due to the orthogonality of the
new series, the quadrature formula approach can be also applied, which allows avoidance of aliasing errors caused by the series
truncation. The spectral coefficients of the derivatives are evaluated on the basis of the derived relations from the geopotential
models EGM96 and EIGEN-CG01C at a mean orbital sphere of the GOCE satellite. Various characteristics of the spectra are studied
corresponding to the EGM96 model.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
2.
CHEN Junyong 《地球空间信息科学学报》2002,5(4):1-4
Urban geo-environment mainly concerns those regards in and around a city,such as the movement of earth crust and earth surface,conditions of hydrology,geology,geography and meteorology.The relevant studies on geo-disaster reduction and the influences resulted from human activities on the geo-environment are included as well.It is stressed in the paper that geo-environmental protection and management are of significance to the sustainable development for Chinese cities. 相似文献
4.
LIQi CAOJian 《地球空间信息科学学报》2004,7(2):101-103
This paper is to construct a “digital local, regional, region“ information framework based on the technology of “SIG“ and its significance and application to the regional sustainable development evaluation system. First, the concept of the “grid computing“ and “SIG“ is interpreted and discussed, then the relationship between the “grid computing“ and “digital region“ is analyzed, and the framework of the “digital region“ is put forward. Finally, the significance and application of “grid computing“ to the “region sustainable development evaluation system“ are discussed. 相似文献
5.
The classical integral formula for determining the indirect effect in connection with the Stokes–Helmert method is related
to a planar approximation of the sea level. A strict integral formula, as well as some approximations to it, are derived.
It is concluded that the cap- size truncated integral formulas will suffer from the omission of some long-wavelength contributions,
of the order of 50 cm in high mountains for the classical formula. This long-wavelength information can be represented by
a set of spherical harmonic coefficients of the topography to, say, degree and order 360. Hence, for practical use, a combination
of the classical formula and a set of spherical harmonics is recommended.
Received: 10 March 1998 / Accepted: 16 November 1998 相似文献
6.
This paper is to construct a “digital local, regional, region” information framework based on the technology of “SIG” and its significance and application to the regional sustainable development evaluation system. First, the concept of the “grid computing” and “SIG” is interpreted and discussed, then the relationship between the “grid computing” and “digital region” is analyzed, and the framework of the “digital region” is put forward. Finally, the significance and application of “grid computing” to the “region sustainable development evaluation system” are discussed. 相似文献
7.
“Digital Region” in the Context of the “Grid Computing” 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Introduction“Grid”computinghasemergedasanimportantnewfiled ,distinguishedfromconventionaldis tributedcomputingbyitsfocusonlarge scalere sourcesharing ,innovativeapplications,andinsomecases ,high performanceorientation .Theconceptofthe“SIG”(spatialinformation grid)whichisbasedonthegridcomputingandisthein frastructureandusefultooltoconstructthe“digitalregion”.Theregionalsustainabledevelopmentevaluationsystemisthefoundationoftheregionalsustainabledevelopment,whichistoocomplextoestablishane… 相似文献
8.
A growing number of studies have focused on variations in vegetation phenology and their correlations with climatic factors. However, there has been little research on changes in spatial heterogeneity with respect to the end of the growing season (EGS) and on responses to climate change for alpine vegetation on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In this study, the satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the meteorological record from 1982 to 2012 were used to characterize the spatial pattern of variations in the EGS and their relationship to temperature and precipitation on the QTP. Over the entire study period, the EGS displayed no statistically significant trend; however, there was a strong spatial heterogeneity throughout the plateau. Those areas showing a delaying trend in the EGS were mainly distributed in the eastern part of the plateau, whereas those showing an advancing trend were mostly scattered throughout the western part. Our results also showed that change in the vegetation EGS was more closely correlated with air temperature than with precipitation. Nonetheless, the temperature sensitivity of the vegetation EGS became lower as aridity increased, suggesting that precipitation is an important regulator of the response of the vegetation EGS to climate warming. These results indicate spatial differences in key environmental influences on the vegetation EGS that must be taken into account in current phenological models, which are largely driven by temperature. 相似文献
9.
