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1.
作为森林冠层结构的重要组成部分,树冠形状对冠层间隙率与聚集度指数的计算有重要影响。之前的研究通常将树冠假设为圆锥形、圆柱形、圆锥+圆柱形等形状计算了冠层间隙率与聚集度指数。然而,树冠生长受外部环境以及内部顶端优势等因素的影响,相较于上述理想化的树冠形状,半椭球形更符合树冠自然生长规律。事实上,半椭球形是一种十分常见的树冠形状。本文以树冠在空间呈泊松分布为前提,推导出半椭球形树冠的冠层间隙率与聚集度指数计算公式,并进一步扩展到双半椭球形树冠。同时,以半椭球形树冠为计算基准,对比分析了半椭球形树冠与其他树冠形状冠层间隙率与聚集度指数的相对差异。模拟计算中主要输入参数包括树冠密度、树冠高度、树冠半径以及叶面积指数等。最后通过虚拟场景对结果进行验证。结果表明：（1）半椭球形树冠与其他树冠形状的冠层间隙率有较大差异。随着观测天顶角增加,不同树冠形状与半椭球形树冠的冠层间隙率的相对差异也逐渐增大。当观测天顶角为70°时,圆锥形树冠与半椭球形树冠的冠层间隙率相对差异已接近100%。（2）树冠形状对聚集度指数同样有较明显影响。极端情况下,圆锥形树冠与半椭球形树冠的聚集度指数相对差异达到30%。（3）半椭球形树冠与其他树冠形状的半球空间聚集度指数期望值的差异不容忽视。 相似文献
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激光雷达森林参数反演研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
激光雷达通过发射激光能量和接收返回信号的方式,来获取高精度的森林空间结构和林下地形信息。全波形激光雷达通过记录返回信号的全部能量,得到亚米级植被垂直剖面;离散回波激光雷达记录的单个或多个回波,表示来自不同冠层的回波信号。星载激光雷达一般采用全波形或光子计数激光剖面系统,仅能获取卫星轨道下方的单波束或多波束数据,用于区域/全球范围的森林垂直结构及变化观测。机载激光雷达多采用离散回波或全波形激光扫描系统,能够获取飞行轨迹下方特定视场范围内的扫描数据,用于林分/区域范围的森林结构观测。地基激光雷达多采用离散回波激光扫描系统,获取以测站为中心的球形空间内扫描数据,用于单木/样地范围的森林结构观测。激光雷达单木因子估测方法可分为CHM单木法、NPC单木法和体元单木法3类。CHM单木法通过局部最大值识别树冠顶点,采用区域生长或图像分割算法识别树冠边界或树冠主方向,NPC单木法一般通过空间聚类或形态学算法识别单木,体元单木法在3维体元空间采用区域生长或空间聚类算法识别树冠。根据激光雷达冠层高度分布可以估测林分因子,冠层高度分布特征来自于离散点云或全波形。多时相激光雷达可用于森林生长量、生物量变化等监测,以及森林采伐、灾害等引起的结构变化监测。随着激光雷达技术的发展,它将在森林调查、生态环境建模等生产与科学研究领域中得到更为广泛的应用。 相似文献
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车载激光点云道路边界提取的Snake方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对车载激光点云中道路边界提取困难,自动化程度低的问题,提出一种基于离散点Snake的车载激光点云道路边界提取方法。不同于传统基于图像建立Snake,本文直接基于离散点建立Snake模型。先利用伪轨迹点数据,确定初始轮廓位置,参数化不同类型的道路边界初始轮廓;然后基于离散点构建适合多类型道路边界的Snake模型,定义模型内部、外部和约束能量,通过能量函数最小化推动轮廓曲线移动到显著道路边界特征点处,实现不同道路边界的精细提取。本文试验采用3份不同城市场景的车载激光点云数据验证本文方法的有效性,道路边界提取结果的准确率达到97.62%,召回率达到98.04%,F1-Measure值达到97.83%以上,且提取的道路边界结果与软件交互提取的结果有较好的吻合度。试验结果表明,本文方法能够修正噪声、断裂等数据质量对道路边界提取的影响,能够实现各类复杂城市环境中不同形状道路边界的提取,具有较强的稳健性和适用性。 相似文献
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树冠形状对孔隙率及叶面积指数估算的影响分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
叶片在树冠尺度的聚集是森林场景中的重要聚集形式,模型中常假设树冠为规则的几何形体(椭球、圆锥、圆锥+圆柱等)。对树冠形状归属进行判断时界限并不明显,从而具有很强的主观性。本文首先扩展了Nilson的森林孔隙率模型,使其适用于椭球、圆锥、圆锥+圆柱等3种常见形状的树冠,并基于该模型分析了孔隙率、聚集指数对树冠形状的敏感性。同时,本文还分析了树冠形状对叶面积指数(LAI)地面间接测量精度的影响。基于不同形状树冠的模拟数据分析发现,树冠的体积、投影面积是树冠形状产生作用的主要因子,在冠层底部椭球形树冠和圆锥+圆柱形树冠的平均孔隙率、聚集指数都非常接近,而圆锥形树冠与两者存在较大差异。树冠形状的错误设置在极端情况下可导致估算的真实LAI误差超过25%。 相似文献
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地基激光雷达的玉兰林冠层叶面积密度反演 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
