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1.
P. B. Jones 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,371(3):1327-1333
Neutron star inner cores with several charged baryonic components are likely to be analogues of the two-gap superconductor which is of current interest in condensed-matter physics. Consequently, type I superconductivity is less probable than type II but may nevertheless be present in some intervals of matter density. The intermediate-state structure formed at finite magnetic flux densities after the superconducting transitions is subject to buoyancy, frictional and neutron vortex interaction forces. These are estimated and it is shown that the most important frictional force is that produced by the stable stratification of neutron star matter, the irreversible process being diffusion in the normal, finite magnetic flux density, parts of the structure. The length-scale of the structure, in directions perpendicular to the local magnetic field is of crucial importance. For small scales, the flux comoves with the neutron vortices, as do the proton vortices of a type II superconductor. But for much larger length-scales, flux movement tends to that expected for normal charged Fermi systems. 相似文献
2.
The nonstationary dynamics of vortices in conventional type II superconductors and in neutron stars is examined in the Newtonian
approximation. A relaxation equation is obtained for vortices approaching an equilibrium distribution after a change in an
external magnetic field. The relaxation times are estimated for vortices in low-temperature superconductors and for proton
vortices in the superconducting core of a neutron star. It is shown that the proton vortex system created by entrainment currents
is rigidly coupled to the neutron vortices.
Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 291–300 (May 2009). 相似文献
3.
Jones 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,296(1):217-224
It is usually assumed that pulsar glitches are caused by the large-scale unpinning of superfluid neutron vortices in the solid crust of a neutron star and that vortex motion relative to the crust is highly dissipative at low velocities, owing to the excitation of long-wavelength Kelvin waves. The force per unit length acting on a vortex as a result of Kelvin wave excitation has been calculated for a polycrystalline structure using the free-vortex Green function. An approximate upper limit for the maximum pinning force has been obtained which, for the form of structure anticipated, is many orders of magnitude too small for consistency with the observed size and frequency of glitches. The corollary is that glitches do not originate in the crust: the necessary pinning may be given by the interaction between neutron and proton vortices in the liquid core of the star. 相似文献
4.
Fluctuational mechanism for the formation of proton vortices in the superfluid core of neutron stars
The Gibbs thermodynamic potential of a proton vortex interacting with the normal core of a neutron vortex of radius r << λ (λ is the penetration depth) that is parallel to it and has an outer boundary of radius b is calculated. It is shown that, under
this assumption, the capture of only one vortex by the core is energetically favorable. The force acting on the proton vortex
owing to the entrained current is found and it is always directed toward the core. The corresponding force for a proton antivortex
is directed toward the outer boundary of the neutron vortex. The Ginzburg-Landau equation is solved for a vortex-antivortex
system and its Gibbs function is calculated. It is shown that at large distances from the core, vortex-antivortex pairs can
form because of fluctuations. Acted on by the entrainment current, the antivortex moves outward, while the vortex stays inside
the neutron vortex. It is shown that the best conditions for fluctuational pair production, followed by separation, exist
near the outer boundary. It is shown that new proton vortices can develop only in a region where the entrainment magnetic
field strength H (ρ) > HC1 (HC1 is the lower critical field).
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Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 139–149 (February 2008). 相似文献
5.
We apply the model of flux expulsion from the superfluid and superconductive core of a neutron star, developed by Konenkov & Geppert, both to neutron star models based on different equations of state and to different initial magnetic field structures. Initially, when the core and the surface magnetic field are of the same order of magnitude, the rate of flux expulsion from the core is almost independent of the equation of state, and the evolution of the surface field decouples from the core field evolution with increasing stiffness. When the surface field is initially much stronger than the core field, the magnetic and rotational evolution resembles that of a neutron star with a purely crustal field configuration; the only difference is the occurrence of a residual field. In the case of an initially submerged field, significant differences from the standard evolution only occur during the early period of the life of a neutron star, until the field has been re-diffused to the surface. The reminder of the episode of submergence is a correlation of the residual field strength with the submergence depth of the initial field. We discuss the effect of the re-diffusion of the magnetic field on the difference between the real and the active age of young pulsars and on their braking indices. Finally, we estimate the shear stresses built up by the moving fluxoids at the crust–core interface and show that these stresses may cause crust cracking, preferentially in neutron stars with a soft equation of state. 相似文献
6.
