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1.
Vertical distributions of various components of the tropospheric global rotational kinetic energy, enstrophy and available potential energy during July 1979, and the contributions to these from different zonal wave categories were studied. Representative levels in the lower and upper troposphere for the stationary and transient energetics were identified on the basis of different components of energy and enstrophy. The eddy energy and enstrophy contained in different zonal scale components in the lower and upper troposphere were studied to find out the preferred scales for stationary and transient monsoonal motion in the two atmospheric layers. The role of different zonal wave categories in the nonlinear exchanges of energy and enstrophy arising due to stationary-stationary, transient-transient, stationary-transient and observed flow interactions was examined. Stationary and transient global spectra of the aforesaid dynamical variables in terms of the zonal wavenumber(m) with triangular truncation atm = 42 were utilized for this purpose. It was found from the global average kinetic energy in lower and upper troposphere that the global stationary and transient motions were comparable in the lower troposphere while in the upper troposphere stationary motion dominated over the transient motion. The computed zonal and eddy energy confirmed that the stationary motion was predominantly zonal while the transient motion was dominated by eddies. From the time mean nonlinear interaction of kinetic energy (enstrophy) of observed flow it was seen that the long and short waves as well as the zonal flow gained kinetic energy (enstrophy) from medium waves due to nonlinear interactions. The transfer of available potential energy due to nonlinear interaction was down the scale except for short waves in the upper troposphere. The stationary-transient interaction was found to be an important element of the spatial-temporal varying atmospheric flow.  相似文献   

2.
In an annual cycle from March 2005 to February 2006, benthic nutrient fluxes were measured monthly in the Dongtan intertidal flat within the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary. Except for NH4^＋, there always showed high fluxes from overlying water into sediment for other four nutrients. Sediments in the high and middle marshes, covered with halophyte and consisting of macrofauna, demonstrated more capabilities of assimilating nutrients from overlying water than the low marsh. Sampling seasons and nutrient concentrations in the overlying water could both exert significant effects on these fluxes. Additionally, according to the model provided by previous study, denitrification rates, that utilizing NO3- transported from overlying water （Dw） in Dongtan sediments, were estimated to be from -16 to 193 μmol·h^-1·m^-2 with an average value of 63 μmol·h^-1·m^-2 （n=18）. These estimated values are still underestimates of the in-situ rates owing to the lack of consideration of DN, i.e., denitrification supported by the local NO3^- production via nitrification.  相似文献   

3.
 Infrared absorption spectra of brucite Mg (OH)2 were measured under high pressure and high temperature from 0.1 MPa 25 °C to 16 GPa 360 °C using infrared synchrotron radiation at BL43IR of Spring-8 and a high-temperature diamond-anvil cell. Brucite originally has an absorption peak at 3700 cm−1, which is due to the OH dipole at ambient pressure. Over 3 GPa, brucite shows a pressure-induced absorption peak at 3650 cm−1. The pressure-induced peak can be assigned to a new OH dipole under pressure. The new peak indicates that brucite has a new proton site under pressure and undergoes a high-pressure phase transition. From observations of the pressure-induced peak under various P–T condition, a stable region of the high-pressure phase was determined. The original peak shifts to lower wavenumber at −0.25 cm−1 GPa−1, while the pressure-induced peak shifts at −5.1 cm−1 GPa−1. These negative dependences of original and pressure-induced peak shifts against pressure result from enhanced hydrogen bond by shortened O–H···O distance, and the two dependences must result from the differences of hydrogen bond types of the original and pressure-induced peaks, most likely from trifurcated and bent types, respectively. Under high pressure and high temperature, the pressure-induced peak disappears, but a broad absorption band between 3300 and 3500 cm−1 was observed. The broad absorption band may suggest free proton, and the possibility of proton conduction in brucite under high pressure and temperature. Received: 16 July 2001 / Accepted: 25 December 2001  相似文献   