叶面积密度LAD(Leaf Area Density)是表征冠层内部叶面积垂直分布的重要参数,其分布廓线的准确反演对研究植被碳氮循环、初级生产力和生物量估算等具有重要意义。本文在电子科技大学校内建立实验样区,利用地基激光雷达Leica Scan Station C10和数码相机获取玉兰林高分辨率3维激光点云数据和真彩色影像。利用监督分类将真彩色影像中枝干等非光合组织与叶片分离,再将像素分类信息映射给点云数据,从而提取叶片点云。通过点云数据体元化,并引入2维凸包算法确定垂直方向分层树冠边界,获取激光接触冠层的频率;随机选择不同高度的多个叶片,利用特征值法进行叶片平面拟合,估算出叶倾角,并结合天顶角估算叶倾角校正因子;最后基于体元的冠层分析VCP(Voxel-based Canopy Profiling)方法实现树林冠层LAD反演。结果表明体元化的叶片点云数据能准确确定树林冠层边界和统计接触频率实现LAD反演;反演的LAD变化走势与区域林木冠层叶片垂直分布相吻合,在冠层中下部随着高度的增加叶面积密度也随之增加,在4 m高度处达到最大值1 m2/m3,之后随着高度的增加叶面积密度逐渐降低。根据LAD计算得到的累积叶面积指数LAI为3.20 m2/m2,与LAI-2200实测的叶面积指数相比,相对误差为1.26%。 相似文献
6.
城市绿地是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,绿地信息提取是城市绿地规划和建设的基础和前提。遥感影像分割是绿地信息分类提取的关键步骤,选择合适的影像分割方法能有效提高城市绿地提取精度。传统的遥感分割方法分割结果中边缘锯齿现象严重,与绿地实地边界相差较大,不符合绿地信息提取的要求。本文以高分辨率的WorldView影像为数据源,使用深度学习网络DeepLab-v3+对城市绿地进行分割研究,在分割基础上进行城市绿地信息提取。同时,本研究将该网络模型的分割和分类结果与基于Ostu、MeanShift、FNEA分割算法的分类精度进行比较。研究表明：DeepLab-v3+的分割性能最好,其分割边缘光滑,与绿地实地边界吻合度高,有效解决了传统分割算法的边缘锯齿问题;在各种分割分类算法中,DeepLab-v3+的分类精度最高,达到98.01%。 相似文献
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《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(3):394-415
Recent advances in light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology have enabled the estimation of valuable canopy parameters (e.g., crown diameter, leaf area, and canopy structure) that are difficult to obtain through in situ surveys. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of LIDAR-derived measurements of crown and growth parameters to model and predict the growth of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) stands located in the University of Tokyo Forest, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Initially, we confirmed that crown lengths and widths of trees in stands of various densities obtained from LIDAR data correlated with those measured in situ. Then, we developed a crown growth model from repeated LIDAR measurements of stands, suggesting that LIDAR data are adequate for this purpose, and indicating that crown surface area and tree volume growth were linearly related (R2 = 0.90; p < 0.01; RMSE tree volume < 0.02 m3). The model also provided robust predictions of the volume growth of local forests in 10 × 10 m plots based on LIDAR-derived estimates of crown surface areas. Future work should test the applicability of this growth model to facilitate practical forest management. 相似文献
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基于卫星遥感的城市绿地景观格局变化研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城市绿地景观是城市景观自然要素和社会经济可持续发展的生态基础,在城市景观结构、功能及其变化中起重要作用。利用卫星遥感技术开展城市绿地格局研究已成为热点。本文通过梳理相关研究成果,阐述了城市绿地景观遥感分类方法、景观格局指数的选择及城市绿地景观格局动态变化驱动力分析的具体内容,分析出基于遥感技术的城市绿地景观格局研究在数据源和景观格局指数选择时所存在的不足,并且从遥感数据源、分类方法、景观指数筛选和多学科、多角度交叉综合的研究方法等方面对城市绿地景观格局分析提出展望。 相似文献
10.