The Ginzburg-Landau equations are derived for the magnetic and gluomagnetic gauge fields of nonabelian semi-superfluid vortex
filaments in color superconducting cores of neutron stars containing a diquark CFL condensate. The interaction of the diquark
CFL condensate with the magnetic and gluomagnetic gauge fields is taken into account. The asymptotic values of the energies
of these filaments are determined from the quantization conditions. It is shown that a lattice of semi-superfluid vortex filaments
with a minimal quantum of circulation develops in the quark superconducting core during rotation of the star. The magnetic
field in the core of this vortex is on the order of 1018 G. A cluster of proton vortices, which develops in the hadron phase surrounding every superfluid neutron vortex owing to
an entrainment effect, creates new semi-superfluid vortex filaments with a minimal quantum of circulation in the quark superconducting
core.
Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 633–646 (November 2008). 相似文献
7.
r-modes in neutron stars with crusts are damped by viscous friction at the crust–core boundary. The magnitude of this damping, evaluated by Bildsten & Ushomirsky (BU) under the assumption of a perfectly rigid crust, sets the maximum spin frequency for neutron stars spun up by accretion in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). In this paper we explore the mechanical coupling between the core r-modes and the elastic crust, using a toy model of a constant-density neutron star having a crust with a constant shear modulus. We find that, at spin frequencies in excess of ≈50 Hz, the r-modes strongly penetrate the crust. This reduces the relative motion (slippage) between the crust and the core compared with the rigid-crust limit. We therefore revise down, by as much as a factor of 102 –103 , the damping rate computed by BU, significantly reducing the maximal possible spin frequency of neutron stars with solid crusts. The dependence of the crust–core slippage on the spin frequency is complicated, and is very sensitive to the physical thickness of the crust. If the crust is sufficiently thick, the curve of the critical spin frequency for the onset of the r-mode instability becomes multivalued for some temperatures; this is related to avoided crossings between the r-mode and higher-order torsional modes in the crust. The critical frequencies are comparable to the observed spins of neutron stars in LMXBs and millisecond pulsars. 相似文献
8.
A recent laboratory experiment suggests that a Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability at the interface between two superfluids – one rotating and anisotropic, the other stationary and isotropic – may trigger sudden spin-up of the stationary superfluid. This result suggests that a KH instability at the crust–core ( 1 S0 –3 P2 –superfluid) boundary of a neutron star may provide a trigger mechanism for pulsar glitches. We calculate the dispersion relation of the KH instability involving two different superfluids including the normal fluid components and their effects on stability, particularly entropy transport. We show that an entropy difference between the core and crust superfluids reduces the threshold differential shear velocity and threshold crust–core density ratio. We evaluate the wavelength of maximum growth of the instability for neutron star parameters and find the resultant circulation transfer to be within the range observed in pulsar glitches. 相似文献
9.
D. M. Sedrakian 《Astrophysics》2000,43(3):275-281
The influence of the effect of entrainment of superconducting protons by superfluid neutrons on the distribution of neutron
vortices in a rotating neutron star is investigated. It is shown that the proton vortex clusters generated by entrainment
currents create the magnetic structure of a neutron vortex. The average magnetic field induction in a neutron vortex is calculated.
The presence of the magnetic field of a neutron vortex considerably alters the radius of the vortex zone. The width of the
vortex-free zone at the surface of the neutron star’s core increases, reaching macroscopic values on the order of several
meters. This result considerably changes earlier concepts of the distribution of neutron vortices in a neutron star.
Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 377-386, July–September, 2000. 相似文献
10.
Gregory Mendell 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,296(4):903-912
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations are presented for the mixture of superfluid neutrons, superconducting protons and normal electrons believed to exist in the outer cores of neutron stars. The dissipative effects of electron viscosity and mutual friction resulting from electron-vortex scattering are also included. It is shown that Alfvén waves are replaced by cyclotron-vortex waves that have not been previously derived from MHD theory. The cyclotron-vortex waves are analogous to Alfvén waves with the tension arising from the magnetic energy density replaced by the vortex energy density. The equations are then put into a simplified form useful for studying the effect of the interior magnetic field on the dynamics. Of particular interest is the crust–core coupling time, which can be inferred from pulsar glitch observations. The hypothesis that cyclotron-vortex waves play a significant role in the core spin-up during a glitch is used to place limits on the interior magnetic field. The results are compared with those of other studies. 相似文献
11.