4.
A series of synthetic Ca-Tschermak–diopside (CaAlAlSiO6–CaMgSi2O6) clinopyroxenes were investigated by powder infrared spectroscopy at room temperature in the wavenumber range 80–2,000 cm−1. Measurable local structural heterogeneities in the crystals are suggested by the line broadening parameter, Δcorr that are observed for intermediate solid-solution compositions. The broadening is most pronounced in the high wavenumber region of the IR spectra that contains stretching modes involving the TO4 polyhedra. The effective line widths for three selected wavenumber regions deviate positively from linear behavior. This is also observed for the enthalpy of mixing of this solid solution. The relationship between “excess Δcorr”, δΔcorr, and heat of mixing, ΔH mix, behavior was investigated for this clinopyroxene series and for several other binary silicate solid solutions. The ΔH mix versus δΔcorr slope values show a linear relationship with respect to the integrated excess volume of the various solid solutions.  相似文献   

5.
The phase boundary between MnTiO3 I (ilmenite structure) and MnTiO3 II (lithium niobate structure) has been determined by analysis of quench products from reversal experiments in a cubic anvil apparatus at 1073–1673 K and 43–75 kbar using mixtures of MnTiO3 I and II as starting materials. Tight brackets of the boundary give P(kbar)=121.2−0.045 T(K). Thermodynamic analysis of this boundary gives ΔHo=5300±1000 J·mol−1, ΔSo = 1.98 ±1J·K−1· mol−1. The enthalpy of transformation obtained directly by transposed-temperature-drop calorimetry is 8359 ±2575 J·mol−1. Possible topologies of the phase relations among the ilmenite, lithium niobate, and perovskite polymorphs are constrained using the above data and the observed (reversible with hysteresis) transformation of II to III at 298 K and 20–30 kbar (Ross et al. 1989). The observed II–III transition is likely to lie on a metastable extension of the II–III boundary into the ilmenite field. However the reversed I–II boundary, with its negative dP/ dT does represent stable equilibrium between ilmenite and lithium niobate, as opposed to the lithium niobate being a quench product of perovskite. We suggest a topology in which the perovskite occurs stably at low T and high P with a triple point (I, II, III) at or below 1073 K near 70 kbar. The I–II boundary would have a negative P-T slope while the II–III and I–III boundaries would be positive, implying that entropy decreases in the order lithium niobate, ilmenite, perovskite. The inferred positive slope of the ilmenite-perovskite transition in MnTiO3 is different from the negative slopes in silicates and germanates. These thermochemical parameters are discussed in terms of crystal structure and lattice vibrations.  相似文献   

6.
Hydroxyl in mantle olivine xenocrysts from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
The incorporation of hydrogen in mantle olivine xenocrysts from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). IR spectra were collected in the OH stretching region on oriented single crystals using a conventional IR source at ambient conditions and in situ at temperatures down to −180°C as well as with IR synchrotron radiation. The IR spectra of the samples are complex containing more than 20 strongly polarized OH bands in the range 3,730–3,330 cm−1. Bands at high energies (3,730–3,670 cm−1) were assigned to inclusions of serpentine, talc and the 10 Å phase. All other bands are believed to be intrinsic to olivine. The corresponding point defects are (a) associated with vacant Si sites (3,607 cm−1 E || a, 3,597 E || a, 3,571 cm−1 E || c, 3,567 E || c, and 3,556 E || b), and (b) with vacant M1 sites (most of the bands polarized parallel to a). From the pleochroic behavior and position of the OH bands associated with the vacant M1 sites, we propose two types of hydrogen—one bonded to O1 and another to O2, so that both OH vectors are strongly aligned parallel to a. The O2–H groups may be responsible for the OH bands at higher wavenumbers than those for the O1–H groups. The multiplicity of the corresponding OH bands in the spectra can be explained by different chemical environments and by slightly different distortions of the M1 sites in these high-pressure olivines. Four samples were investigated by SIMS. The calculated integral molar absorption coefficient using the IR and SIMS results of 37,500±5,000 L mol H2O cm−2 is within the uncertainties slightly higher than the value determined by Bell et al. (J Geophys Res 108(B2):2105–2113, 2003) (28,450±1,830 L mol H2O cm−2). The reason for the difference is the different distributions of the absorption intensity of the spectra of both studies (mean wavenumber 3,548 vs. 3,570 cm−1). Olivine samples with a mean wavenumber of about 3,548 cm−1 should be quantified with the absorption coefficient as determined in this study; those containing more bands at higher wavenumber (mean wavenumber 3,570 cm−1) should be quantified using the value determined by Bell et al. (J Geophys Res 108(B2):2105–2113, 2003).
Monika Koch-MüllerEmail: Phone: +49-331-2881492
  相似文献   