无人机遥感影像林地单株立木信息提取 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
针对无人机遥感技术在提取单株立木信息的限制性问题,提出一种新的自动单株立木信息提取方法。对原始无人机影像进行光谱信息增强处理以突出局部细节特征;通过引入DBI指数自动化确定K-means聚类方法的最优聚类数目,进而对影像像素进行标记;通过利用高斯马尔可夫随机场模型进一步对影像进行分割;使用数学形态学算子等方法对分割结果进行后处理得到单株立木树冠信息,通过图像几何矩原理计算得到单株立木位置以作为其识别的依据。结果表明,应用该提取方法,油松林区和樟子松林区单株立木识别总体精度分别为89.52%和95.65%、单木树冠提取精度分别为81.90%和95.65%,均具有较好地适用性。该方法不需要大量的人工干预和先验知识的输入,大大提高提取方法的自动化程度。 相似文献
11.
The urban heat island (UHI) is increasingly recognized as a serious, worldwide problem because of urbanization and climate change. Urban vegetation is capable of alleviating UHI and improving urban environment by shading together with evapotranspiration. While the impacts of abundance and spatial configuration of vegetation on land surface temperature (LST) have been widely examined, very little attention has been paid to the role of vertical structure of vegetation in regulating LST. In this study, we investigated the relationships between horizontal/vertical structure characteristics of urban tree canopy and LST as well as diurnal divergence in Nanjing City, China, with the help of high resolution vegetation map, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and various statistical analysis methods. The results indicated that composition, configuration and vertical structure of tree canopy were all significantly related to both daytime LST and nighttime LST. Tree canopy showed stronger influence on LST during the day than at night. Note that the contribution of composition of tree canopy to explaining spatial heterogeneity of LST, regardless of day and night, was the highest, followed by vertical structure and configuration. Combining composition, configuration and vertical structure of tree canopy can take advantage of their respective advantages, and best explain variation in both daytime LST and nighttime LST. As for the independent importance of factors affecting spatial variation of LST, percent cover of tree canopy (PLAND), mean tree canopy height (TH_Mean), amplitude of tree canopy height (TA) and patch cohesion index (COHESION) were the most influential during the day, while the most important variables were PLAND, maximum height of tree canopy (TH_Max), variance of tree canopy height (TH_SD) and COHESION at night. This research extends our understanding of the impacts of urban trees on the UHI effect from the horizontal to three-dimensional space. In addition, it may offer sustainable and effective strategies for urban designers and planners to cope with increasing temperature. 相似文献
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The urban heat island (UHI) refers to the phenomenon of higher atmospheric and surface temperatures occurring in urban areas than in the surrounding rural areas. Mitigation of the UHI effects via the configuration of green spaces and sustainable design of urban environments has become an issue of increasing concern under changing climate. In this paper, the effects of the composition and configuration of green space on land surface temperatures (LST) were explored using landscape metrics including percentage of landscape (PLAND), edge density (ED) and patch density (PD). An oasis city of Aksu in Northwestern China was used as a case study. The metrics were calculated by moving window method based on a green space map derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and LST data were retrieved from Landsat TM thermal band. A normalized mutual information measure was employed to investigate the relationship between LST and the spatial pattern of green space. The results showed that while the PLAND is the most important variable that elicits LST dynamics, spatial configuration of green space also has significant effect on LST. Though, the highest normalized mutual information measure was with the PLAND (0.71), it was found that the ED and PD combination is the most deterministic factors of LST than the unique effects of a single variable or the joint effects of PLAND and PD or PLAND and ED. Normalized mutual information measure estimations between LST and PLAND and ED, PLAND and PD and ED and PD were 0.7679, 0.7650 and 0.7832, respectively. A combination of the three factors PLAND, PD and ED explained much of the variance of LST with a normalized mutual information measure of 0.8694. Results from this study can expand our understanding of the relationship between LST and street trees and vegetation, and provide insights for sustainable urban planning and management under changing climate. 相似文献
13.