The superfluid core (“npe” phase) of a neutron star, consisting of superfluid neutrons, superconducting protons, and normal
electrons, is considered. The Gibbs thermodynamic potential of a superconducting proton vortex in a proton superconductor
of the second kind, interacting with the normal core of a neutron vortex of radius r ≪ λ parallel to it (λ is the depth of
penetration), is calculated. It is shown that under this assumption, the capture by the core of only one vortex turns out
to be energetically favored. The force exerted on the proton vortex by the entrainment current, always directed toward the
core, is found. The corresponding force for a proton antivortex is directed outward toward the outer boundary of the neutron
vortex. It is shown that the fluctuational formation of a vortex-antivortex pair is possible at a large distance from the
core under the action of the entrainment current. Under the action of the entrainment current, the antivortex travels outward,
while the vortex remains inside the neutron vortex. It is shown that the formation of new proton vortices is possible only
in the region in which the entrainment magnetic field strength is H(ρ) > Hcl (Hcl is the first critical field).
Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 225–234, April–June, 1999 相似文献
12.
P. B. Jones 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,397(2):1027-1031
The quantum phenomenon of spectral flow which has been observed in laboratory superfluids, such as 3 He-B, controls the drift velocity of proton type II superconductor vortices in the liquid core of a neutron star and so determines the rate at which magnetic flux can be expelled from the core to the crust. In the earliest and most active phases of the anomalous X-ray pulsars and soft-gamma repeaters, the rates are low and consistent with a large fraction of the active crustal flux not linking the core. If normal neutrons are present in an appreciable core matter-density interval, the spectral flow force limits flux expulsion in cases of rapid spin-down, such as in the Crab pulsar or in the propeller phase of binary systems. 相似文献
13.
N. Andersson T. Sidery G. L. Comer 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,368(1):162-170
We discuss vortex-mediated mutual friction in the two-fluid model for superfluid neutron star cores. Our discussion is based on the general formalism developed by Carter and collaborators, which makes due distinction between transport velocity and momentum for each fluid. This is essential for an implementation of the so-called entrainment effect, whereby the flow of one fluid imparts momentum in the other and vice versa. The mutual friction follows by balancing the Magnus effect that acts on the quantized neutron vortices with resistivity due to the scattering of electrons off of the magnetic field with which each vortex core is endowed. We derive the form of the macroscopic mutual friction force which is relevant for a model based on smooth-averaging over a collection of vortices. We discuss the coefficients that enter the expression for this force, and the time-scale on which the two interpenetrating fluids in a neutron star core are coupled. This discussion confirms that our new formulation accords well with previous work in this area. 相似文献
14.
K. Glampedakis N. Andersson D. I. Jones 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,394(4):1908-1924
We discuss short wavelength (inertial wave) instabilities present in the standard two-fluid neutron star model when there is sufficient relative flow along the superfluid neutron vortex array. We demonstrate that these instabilities may be triggered in precessing neutron stars, since the angular velocity vectors of the neutron and proton fluids are misaligned during precession. Our results suggest that the standard (Eulerian) slow precession that results for weak drag between the vortices and the charged fluid (protons and electrons) is not seriously affected by the instability. In contrast, the fast precession, which results when vortices are strongly coupled to the charged component, is generally unstable. The presence of this instability renders the standard (solid body) rotation model for free precession inconsistent and makes unsafe conclusions that have recently been drawn regarding neutron star interiors based on observations of precession in radio pulsars. 相似文献
15.