Ionospheric delay is a dominant error source in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Single-frequency GNSS applications require ionospheric correction of signal delay caused by the charged particles in the earth’s ionosphere. The Chinese Beidou system is developing its own ionospheric model for single-frequency users. The number of single-frequency GNSS users and applications is expected to grow fast in the next years in China. Thus, developing an appropriate ionospheric model is crucially important for the Chinese Beidou system and worldwide single-frequency Beidou users. We study the performance of five globally accessible ionospheric models Global Ionospheric Map (GIM), International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), Parameterized Ionospheric Model (PIM), Klobuchar and NeQuick in low- and mid-latitude regions of China under mid-solar activity condition. Generally, all ionospheric models can reproduce the trend of diurnal ionosphere variations. It is found that all the models have better performances in mid-latitude than in low-latitude regions. When all the models are compared to the observed total electron content (TEC) data derived from GIM model, the IRI model (2012 version) has the best agreement with GIM model and the NeQuick has the poorest agreement. The RMS errors of the IRI model using the GIM TEC as reference truth are about 3.0–10.0 TECU in low-latitude regions and 3.0–8.0 TECU in mid-latitude regions, as observed during a period of 1 year with medium level of solar activity. When all the ionospheric models are ingested into single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) to correct the ionospheric delays in GPS observations, the PIM model performs the best in both low and mid-latitudes in China. In mid-latitude, the daily single-frequency PPP accuracy using PIM model is ~10 cm in horizontal and ~20 cm in up direction. At low-latitude regions, the PPP error using PIM model is 10–20 cm in north, 30–40 cm in east and ~60 cm in up component. The single-frequency PPP solutions indicate that NeQuick model has the lowest accuracy among all the models in both low- and mid-latitude regions of China. This study suggests that the PIM model may be considered for single-frequency GNSS users in China to achieve a good positioning accuracy in both low- and mid-latitude regions. 相似文献
10.
The multispectral and multitemporal analysis of the spectral response of rice has made it possible to determine at which point in the vegetative cycle of rice it is best to make an inventory, together with the usefulness of the normalized‐difference vegetation index for such an inventory. The results could be usefully included in any classification procedure of the TM image in order to make the inventory in a systematic way. In this case a supervised classification of the image has been made which assumes a Gaussian behaviour for each spectral class. The results obtained are, for the most part, consistent with those obtained by using traditional methods. 相似文献
11.
《地球空间信息科学学报》2001,(4)
ＡＩＴｉｎｇｈｕａ 2 0 0 1,4(3) :42＿49ＡｑｕｉｎｏＦ .Ｅ . 2 0 0 1,4(2 ) :8＿14ＢＡＯＪｉｎｇｙａｎｇ 2 0 0 1,4(4 ) :19＿2 4ＢａｒｒｉｇａＲｏｄｒｉｇｏ 2 0 0 1,4(2 ) :2 5＿31ＢｅｖｉｓＭｉｃｈａｅｌ 2 0 0 1,4(2 ) :2 5＿31ＢｌｉｎｄｏｗＮ . 2 0 0 1,4(2 ) :47＿5 1ＢｒａｕｎＭａｔｔｈｉａｓ 2 0 0 1,4(2 ) :8＿14;15＿2 4;47＿5 1ＢｒｅｍｅｒＵ .Ｆ . 2 0 0 1,4(2 ) :47＿5 1ＣｅｒｖｅｌｌａｔｉＲ . 2 0 0 1,4(2 ) :32＿39ＣＨＡＯＤｉｎｇｂｏ 2 0 0 1,4(4 ) :19＿2 4ＣＨＥＮＪｉｎｇ 2 … 相似文献
12.
Wildfires are frequent boreal forest disturbances in Canada, and emulating their patterns with forest harvesting has emerged as a common forest management goal. Wildfires contain many patches of residual vegetation of various size, shape, and composition; understanding their characteristics provides insights for improved emulation criteria. We studied the occurrence of residual vegetation within eleven boreal wildfire events in a natural setting; fires ignited by lightning, no suppression efforts, and no prior anthropogenic disturbances. Relative importance of the measurable geo-environmental factors and their marginal effects on residual presence are studied using Random Forests. These factors included distance from natural firebreaks (wetland, bedrock and non-vegetated areas, and water), land cover, and topographic variables (elevation, slope, and ruggedness index). We present results at spatial resolutions ranging from four to 64 m while emphasizing four and 32 m since they mimic IKONOS- and Landsat-type images. Natural firebreak features, especially the proximity to wetlands, are among the most important variables that explain the likelihood residual occurrence. The majority of residual vegetation areas are concentrated within 100 m of wetlands. Topographic variables, typically important in rugged terrain, are less important in explaining the presence of residuals within our study fires. 相似文献
13.
ABSTRACTRecent discoveries of Wehrmacht Maps in the Military Archive of the Federal Archive of Germany in Freiburg im Breisgau raised the motivation for further investigations into the history of the internationally employed Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection which actually represents a prerequisite for the global use of Global Positioning System (GPS) – and thus of any type of navigation – instruments. In contrast to the frequently stated opinion that this map projection was first operationally used by U.S. Americans it turned out that presumably the first operational maps with indication of the orthogonal UTM grid were produced by German Wehrmacht officers prior to the post World War (WW) II triumph of this projection. Based on the authors´ recent discoveries this article reveals some hitherto hardly known facts concerning the history of cartography of the 1940s. 相似文献
14.