Kayo Chihiro Kalt Gerald Tsunetsugu Yuko Hashimoto Seiji Komata Hirotaka Noda Ryu Oka Hiroyasu 《Carbon balance and management》2021,16(1):1-12
With a lack of United States federal policy to address climate change, cities, the private sector, and universities have shouldered much of the work to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to determine how landcover characteristics influence the amount of carbon (C) sequestered and respired via biological processes, evaluating the role of land management on the overall C budget of an urban university. Boston University published a comprehensive Climate Action Plan in 2017 with the goal of achieving C neutrality by 2040. In this study, we digitized and discretized each of Boston University’s three urban campuses into landcover types, with C sequestration and respiration rates measured and scaled to provide a University-wide estimate of biogenic C fluxes within the broader context of total University emissions. Each of Boston University’s three highly urban campuses were net sources of biogenic C to the atmosphere. While trees were estimated to sequester 0.6 ± 0.2 kg C m−2 canopy cover year−1, mulch and lawn areas in 2018 emitted C at rates of 1.7 ± 0.4 kg C m−2 year−1 and 1.4 ± 0.4 kg C m−2 year−1, respectively. C uptake by tree canopy cover, which can spatially overlap lawn and mulched landcovers, was not large enough to offset biogenic emissions. The proportion of biogenic emissions to Scope 1 anthropogenic emissions on each campus varied from 0.5% to 2%, and depended primarily on the total anthropogenic emissions on each campus. Our study quantifies the role of urban landcover in local C budgets, offering insights on how landscaping management strategies—such as decreasing mulch application rates and expanding tree canopy extent—can assist universities in minimizing biogenic C emissions and even potentially creating a small biogenic C sink. Although biogenic C fluxes represent a small fraction of overall anthropogenic emissions on urban university campuses, these biogenic fluxes are under active management by the university and should be included in climate action plans. 相似文献
14.
树冠作为树木主要组成部分之一,是树木长势监测、树种识别等内容的重要参数,对森林资源调查和生态研究具有重要意义。与传统的实地调查相比,运用无人机遥感技术提取树冠信息具有高效、便捷等优势。本文基于无人机多光谱影像提取树冠信息,在树冠点探测上结合局部最大值法与Mean Shift优化策略,较原始局部最大法探测精度提升约10%。此外,提出了一种新的树冠边界提取算法,运用动态规划思想进行全局最优边界提取。与以往分水岭分割算法相比,本文算法在较密集林区和稀疏林区均有更好的提取效果,在试验样区稀疏林区F测度提升12%,较密集区F测度提升28%。 相似文献
15.