7.
Magnesium, potassium and calcium isotope compositions in terrestrial samples and refractory phases from primitive meteorites are determined using an ion microprobe. A thorough investigation of the different instrument parameters is carried out to ensure that conditions necessary for high mass resolution and high precision isotopic studies are adequately satisfied. The instrument can be tuned to achieve mass resolution (M/ΔM) of up to 10,000 (M≤60); it has a very good dynamic stability (ΔB/B≤10 ppm over durations of ≤40 minutes) and the counting system has an effective dead-time of ≤25 nsec and a dynamic background of ≤0·01 c/s. Reproducibility and precision of isotopic measurements are checked by analyzing magnesium and titanium isotopic compositions in terrestrial standards and isotopically doped silicate glasses. A precision of 2‰ (2σ m ) was achieved during magnesium isotopic analysis in samples with low Mg content (200 ppm). Results from studies of magnesium and potassium isotopic compositions in several Ca−Al-rich refractory inclusions (CAIs) from the primitive meteorites Efremovka and Grosnaja, representing some of the early solar system objects, are presented. The well-behaved Mg−Al isotopic systematics confirm the pristine nature of the Efremovka CAIs inferred earlier from petrographic and trace element studies. The Grosnaja CAIs that have experienced secondary alterations show disturbed magnesium isotopic systematics. Observation of excess26Mg in several of the analyzed CAIs confirms the presence of the now extinct26Al (t 1/2=7×105 years) in the solar nebula at the time of CAI formation. Our data also suggest a relatively uniform distribution of26Al in the solar nebula. Several Efremovka CAIs with excess26Mg also have excess41K resulting from the decay of41Ca (t 1/2≃105 years). This observation constrains the time interval between cessation of nucleosynthetic input to the solar nebula and the formation of some of the first solar system solids (CAIs) to less than a million years.  相似文献   

8.
 Dehydroxylation of muscovite in the form of small lamellae at 923 <T <1173 K was studied by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) on Fe3+. The kinetics of the process has been established to be described by the model of continuous nucleation on the large surface planes of the small plates. Determined by experimental data the rate constant of the process k is shown to be that of dehydroxylation itself. The activation energy obtained by data at T<1100 K is 97.5 KJ·mol−1. The nonlinear dependence of ln(k) on 1/T is explained by the theory of transitions induced by the fluctuative preparation of a potential barrier as a result of thermal oscillations of ions in the lattice. At high temperatures the potential curve of the hydroxyl's proton is transformed so that it can overcome the barrier from one potential well to the other (from one hydroxyl site to the adjacent one). Such transformations of the curve can be caused by the oscillations of large structural clusters (∼1·10−22 kg) with the frequency ∼4.5·1012 s−1. Received: 3 August 1995 / Accepted: 13 April 1997  相似文献   

9.
The structure of deuterated jarosite, KFe3(SO4)2(OD)6, was investigated using time-of-flight neutron diffraction up to its dehydroxylation temperature. Rietveld analysis reveals that with increasing temperature, its c dimension expands at a rate ~10 times greater than that for a. This anisotropy of thermal expansion is due to rapid increase in the thickness of the (001) sheet of [Fe(O,OH)6] octahedra and [SO4] tetrahedra with increasing temperature. Fitting of the measured cell volumes yields a coefficient of thermal expansion, α = α0 + α1 T, where α0 = 1.01 × 10−4 K−1 and α1 = −1.15 × 10−7 K−2. On heating, the hydrogen bonds, O1···D–O3, through which the (001) octahedral–tetrahedral sheets are held together, become weakened, as reflected by an increase in the D···O1 distance and a concomitant decrease in the O3–D distance with increasing temperature. On further heating to 575 K, jarosite starts to decompose into nanocrystalline yavapaiite and hematite (as well as water vapor), a direct result of the breaking of the hydrogen bonds that hold the jarosite structure together.  相似文献   

