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对来自全球无线通讯系统(GTS) 1980-2009年全球台站逐日降水资料进行质量控制和检验评估.有效地过滤了错误和不可靠的观测记录,构建了一套新的全球台站逐日降水资料集.利用CMAP和GPCP降水产品进行的检验评估表明,新资料集月降水具有良好的频率分布和空间结构一致性.新资料集与CMAP和GPCP降水的全球平均时间相... 相似文献
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根据1961-2011年河南省32个气象站逐日最高、最低气温资料,以百分位阈值方法定义极端气温事件的阈值,采用线性倾向估计及Mann-Kendall检验两种方法,对河南省极端气温和极端气温事件的时空变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:1)河南省极端最高气温以0.20℃/10a的速率呈显著降低趋势;极端最低气温以0.42℃/10a的速率呈显著升高趋势,其升高趋势比前者降低趋势更为显著.2)河南省极端高温事件频数与极端低温事件频数分别以2.04天/10a和3.13天/10a的速率显著减少,且后者比前者减少趋势更为显著.3)极端最高气温降低的突变年与极端高温事件频数减少的突变年一致,均为1969年;极端最低气温升高的突变年与极端低温事件频数减少的突变年一致,均为1985年.4)河南省极端最高(低)气温与极端高(低)温事件频数变化趋势呈现明显的季节差异和地区差异. 相似文献
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利用1998-2008年夏季（6-8月）武汉市居民逐日死亡人数（率）及同期逐日气象要素,分析极端高温对超额死亡率的影响程度及其阈值,采用逐步回归法建立定量评估模型,并进行预报效果检验和典型年回代检验,以利于开展高温对健康影响的评估及医疗气象预报。结果表明：武汉夏季人群超额死亡率可以定量表述;极端高温对超额死亡率影响最大,湿度、气压、风速几乎没有影响;超额死亡率随日最高气温升高呈指数规律增加,高温致超额死亡的阈值为35.0 ℃,“热日”比“非热日”平均死亡率高出50.7 %;采用日最高气温≥35 ℃的有效累积温度及当日平均气温建立的超额死亡率评估模型对2003年夏季一次高温热浪过程的回代试验、2007年和2008年夏季的评估试验效果较好,表明该模型可用于实际评估业务中。 相似文献
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《青海气象》2010,(4)
利用全国740个测站1951-2005年55年间的逐日最高气温的气象实测资料,通过将逐日的最高气温进行顺序排列,用第95(5)百分位点的值作为阀值,来选择极端最高气温,研究了极端气温变化趋势的空间分布特征。再以7月份作为夏季代表月,研究其多年极端最高气温距平分布图,分析其区域分布特征。结果表明:1.东北地区和青藏高原地区的极端最高气温偏低,华中地区和新疆地区极端最高气温偏高。2.平均最高气温在中国北方地区的东北局部地区、内蒙局部地区、华北的部分地区多表现正距平。1965-1995年,平均最高气温正距平的分布范围明显减小。3.极端最高气温与平均最高气温距平在青藏高原地区表现的都更为明显。 相似文献
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利用全球地面观测数据,筛选整理得到相对完整的1990—2019年全球1 969个站点逐日最高气温资料集,并采用实际累积概率分布阈值计算方法,对全球（不包括非洲）高温阈值进行统计分析。结果表明： 1） 以实际最热三个月为统计时间窗、以90百分位数为高温阈值的计算方法较为合理,能较好反映最高气温的极端性,且与中国业务标准和习惯较吻合。2） 全球高温阈值总体从赤道向两极递减,但受气候、海陆差异、海拔等影响,不同地区差异显著。温带地区高温阈值受纬度影响最明显,在热带地区受气候类型影响更显著。海洋气候及高海拔地区高温阈值较同纬度其他地区低。3） 亚洲高温阈值区域差异显著,东亚季风区30—36 ℃,中南半岛37—40 ℃,印度半岛、中亚、阿拉伯半岛阈值均超过40 ℃,其中阿拉伯半岛可达42—48 ℃。欧洲大陆和北美洲高温阈值总体从南向北递减,大值中心分别位于伊比利亚半岛、巴尔干半岛（34—40 ℃）和美国西南部沙漠气候区（40—44 ℃）,45°N以北地区高温阈值普遍低于32 ℃。南美洲除沿海和西部高海拔地区外,高温阈值总体较均匀（34—37 ℃）。大洋洲高温阈值分布极不均匀,澳大利亚北侧和东侧地区32—35 ℃,中西部沙漠地区40—41 ℃。 相似文献
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利用华山1953-2008年逐日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温资料,运用M-K突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法对华山气温变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温均具有明显的冷期和暖期交替的特点,持续时间冷期比暖期长;四季气温均呈上升趋势,但增幅不同,冬季最大,夏季最小;年极端最低气温呈强烈的上升趋势;年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温突变分别出现在1995年、1997年和1993年,并且均存在准4 a、9 a的小尺度周期振荡和30 a左右大尺度周期振荡. 相似文献
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With temperatures increasing as a result of global warming,extreme high temperatures are becoming more intense and more frequent on larger scale during summer in China.In recent years,a variety of researches have examined the high temperature distribution in China.However,it hardly considers the variation of temperature data and systems when defining the threshold of extreme high temperature.In order to discern the spatio-temporal distribution of extreme heat in China,we examined the daily maximum temperature data of 83 observation stations in China from 1950 to 2008.The objective of this study was to understand the distribution characteristics of extreme high temperature events defined by Detrended Fluctuation Analysis(DFA).The statistical methods of Permutation Entropy(PE)were also used in this study to analyze the temporal distribution.The results showed that the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China presented 3 periods of 7,10—13 and 16—20 years,respectively.The abrupt changes generally happened in the 1960s,the end of 1970s and early 1980s.It was also found that the maximum frequency occurred in the early 1950s,and the frequency decreased sharply until the late 1980s when an evidently increasing trend emerged.Furthermore,the annual averaged frequency of extreme high temperature events reveals a decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend from southwest to northeast China,but an increasing-decreasing trend from southeast to northwest China.And the frequency was higher in southern region than that in northern region.Besides,the maximum and minimum of frequencies were relatively concentrated spatially.Our results also shed light on the reasons for the periods and abrupt changes of the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China. 相似文献