With increasing attention being paid to sustainable urban development and human habitation improvement, urban ecological land cover (UELC), i.e., surface water and green space, has played an important role of the highly compact inner urban regions. In this study, we developed an efficient approach for UELC mapping by coupling Sentinel-2 multi-spectral imagery and Google Earth high-resolution imagery. In contrast with the conventional single-source and multi-source imagery-based classification methods, the proposed method respectively achieved the highest overall accuracies of 91.50% and 94.05% in the UELC mapping for two test sites (i.e. Shanghai and Seoul). The proposed method is used for urban surface mapping among six world-class cities. For an in-depth analysis of the landscape structures for inner urban regions, seven landscape metrics are introduced for the quantification of the UELC structure based on the obtained high-precision UELC maps. The result shows that London appears to have the best UELC-induced ecological quality, that is, with high percentage of landscape, area-weighted mean fractal dimension, edge density, Shannon’s evenness index values and a low contagion index value, while Tokyo is exactly the opposite. Several common characteristics found through the statistical analysis are: 1) all the inner-city regions have small UELC coverage (< 50%) and low shape complexity; 2) green space generally contributes more to urban eco-environment than the urban surface water; and 3) all cities show high landscape consistency in the inner urban region. 相似文献
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我国快速城市化进程正在遭受着环境污染、交通拥挤、住房紧张等一系列的城市问题,城市生态环境质量持续下降。城市绿地对城市碳氧平衡的调节具有重要作用,大力发展城市绿化将有助于改善城市环境问题。但目前我国城市绿地建设缺乏具体的空间分布规划,只注重绿地覆盖率和人居绿地面积,绿地服务功能的公平性问题没有得到充分重视。本文利用ArcGIS对大连市沙河口区的绿地可达性进行了研究,通过对比绿地可达性与沙河口区人居环境类型发现,高收入社会群体拥有比低收入社会群体更高的绿地可达性。城市规划者应该注意到这些问题,并在今后的建设中关注社会各阶层对绿地的需要,使城市居民在享受公共服务资源上更为公平。 相似文献
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以浙江省海宁市4种代表行道树(广玉兰、无患子、悬铃木、香樟树)为研究对象,结合无人机(UAV)影像和三维激光扫描数据,利用ContextCapture、LiDAR360软件完成点云拼接、滤波、降噪和编辑,通过迭代最近点算法实现点云精细匹配,完成多平台点云数据融合,进而得到数字表面模型与数字高程模型,并制作冠层高度模型;采用分水岭分割算法对不同行道树树种的冠层高度模型进行单木分割,并综合局部最大值法实现单木树高、冠幅的参数提取。结果表明,本文方法进行行道树单木分割的精度高,树高、冠幅参数提取值的效果好,满足行道树几何参数调查要求。 相似文献
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城市绿地信息提取中高分辨率卫星影像融合方法研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用GS变换、主成分分析、Ehlers变换、Wavelet分析、HIS变换5种方法对城区WorldView-2和PL-1A影像进行融合,并从影像融合质量和绿地信息提取精度两方面对融合方法的有效性进行了评价。结果表明：①5种融合方法中,GS变换融合的效果最好;主成分分析和Ehlers变换融合WorldView-2质量较好,但融合PL-1A影像质量较差;Wavelet变换、HIS变换融合两种影像质量都较差;②用于绿地信息提取时,GS、PCA融合影像获取的精度最高,其次为Ehlers、Wavelet融合影像,均明显高于多光谱影像的提取精度;Ehlers、Wavelet变换精度最低,绿地信息提取精度低于多光谱影像的提取精度。可以得出,影像融合可以明显地提高绿地信息提取精度,5种影像融合方法中,GS变换普适性较好,影像融合质量最好,提高分类精度效果最明显。 相似文献
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道路边界精确提取建模是城市道路管理、智能交通规划和高精度地图制作等领域的重要课题之一。本文提出了一种基于车载激光雷达点云数据和开源街道地图(OSM)的三维道路边界精确提取方法。首先,针对原始车载LiDAR点云数据应用布料模拟滤波分离地面点,再结合相对高程分析获取道路边界点候选数据集。然后,应用OSM矢量道路网数据的节点辅助道路边界点候选点集进行分段。最后,在各分段点云数据集中基于随机抽样一致性算法获得三维道路边界点集。通过直道、弯道及高密度复杂场景3种不同类型的城区道路边界路段分类提取试验。结果表明,利用该方法进行道路边界提取的准确率和召回率分别达96.12%和95.17%,F1值达92.11%,本文方法可用于高精度道路边界的三维精细提取与矢量化,进而为智能交通与无人驾驶导航提供支撑。 相似文献