10.
The unit cell parameters, extracted from Rietveld analysis of neutron powder diffraction data collected between 4.2 K and 320 K, have been used to calculate the temperature evolution of the thermal expansion tensor for gypsum for 50 ≤ T ≤ 320 K. At 300 K the magnitudes of the principal axes are α 11  = 1.2(6) × 10−6 K−1, α 22  = 36.82(1) × 10−6 K−1 and α 33  = 25.1(5) × 10−6 K−1. The maximum axis, α 22 , is parallel to b, and using Institution of Radio Engineers (IRE) convention for the tensor orthonormal basis, the axes α 11 and α 33 have directions equal to (−0.979, 0, 0.201) and (0.201, 0, 0.979) respectively. The orientation and temperature dependent behaviour of the thermal expansion tensor is related to the crystal structure in the I2/a setting. Received 12 February 1998 / Revised, accepted 19 October 1998  相似文献   

11.
The heat capacity of synthetic, stoichiometric wadeite-type K2Si4O9 has been measured by DSC in the 195≤T(K)≤598 range. Near the upper temperature limit of our data, the heat capacity observed by DSC agrees with that reported by Geisinger et al. (1987) based on a vibrational model of their infrared and Raman spectroscopic data. However, with decreasing temperature, the Cp observed by DSC is progressively higher than that predicted from the vibrational model, suggesting that the standard entropy of K2Si4O9 is likely to be larger than 198.9 ± 4.0 J/K · mol computed from the spectroscopic data. A fit to the DSC data gave: Cp(T) = 499.13 (±1.87) − 4.35014 · 103(±3.489 · 101) · T −0.5, with T in K and average absolute percent deviation of 0.37%. The room-temperature compressibilities of kalsilite and leucite, hitherto unknown, have been measured as well. The data, fitted to the Murnaghan equation of state, gave K o = 58.6 GPa, K o ′ = 0.1 for kalsilite and K o = 45 GPa, K o ′ = 5.7 for α-leucite. Apart from the above mentioned data on the properties of the individual phases, we have also obtained reaction-reversals on four equilibria in the system K2O-Al2O3-SiO2. The Bayesian method has been used simultaneously to process the properties of 13 phases and 15 reactions between them to derive an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset for the K2O-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary. The enthalpy of formation of K2Si4O9 wadeite is in perfect agreement with its revised calorimetric value, the standard entropy is 232.1 ± 10.4 J/K · mol, ∼15% higher than that implied by vibrational modeling. The phase diagram, generated from our internally consistent thermodynamic dataset, shows that for all probable P-T trajectories in the subduction regime, the stable pressure-induced decomposition of K-feldspar will produce coesite + kalsilite rather than coesite + kyanite + K2Si4O9 (cf. Urakawa et al. 1994). Received: 11 June 1997 / Accepted: 2 December 1997  相似文献   

12.
Creep strength of oriented orthopyroxene single crystals was investigated via shear deformation experiments under lithospheric conditions [P (pressure) = 1.3 GPa and T (temperature) = 973–1,373 K]. For the A-orientation (shear direction [001] on (100) plane), the samples have transformed completely to clinoenstatite and much of the deformation occurred after transformation. In contrast, for the B-orientation (shear direction [001] on (010) plane), samples remained orthoenstatite and deformation occurred through dislocation motion in orthoenstatite. The strength of orthopyroxene with these orientations is smaller than for olivine aggregates under all experimental conditions. Flow of the B-orientation samples is described by a power-law, and the pre-exponential constant, the apparent activation energy, and the stress exponent are determined to be A = 10−9.5 s−1·MPa−4.2, Q = 114 kJ/mol and n = 4.2. However, for the A-orientation, the results cannot be fit by a single flow law and we obtained the following: A = 108.9 s−1·MPa−3.0, Q = 459 kJ/mol and n = 3.0 at high temperatures (≥1,173 K), and A = 10−27.4 s−1·MPa−14.3, Q = 296 kJ/mol and n = 14.3 at low temperatures (<1,173 K). The stress exponent for the low-temperature regime is high, suggesting that deformation involves some processes where the activation energy decreases with stress such as the Peierls mechanism. Our study shows that orthopyroxene with these orientations is significantly weaker than olivine under the lithospheric conditions suggesting that orthopyroxene may reduce the strength of the lithosphere, although the extent to which orthopyroxene weakens the lithosphere depends on its orientation and connectivity.  相似文献   