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Based on monthly mean wind, geopotential height, specific humidity, and surface pressure of
NCAR/NCEP reanalysis, NOAA-reconstructed sea surface temperature (SST) of the Indian Ocean, and daily precipitation
data at 97 meteorological stations over the eastern NW China in the past 47 years, the threshold values for extreme
precipitation events (EPE) are defined using the percentile method. Singular Value Decomposition and synthetic
analysis methods are used to analyze the relationship between summer EPE in the eastern NW China and SSTA in the
preceding fall, winter, spring, and the concurrent summer. The result shows that preceding spring SST anomalies
(SSTA) in the Indian Ocean are clear indicators for the forecast of summer EPE in the eastern NW China, and a key
area of impact is located in the equatorial Indian Ocean. When spring SST is anomalously high in the equatorial
Indian Ocean, the meridional circulation averaged over 100°E–110°E will be anomalously ascending near the
equator but anomalously descending near 30°N in the middle and upper troposphere from the concurrent to the
subsequent summer. In the meantime, the Southwest Monsoon from the Indian Ocean will be anomalously weak and there
will be no anomalous water vapor transport to the eastern NW China, resulting in a lack of EPE in the subsequent
summer, and vice versa. In addition, in response to anomalously high SST in the equatorial Indian Ocean in spring,
the South Asia high pressure tends to be strong in the subsequent summer and more to the west. In the anomalously
low SST year, however, the South Asia high tends to be weak in the subsequent summer and more to the east. This is
another possible cause of the variation of summer EPE in the eastern NW China. 相似文献
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利用河南省1957-2005年逐日降水,最高、最低和日平均气温资料,分析了近50 a河南省极端天气事件的变化趋势。结果表明：1957-2005年河南省暴雨日数、极端降水事件和严重干燥事件发生频率都在增加,但其线性趋势并不显著;暴雨和极端降水的变化趋势呈明显的南北差异;异常高温事件增加而异常低温事件减少,暖冬的趋势比较显著;高温日数和低温日数都显著减少,其变化趋势的空间分布具有很好的一致性。 相似文献
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1957-2005年河南省降水和温度极端事件变化 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用河南省1957-2005年逐日降水,最高、最低和日平均气温资料,分析了近50 a河南省极端天气事件的变化趋势。结果表明：1957-2005年河南省暴雨日数、极端降水事件和严重干燥事件发生频率都在增加,但其线性趋势并不显著;暴雨和极端降水的变化趋势呈明显的南北差异;异常高温事件增加而异常低温事件减少,暖冬的趋势比较显著;高温日数和低温日数都显著减少,其变化趋势的空间分布具有很好的一致性。 相似文献
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Compared with daily rainfall amount, hourly rainfall rate represents rainfall intensity and the rainfall process more accurately, and thus is more suitable for studies of extreme rainfall events. The distribution functions of annual maximum hourly rainfall amount at 321 stations in China are quantified by the Generalized Extreme Value（GEV） distribution, and the threshold values of hourly rainfall intensity for 5-yr return period are estimated. The spatial distributions of the threshold exhibit significant regional diferences, with low values in northwestern China and high values in northern China, the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley, the coastal areas of southern China, and the Sichuan basin. The duration and seasonality of the extreme precipitation with 5-yr return periods are further analyzed. The average duration of extreme precipitation events exceeds 