《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(1):99-114
The Chinese Loess Plateau has experienced drastic human-induced ecological degradation in the last century. The Chinese government has initiated a longterm project to restore the ecology and thus the environment. This effort requires information about the ecological potential, especially about the potential distribution of forests. This study first presented a complete procedure for spatially modeling the potential distribution of broadleaved deciduous forests (BDF) in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The procedure efficiently integrated the spatially distributed environmental variables using a machine learning approach (i.e., GARP) that extracted rules and patterns from the massive datasets. The GARP-produced composite map revealed that BDF can potentially be distributed continuously in almost all of the areas where annual precipitation is above 450 mm and BDF has discontinuous or sporadic distribution in areas where annual precipitation is below 450 mm. The discontinuously distributed BDF occurs in two different physiographic settings. The first setting is the higher-elevation mountains within the area between 450 and 400 mm isohyets, where effective soil moisture is considerably higher than low-elevation valleys due to reduced evaporation and increased precipitation. The second setting is the north-facing slopes of rocky terrain within the area north to the 450 mm isohyet, where evaporation is significantly reduced. We believe that the modeled result can effectively facilitate forestation planning for this area. In addition, the results may function as a base against which to estimate the historic changes in land cover and land use, to assess the ecological potential for carbon sequestration, and to evaluate the climatic significance of land-air interactions. 相似文献
15.
In the study of sequence stratigraphy and litho-paleogeography,quantitative analysis,precise calculation and detailed comparison of tremendous geological data,such as field profiles,logging records and seismic curves from different areas,are the basic requirements.In order to obtain a more reliable and precise result,this paper presents a novel method that combines spatial database analysis with the single-factor mapping technology to establish sequence stratigraphical succession and to map the Ordo-vician litho-paleogeography of the Ordos Basin,one of the largest oil-gas bearing basins in North China Platform.By using this method,all of the related basic geological data can be quantitatively analyzed and effectively managed.Various attributes of the ba-sic stratigraphic units and their characters,such as sequence thickness,penecontemporaneous dolostone content,shallow water parget content,and terrigenous material content,can be fully utilized statistically in facies analysis and in mapping.Based on this analysis,this paper has be exerted single-factor isopachous mapping quantitatively for each of the Ordovician sequences in the ba-sin,and finally synthesized multiple factors to reconstruct the litho-paleogeography for each of the sequence intervals.The study shows that the proposed method is quite effective and has a much higher resolution in recognizing litho-paleogeographic subunits compared with traditional ways.For example,in one of the Middle Ordovician sequence intervals(SQ19 in the Lower Majiagou Formation) of the Ordos Basin,the authors have successfully developed a mathematical formula to divide the distribution of various facies units substantially,such as old lands,submarine uplifts,supratidal zones,intertidal zones and subtidal zones. 相似文献
16.
17.
Griliches’ knowledge production function has been increasingly adopted at the regional level where location-specific conditions drive the spatial differences in knowledge creation dynamics. However, the large majority of such studies rely on a traditional regression approach that assumes spatially homogenous marginal effects of knowledge input factors. This paper extends the authors’ previous work (Kang and Dall’erba in Int Reg Sci Rev, 2015. doi: 10.1177/0160017615572888) to investigate the spatial heterogeneity in the marginal effects by using nonparametric local modeling approaches such as geographically weighted regression (GWR) and mixed GWR with two distinct samples of the US Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and non-MSA counties. The results indicate a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in the marginal effects of the knowledge input variables, more specifically for the local and distant spillovers of private knowledge measured across MSA counties. On the other hand, local academic knowledge spillovers are found to display spatially homogenous elasticities in both MSA and non-MSA counties. Our results highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each county’s innovation capacity and suggest policy implications for regional innovation strategies. 相似文献
18.
LIChaokui ZHUQing SONGChengfang 《地球空间信息科学学报》2003,6(2):25-30
This paper investigates the mathematic features of non-linear models and discusses the processing way of non-linear factors which contributes to the non-linearity of a non-linear model.On the basis of the error definition.this paper puts forward a new adjustment criterion.SGPE.Last,this paper investigates the solution of a non-linear regression model in the non-linear model space and makes the comparison between the estimated values in non-linear model space and those in linear model space. 相似文献
19.
J.L. van Genderen 《国际地球制图》2013,28(3):84-89
For forty years, ITC has been involved in institution building, manpower development, technical assistance and applied research. A major effort has taken place in Asia, where ITC has trained some 4000 remote sensing and related disciplines scientists. In addition, three regional sister institutes have been established in Asia. This paper describes and discusses some of ITC's experiences in transferring remote sensing technology to the Asian region, giving examples from various countries, and stressing the need for long‐term institutional support, and the value of conbining training, advisory services and applied reseach, as each provides spin‐offs and benefits to the other forming an inter‐related loop in the transfer of technology process. 相似文献
20.
SONG Qiurong SONG Qiurong Ph.D candidate the Institute of Higher Education Huazhong University of Science Technology Wuhan China. 《地球空间信息科学学报》2002,5(3):65-70
One of the most impor tant factors impacting the development of today‘s private higher education in China is that there are not enough policies to support in.Then,the history of private higher educationin Nanjing Nationalist Government(1927-1749)is focused on. 相似文献