13.
Single-crystal polarized Raman spectra (3,000–4,000 cm−1 at 3 ≤ T ≤ 300 K) were measured for synthetic alkali-free and natural beryl, Be2Al3Si6O18·xH2O, to determine the behavior of H2O molecules of both Type I and Type II in the cavities. At low temperature, the H2O molecules of Type I displace from the center of cavity and give rise to very weak hydrogen bonding with the host lattice. The H2O Type I translational motion is characterized by substantial anharmonicity and looks like a motion of “a particle in the box” with a frequency of 6.3 cm−1. Water Type II is characterized by a free rotation with respect to the C 2 molecule axis, and it makes possible the water nuclear isomers (i.e. ortho- and para-) to be observed at low temperature.
Boris KolesovEmail:
  相似文献   

14.
The high albite (Ab)⇄jadeite (Jd)+quartz(Q) reaction (1) and the quartz(Q)⇄coesite (Cs) transformation (2) have been determined within the temperature range of 1000–1100°C and 1000–1400°C respectively under variable pressures using an anvil-with-hole apparatus. The equilibrium curves for the two reactions as a function ofP andT are as follows: P=−1·33+0·0296T (reaction 1);P=18·949+0·0111T(reaction 2). These two lines intersect at 31·1±0·5kb and 1096°C. The possibility of using an anvil-with-hole apparatus for conducting current investigations is discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

15.
The LTE lithium abundances, logN (Li), have been determined for the atmospheres of the four carbon giants AQ And, HK Lyr, UX Dra, and WZ Cas, applying the synthetic-spectrum technique to the LiI λ670.8 nm resonance doublet. We used estimates of the effective temperatures T eff, metallicities, elemental abundances, and carbon-isotope ratios for these stars from the literature [12C/13C]. The resulting lithium abundances depend significantly on the adopted T eff, so that we can find each star’s range of possible logN(Li) values for a given range of effective temperatures (ΔT eff = 200−300 K). The uncertainty in the derived logN(Li) values is 1.3 for AQ And and UX Dra, 0.5 for HK Lyr, and 0.8 for WZ Cas. Our most probable logN(Li) values (or ranges) are −1.25 for AQ And, −1.2 for HK Lyr, −1.0 ≤ logN(Li) ≤ +0.3 for UX Dra, and 4.3 ≤ logN(Li) ≤ 4.8 for WZ Cas. The derived C/O ratios for the stellar atmospheres also depend on T eff. Possible uncertainties in other atmospheric parameters do not change logN(Li) by more than 0.2.  相似文献   

16.
The low-temperature isobaric heat capacities (C p) of β- and γ-Mg2SiO4 were measured at the range of 1.8–304.7 K with a thermal relaxation method using the Physical Property Measurement System. The obtained standard entropies (S°298) of β- and γ-Mg2SiO4 are 86.4 ± 0.4 and 82.7 ± 0.5 J/mol K, respectively. Enthalpies of transitions among α-, β- and γ-Mg2SiO4 were measured by high-temperature drop-solution calorimetry with gas-bubbling technique. The enthalpies of the α−β and β−γ transitions at 298 K (ΔH°298) in Mg2SiO4 are 27.2 ± 3.6 and 12.9 ± 3.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Calculated α−β and β−γ transition boundaries were generally consistent with those determined by high-pressure experiments within the errors. Combining the measured ΔH°298 and ΔS°298 with selected data of in situ X-ray diffraction experiments at high pressure, the ΔH°298 and ΔS°298 of the α−β and β−γ transitions were optimized. Calculation using the optimized data tightly constrained the α−β and β−γ transition boundaries in the P, T space. The slope of α−β transition boundary is 3.1 MPa/K at 13.4 GPa and 1,400 K, and that of β−γ boundary 5.2 MPa/K at 18.7 GPa and 1,600 K. The post-spinel transition boundary of γ-Mg2SiO4 to MgSiO3 perovskite plus MgO was also calculated, using the optimized data on γ-Mg2SiO4 and available enthalpy and entropy data on MgSiO3 perovskite and MgO. The calculated post-spinel boundary with a Clapeyron slope of −2.6 ± 0.2 MPa/K is located at pressure consistent with the 660 km discontinuity, considering the error of the thermodynamic data.  相似文献   