The effect of a neutron-proton vortex system on the rotation dynamics of neutron stars is examined. The dynamics of the motion of a two component superfluid system in the core of a neutron star yields an equation for the evolution of the pulsar's rotation period. The spin down of the star owing to energy release at the core boundary, which is associated with a contraction of the length of the neutron vortex as it moves radially and magnetic energy of the vortical cluster is released, is taken into account. Evolutionary curves are constructed for pulsars with different magnetic fields and stellar radii. For certain values of the coefficient of friction between the superfluid and normal components in the core of the neutron star, at the end of its evolution a radio pulsar may become an anomalous x-ray pulsar or a source of soft gamma radiation with a period on the order of 10 seconds. 相似文献
16.
We present a model of a freely precessing neutron star, which is then compared against pulsar observations. The aim is to draw conclusions regarding the structure of the star, and to test theoretical ideas of crust–core coupling and superfluidity. We argue that, on theoretical grounds, it is likely that the core neutron superfluid does not participate in the free precession of the crust. We apply our model to the handful of proposed observations of free precession that have appeared in the literature. Assuming crust-only precession, we find that all but one of the observations are consistent with there being no pinned crustal superfluid at all; the maximum amount of pinned superfluid consistent with the observations is about 10−10 of the total stellar moment of inertia. However, the observations do not rule out the possibility that the crust and neutron superfluid core precess as a single unit. In this case the maximum amount of pinned superfluid consistent with the observations is about 10−8 of the total stellar moment of inertia. Both of these values are many orders of magnitude less than the 10−2 value predicted by many theories of pulsar glitches. We conclude that superfluid pinning, at least as it affects free precession, needs to be reconsidered. 相似文献
17.
The magnetic field distribution in the superfluid, spherical, hadronic core of a rotating neutron star, which consists of vortex and vortex-free zones, is investigated. Due to the effect of entrainment of superconducting protons by rotating superfluid neutrons, a nonuniform magnetic field, the average value of which is constant, is formed in the vortex zone of the neutron star, directed parallel to the star's axis of rotation. It is shown that at the stellar surface, near the equatorial plane, there is a vortex-free zone of macroscopic size in which there is no magnetic field. The magnetic field near the boundaries of the vortex-free zone falls off exponentially with depth into the interior of this zone. This result essentially alters earlier concepts about the magnetic field distribution in the superfluid hadronic core of a neutron star. Outside the hadronic core the magnetic field has a dipole character with a magnetic moment on the order of 1030 g×cm3. 相似文献
18.
The Ginzburg-Landau equations are derived for the magnetic and gluomagnetic gauge fields in the color superconducting core
of a neutron star containing a CFL-condensate of diquarks. The interaction of the diquark CFL-condensate with the magnetic
and gluomagnetic gauge fields is taken into account. The behavior of the magnetic field in a neutron star is studied by solving
the Ginzburg-Landau equations taking correct account of the boundary conditions, including the gluon confinement conditions.
The magnetic field distribution in the quark and hadronic phases of a neutron star is found. It is shown that a magnetic field
generated in the hadronic phase by the entrainment effect penetrates into the quark core in the form of quark vortex filaments
because of the presence of screening Meissner currents.
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Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 87–98 (February 2007). 相似文献
19.
David Langlois David M. Sedrakian & Brandon Carter 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,297(4):1189-1201
It is shown how to set up a mathematically elegant and fully relativistic superfluid model that can provide a realistic approximation (neglecting small anisotropies due to crust solidity, magnetic fields, etc., but allowing for the regions with vortex pinning) of the global structure of a rotating neutron star, in terms of just two independently moving constituents. One of these represents the differentially rotating neutron superfluid, while the other part represents the combination of all the other ingredients, including the degenerate electrons, the superfluid protons in the core, and the ions in the crust, the electromagnetic interactions of which will tend to keep them locked together in a state of approximately rigid rotation. Order of magnitude estimates are provided for relevant parameters such as the resistive drag coefficient. 相似文献
20.
The behaviour of the magnetic field of a neutron star with a superconducting quark matter core is investigated in the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau theory. We take into account the simultaneous coupling of the diquark condensate field to the usual magnetic and to the gluomagnetic gauge fields. We solve the Ginzburg-Landau equations by properly taking into account the boundary conditions, in particular, the gluon confinement condition. We found the distribution of the magnetic field in both the quark and hadronic phases of the neutron star and show that the magnetic field penetrates into the quark core in the form of quark vortices due to the presence of Meissner currents. 相似文献