12 h in the coastal regions, Yangtze River valley, and eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau. The duration in northern China is relatively short. The extreme precipitation events develop more rapidly in mountain regions with large elevation diferences than those in the plain areas. There are records of extreme precipitation in as early as April in southern China while extreme rainfall in northern China will not occur until late June. At most stations in China, the latest extreme precipitation happens in August–September. The extreme rainfall later than October can be found only at a small portion of stations in the coastal regions, the southern end of the Asian continent, and the southern part of southwestern China. 相似文献
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利用1961—2020年中国区域2089个地面观测站资料,分析了1991—2020年和1981—2010年新、旧气候态下,平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量等变量的空间变化特征,探讨对气候距平值、极端事件等评估结果的影响。结果表明：新气候态下,全国三类气温年和季节平均均一致升高,年降水增加,空间上气温偏高（低）、降水偏多（少）的特征将弱（强）化;华北东部、华东中部和北部以及青海西南部的年平均风速和日照时数距平增加;极端高温年减少,低温年增多,其中平均气温和最低气温受到的影响较最高气温更大;夏季南北方两条雨带极端强降水年的发生概率降低,冬季东北中部和南部、华北、华东北部、西北东部极端弱降水年概率显著增加;全国超过一半的站点极端日高温、低温和强降水事件的历史频次发生改变;新气候态还减弱了极端日高温事件的增速,加快了极端日低温事件的降速。 相似文献
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从小时尺度考察中国中东部极端降水的持续性和季节特征 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
相对于日降水量,小时尺度降水资料可以更准确地反映降水强度并描述降水过程,因而更适用于极端降水阈值确定及其特性研究.利用广义极值分布估计中国321个站最大小时降水量的分布函数,确定了5a重现期的小时降水强度阈值.阈值的空间分布呈现出明显的地域差异,西北地区阈值偏低,华北地区、长江中下游地区、华南沿海地区和四川盆地西部地区为高阈值中心.取各站5a一遇极端降水事件对其持续性特征和季节特征进行分析,发现在沿海地区、长江流域和青藏高原东坡极端降水事件的平均持续时间较长(超过12h);中国北部地区持续时间较短.在具有较大海拔落差的复杂地形区,极端降水事件较平原地区更快地发展到峰值.华南地区4月就可有极端降水事件出现,而中国北方地区要到6月底才出现极端降水;全中国大部分地区的年最晚极端降水在8-9月,但沿海地区、大陆南端和西南地区南部的少数站点在10月以后仍有极端降水发生. 相似文献
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利用秦巴山区88个气象站1975—2016年的逐日气温数据,结合16个极端气温指数分析了秦巴山区极端气温阈值的空间分布及极端气温事件变化趋势的海拔依赖性。结果表明：极端气温阈值存在明显的空间分布差异,表现为极端低温阈值与极端高温阈值由西北向东南均有增温趋势;总体来看,极端气温暖事件（SU25、TR20、TX90P、TN90P、WSDI）增加幅度大于冷事件（FD0、ID0、TX10P、TN10P、CSDI）减少幅度,且变化趋势较冷事件更显著;全区霜冻日数、夏日日数、冷夜日数、暖昼日数及高温极值（TXx、TXn）变化均比较显著;区域作物生长期西部增长趋势较东部显著,多数站点变化幅度在3~6 d/10a之间;海拔越高发生极端低温事件的气温越低,极端低温阈值变化趋势为-0.36℃/100m;海拔越低发生极端高温事件的气温越高,极端高温变化趋势达0.5℃/100m,且均通过99%的信度检验;区域极端气温极值指数的变化趋势与海拔呈显著正相关,具有明显的海拔依赖性,表现为海拔越高,极值指数增加趋势越明显。 相似文献
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Experimental Simulations of Extreme Precipitation Based on the Multi-Status Markov Chain Model 
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下载免费PDF全文 A multi-status Markov chain model is proposed to produce daily rainfall, and based on which extreme rainfall is simulated with the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). The simulated daily rainfall shows high precision at most stations, especially in pluvial regions of East China. The analysis reveals that the multistatus Markov chain model excels the bi-status Markov chain model in simulating climatic features of extreme rainfall. Results from the selected six stations demonstrate excellent simulations in the following aspects:standard deviation of monthly precipitation,daily maximum precipitation,the monthly mean rainfall days,standard deviation of daily precipitation and mean daily precipitation, which are proved to be consistent with the observations. A comparative study involving 78 stations in East China also reveals good consistency in monthly mean rainfall days and mean daily maximum rainfall, except mean daily rainfall. Simulation results at the above 6 stations have shown satisfactory fitting capability of the extreme precipitation GPD method. Good analogy is also found between simulation and observation in threshold and return values. As
the errors of the threshold decrease, so do the di?erences between the return and real values. All the above demonstrates the applicability of the Markov chain model to extreme rainfall simulations. 相似文献