17.
The dynamics of the hydrogen atoms in the highly ordered kaolinite was studied by vibrational spectroscopy based on inelastic neutron scattering method with the focus on the spectral region of 100–1,250 cm−1. The experimental spectrum was interpreted by means of the solid state density functional theory calculations covering both normal mode analysis and molecular dynamics going beyond the harmonic approximation. The Al–O–H bending modes were found to be spread over the large interval of 100–1,100 cm−1, with the dominant contributions located between 800 and 1,100 cm-1. The shapes of the individual hydrogen spectra depend on the strengths of the individual interlayer O–H···O hydrogen bonds involving the inner surface hydroxyl groups. The modes assigned to the in-plane movements of the respective hydrogen atoms are well-defined and always appear on the top of the intervals of energy transfer. In contrast, the modes generated by the out-of-plane movements are spread over large intervals of energies spanning down to the region of external (lattice) modes.  相似文献   

18.
This study presents shear wave splitting analysis results observed at ISP (Isparta) broadband station in the Isparta Angle, southwestern Turkey. We selected 21 good quality seismic events out of nearly 357 earthquakes and calculated splitting parameters (polarization direction of fast wave, ϕ and delay time between fast and slow waves, δt) from mainly SKS and a few SKKS phases of the selected 21 seismic events. Then, we compared calculated splitting parameters at ISP station (56° ≤ ϕ ≤ 205°; 0.37 s ≤ δt ≤ 4 s) with those previously calculated at ANTO (Ankara) and ISK (İstanbul) stations (27° ≤ ϕ ≤ 59°; 0.6 s ≤ δt ≤ 2.4 s and 26° ≤ ϕ ≤ 54°; 0.6 s ≤ δt ≤ 1.5 s) which are located at 230 and 379 km away from ISP station in central and northwestern Turkey, respectively. The backazimuthal variations of the splitting parameters at ISP station indicate a different and complex mantle polarization anisotropy for the Isparta Angle in southwestern Turkey compared to those obtained for Ankara and İstanbul stations.  相似文献   

19.
Recent identification of elevated excess 210Pb (≤302.6 mBq L−1) and 137Cs (≤111.3 mBq L−1) activity in drinking water wells up to 20 m depth indicates some transport of airborne radionuclide fallout beyond soils in the Shaker Village catchment, Maine. Estimated airborne mass loading 210Pbex fluxes of about 0.9 mBq m−3, canvass this headwater catchment and may be sufficient to pose risks to unprotected shallow wells. Inventories of 210Pbex and 137Cs in pond sediments indicate maximum median activities of 943 mBq g−1 and 40.0 mBq g−1, respectively. Calculated 210Pbex fluxes in the catchment soils range from 0.62–0.78 Bq cm−2 year−1 and yield a mean residence time of near 140 years. Measured 137Cs activity up to 51.1 mBq g−1 occurs in sediments at least to 5 m depth. Assumed particle transport in groundwater with apparent 85Kr ages less than 5 years BP (2005) may explain the correlation between these particle-reactive radionuclides and elevated activity in some drinking water wells.  相似文献   

20.
Space spectral analysis of zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind and time spectral analysis of kinetic energy of zonal waves at 850 hPa during monsoon 1991 (1st June 1991 to 31st August 1991) for the global belt between equator and 40°N are investigated. Space spectral analysis shows that long waves (wavenumbers 1 and 2) dominate the energetics of Region 1 (equator to 20°N) while over Region 2 (20°N to 40°N) the kinetic energy of short waves (wavenumbers 3 to 10) is more than kinetic energy of long waves. It has been found that kinetic energy of long waves is dominated by zonal component while both (zonal and meridional) the components of wind have almost equal contribution in the kinetic energy of short waves. Temporal variations of kinetic energy of wavenumber 2 over Region 1 and Region 2 are almost identical. The correlation matrix of different time series shows that (i) wavenumber 2 over Regions 1 and 2 might have the same energy source and (ii) there is a possibility of an exchange of kinetic energy between wavenumber 1 over Region 1 and short waves over Region 2. Wave to wave interactions indicate that short waves over Region 2 are the common source of kinetic energy to wavenumber 2 over Regions 1 and 2 and wavenumber 1 over Region 1. Time spectral analysis of kinetic energy of zonal waves indicates that wavenumber 1 is dominated by 30–45 day and bi-weekly oscillations while short waves are dominated by weekly and bi-weekly oscillations. The correlation matrix, wave to wave interaction and time spectral analysis together suggest that short period oscillations of kinetic energy of wavenumber 1 might be one of the factors causing dominant weekly (5–9 day) and bi-weekly (10–18 day) oscillations in the kinetic energy of short waves.  相似文献   

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